{"title":"Ethical Dimensions of User Centric Regulation","authors":"Urquhart Lachlan","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29297/orbit.v1i1.14","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, we question the role of information technology (IT) designers in IT regulation. Through our concept of user centric regulation (UCR) we unpack what a closer alignment of IT design and regulation could mean. We also situate how they can respond to their ethical and legal duties to end users. Our concept asserts that human computer interaction (HCI) designers are now regulators and as designers are not traditionally involved in the practice of regulation hence the nature of their role is ill- defined. We believe designers need support in understanding what their new role entails, particularly managing ethical dimensions that go beyond law and compliance. We use conceptual analysis to consolidate perspectives from across Human Computer Interaction and Information Technology Law and Regulation, Computer Ethics, Philosophy of Technology, and beyond. We focus in this paper on the importance of mediation and responsibility and illustrate our argument by drawing on the emerging technological setting of smart cities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"Pages 1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v1i1.14","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137163107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How to make decisions with algorithms","authors":"Persson Anders, Kavathatzopoulos Iordanis","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i2.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29297/orbit.v1i2.44","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of automated decision-making support, such as algorithms within predictive analytics, will inevitably be more and more relevant, and affecting society. Sometimes it is good, and sometimes there seems to be negative effect, such as with discrimination. The solution focused on in this paper is how humans and algorithms, or ICT, could interact within ethical decision-making. What predictive analytics can produce is, arguably, mostly implicit knowledge, so what a human decision-maker could, possibly, help with is the explicit thought processes. This could be one way to conceptualize the interactive effect between humans and algorithms that could be fruitful. Presently there does not seem to be very much research regarding predictive analytics and ethical decisions, concerning this human-algorithm interaction. Rather it is often a focus on pure technological solutions, or with laws and regulation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 2","pages":"Pages 1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v1i2.44","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137229290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brinkman Bo, Flick Catherine, Gotterbarn Don, Miller Keith, Vazansky Kate, J. Wolf Marty
{"title":"Dynamic Technology Challenges Static Codes of Ethics","authors":"Brinkman Bo, Flick Catherine, Gotterbarn Don, Miller Keith, Vazansky Kate, J. Wolf Marty","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i2.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29297/orbit.v1i2.37","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We describe the process of changing and the changes being suggested for the ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct. In addition to addressing the technical and ethical basis for the proposed changes, we identify suggestions that commenters made in response to the first draft. We invite feedback on the proposed changes and on the suggestions that commenters made.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 2","pages":"Pages 1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2515856220300407/pdf?md5=819a7fc4b5cc2a729c6fab5b4bcb571a&pid=1-s2.0-S2515856220300407-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137229289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Taking a historical website into the present","authors":"Knight Virginia","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i2.99","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v1i2.99","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This case style describes the ethical issues raised by allowing user interaction with a historical website (‘Hidden Lives Revealed’) on the subject of children in care, and the practical steps which need to be taken as a result by those maintaining the site.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 2","pages":"Pages 1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v1i2.99","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47580699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Who will rule the world in the future?","authors":"Zdravkova Katerina","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i1.13","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v1i1.13","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>New technologies are dramatically changing human civilization in a way few could have imagined even at the end of the 20<sup>th</sup> century. And yet, many things will change even more. Very soon, computer intelligence will surpass the abilities of the human brain, genetic research and regenerative medicine will create practically immortal genetically enhanced humans with super-intelligence and superpowers, and natural people will become a minority in the world of human cyborgs. In such a new world, the supremacy of humans will be disputed. This paper presents the issues arising from the mind controlled devices, pointing out those viewpoints which might completely destroy, and those which can preserve the equilibrium of the world we live in.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"Pages 1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2515856220300584/pdf?md5=0edc0548d91442e475903bb9e1881df1&pid=1-s2.0-S2515856220300584-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46809074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The False Prometheus","authors":"Lahtiranta Janne, Hyrynsalmi Sami, Koskinen Jani","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i1.22","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v1i1.22","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the information society of today, privacy is a premium service and user-related information a commodity. This development has gone unnoticed for many, but for some it contradicts with their common sense and perception of right and wrong. If we look into user agreements, and the effect Fair Information Practice Principles (FIPPs) seem to have, this development is particularly evident. One-on-one agreements such as End User License Agreements (EULAs) between the providers and users have become ubiquitous to most users who simply scroll through the agreement and click ‘I agree’ without actually understanding or caring what they have accepted.</p><p>There are various reasons for this kind of behavior ranging from complete indifference, to inadequate internet and technology literacy, and even to peer pressure as certain applications have become a ‘must have’ amongst a group of users. This problem is particularly current as personal mobile devices have become important, for some even inseparable, part of our daily lives. These devices, such as smart phones and tablets, have also become <em>user-centered aggregation points</em> of information that contain personal, even sensitive information about us, and those around us. At the same time, the number of different applications that have practically unrestrained access to the Internet, is on the rise.</p><p>When combined with ignorance and negligence, the risk of placing personal information into wrong hands is a very real one. In the following, we focus on this well-explored challenge from a novel perspective; informed consent, and argue that one way to address this problem is to develop solutions that not only promote personal choice and awareness, but are also context-dependent. In order to provide a practical insight into our primarily conceptual work, we use one of the most popular applications, the Pokémon GO by Niantic Inc., in highlighting some of the encountered privacy-related issues.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"Pages 1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v1i1.22","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47093086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the Taxonomy of Social Media Marketing","authors":"Koga Hiroshi, Yanagihara Sachiko","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i1.23","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v1i1.23","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Marketing approaches using social media such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram or Line in Japan are attracting attention. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to attempt to categorize privacy issues in such social media marketing. Based on case studies of social media utilization that can be published and interview survey, we proposed a reference frame as a preliminary study. In this study, two types of dichotomy were used for classification. The first axis is that the relationship with customer’s need for social approval and self-esteem. The second axis is from the examination of sociomateliarity in the use of social media.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"Pages 1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2515856220300675/pdf?md5=74b953812513361c680a47ccdbd875e1&pid=1-s2.0-S2515856220300675-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45783026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ethical questions related to using netnography as research method","authors":"Tuikka Anne-Marie, Nguyen Chau, K. Kimppa Kai","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i2.50","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v1i2.50","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Netnography is a relatively new research method, which adapts research techniques of ethnography to study cultures and communities through computer-mediated communications. It has become a popular research method in marketing research during the 21st century. However, the use of netnography in the field of information systems (later referred as IS) has not been studied to great extent. Thus, we have conducted a systematic literature review to investigate the ethical practices of netnographic research in the field IS.</p><p>To analyse the ethical practices of netnographic research and discussion surrounding it, we have collected 52 articles which use netnography either as their sole research method or as their completing research method. These articles were selected from 77 IS journals. Our findings indicate that netnography is an emerging research method which is still moulding its ethical guidelines. Researchers, who use netnography, do not completely agree on the ethically just manner of conducting netnography. However, it is apparent that certain ways of conducting netnography are often considered to be ethically just where as some other ways might be often considered to be ethically unjust.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 2","pages":"Pages 1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v1i2.50","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69883557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chutikulrungsee Tharntip Tawnie, Burmeister Oliver Kisalay
{"title":"Interdependent Privacy","authors":"Chutikulrungsee Tharntip Tawnie, Burmeister Oliver Kisalay","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i2.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29297/orbit.v1i2.38","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sharing on online social networks (OSNs) has rapidly emerged as a global phenomenon. Information that users share about one another has great impacts on impression formation, but also poses risks to the privacy of both users and non-users. Particularly, information disclosed by others (other-generated disclosure) is less deceptive and more credible than self-disclosure, challenges one’s desired self-presentation as well as self-image, and can cause face threats. So far, privacy literature on OSNs has focused on self-disclosure, and little attention has been paid to other-generated disclosure. Given this growing and increasingly important phenomenon, this present study explores other- generated disclosures, based on the lived experiences of adult Facebook users, to fill this gap. Using an online survey, results shows that Facebook users are likely to be exposed to other-generated disclosure not only through tags and photos but also posts and comments. Posts and comments are increasingly problematic. Not only will this study be useful for service providers in designing new features and improving privacy controls, but it also benefits organisations who take advantage of viral marketing and electronic word of mouth (eWOM), but in ways that seek to preserve the privacy of individuals. Furthermore, this study increases users’ privacy awareness and promotes meaningful online privacy practices to preserve not only privacy of individuals, but also privacy of engaging parties, due to the domino effect of interdependent privacy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 2","pages":"Pages 1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2515856220300419/pdf?md5=1933494cbda2afc92117a07437d5bc73&pid=1-s2.0-S2515856220300419-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137229291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vallejos Elvira Perez, Robert H. Wortham, Miakinkov Eugene
{"title":"When AI goes to war","authors":"Vallejos Elvira Perez, Robert H. Wortham, Miakinkov Eugene","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i1.19","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v1i1.19","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper relates the results of deliberation of youth juries about the use of autonomous weapons systems (AWS). The discourse that emerged from the juries centered on several key issues. The jurors expressed the importance of keeping the humans in the decision-making process when it comes to militarizing artificial intelligence, and that only humans are capable of moral agency. They discussed the perennial issue of control over AWS and possibility of something going wrong, either with software or hardware. Concerns over proliferation of AWS and possible arms race also entered the discussion and the jurors were skeptical about the possibility of regulation and compliance once AWS enter military arsenals. We conclude that the juries were very apprehensive and hostile to the introduction of autonomous weapons systems into military conflicts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"Pages 1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2515856220300638/pdf?md5=823d7430f8b7e840e93e1800df4ce9f9&pid=1-s2.0-S2515856220300638-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69883164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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