The ORBIT Journal最新文献

{"title":"Insurance, Smart Information Systems and Ethics","authors":"Kancevičienė Natalija","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v2i2.106","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v2i2.106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This report provides an overview of the current implementation of SIS in the insurance industry, also identifies the positive and negative aspects of using SIS in the insurance industry, including ethical issues which could arise while using SIS in this area. Two companies working in the industry of health insurance are analysed in this report: a German health insurance company (Organisation Y), and a business intelligence centre for healthcare insurers (Organisation X). Further specific ethical issues that arise when using SIS technologies in Organisation Y and Organisation X are critically evaluated. Finally, conclusions are drawn on the case study and areas for improvement are suggested.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"2 2","pages":"Pages 1-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v2i2.106","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84584971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Setting future ethical standards for ICT, Big Data, AI and robotics","authors":"Fernow Josepine,&nbsp;de Miguel Beriain Inigo,&nbsp;Brey Philip,&nbsp;Stahl Bernd","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v2019i1.115","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v2019i1.115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Policymakers struggle to assess the ethical, legal and human rights impacts of IT systems in research, industry, and at home. At the same time, research needs to be useful for industry, academia, and society to have impact on policy. Right now, three European projects: PANELFIT, SHERPA and SIENNA, are working together with stakeholders to improve ethical, human rights and legal frameworks for information and communication technologies (ICT), big data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics. Stakeholder involvement is key, and the outputs will support the European Union’s vision of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI), as a means to foster the design of inclusive research and innovation. Here, we provide a short introduction to the projects and outline plans for collaboration with the aim to maximiseour joint policy impact.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"2019 1","pages":"Pages 1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2515856220300018/pdfft?md5=2bc8c14c287f77b6a70317fe2590ab0b&pid=1-s2.0-S2515856220300018-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72974317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethics of Using Smart City AI and Big Data: The Case of Four Large European Cities","authors":"Ryan Mark,&nbsp;Gregory Anya","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v2i2.110","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v2i2.110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>By 2030, the population living in cities will increase by an additional 1.5 billion people, placing a great strain on resources, infrastructure, jobs and healthcare (UN 2018). It has become clear that to combat this change, a number of creative approaches need to be put in place to ensure the sustainable growth of cities - one such approach is the ‘smart city’ (UN 2018). Due to the relative infancy of smart cities, and the diversity of approaches and implementations of smart information systems (<strong>Big Data and AI</strong>), many of the ethical challenges are still being defined.</p><p>One of the reasons behind this challenge is a result of the varying <strong>smart information systems (SIS)</strong> being used in different urban contexts. This case study aspires to unpack some of these ethical challenges by looking at four different applications of SIS being deployed in large European cities: an AI used to understand citizens’ complaints (<strong>Amsterdam</strong>), a parking permit chat-bot (<strong>Helsinki</strong>), a platform for data exchange (<strong>Copenhagen</strong>), and a project with an open-source algorithm (<strong>Hamburg</strong>).Upon first glance, these technologies seem very disparate, but they all factor into the equation of what goes into making a smart city, ‘smart’.</p><p>Over the course of the interviews, what quickly became clear was the degree to which smart cities are in their infancy, meaning that the <strong>availability and accuracy of data</strong> remains an issue in a large majority of the cases. In terms of the <strong>accuracy of recommendations</strong> – due to the early stages of smart city implementation, many projects remain wary of expanding the use of SIS, due to potential unforeseen issues and are therefore proceeding cautiously.</p><p><strong>Data</strong> has been taken on as a potentially helpful tool for citizens and planners alike to regain control and access to information within their respective cities. <strong>Consent, transparency and data ownership</strong> featured as prominent ethical considerations in all cases, especially the focus on citizens regaining control over their own data. Further, it remained a point of contention to whom the data would belong – with an overall consensus that data should remain the property of the citizen or municipality and not necessarily that of private companies.</p><p>Throughout the process, it became clear that <strong>collaboration</strong> is at the heart of a successful smart city. Many of the projects utilised a collaborative <strong>public-private</strong> model to facilitate both the business development side and the <strong>citizen-engagement</strong> sides of the smart city. With differing degrees of success in the individual projects, this remained an important feature that experts believe will continue to develop in tandem with smart city projects. A bottom-up approach is clearly the most effective way to ensure that a smart city w","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"2 2","pages":"Pages 1-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v2i2.110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81888467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case Study - Customer Relation Management, Smart Information Systems and Ethics","authors":"Macnish Kevin,&nbsp;Fernandez Inguanzo Ana","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v2i2.114","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v2i2.114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Smart information systems (SIS - Big Data and artificial intelligence) are used in Customer Relations Management (CRM) to help manage large customer databases and improve customer interaction by companies. This case study involves research into the Finnish telecommunications provider Company A regarding their use of SIS in developing CRM. This they use primarily for assessing “churn”, the drop-off rate of customers choosing not to re-subscribe to Company A services, and for improving customer service by monitoring customer activity on Company A’s website. SIS has the potential to improve both of these areas through developing an understanding based on patterns of behaviour.</p><p>A literature review of ethical issues facing the use of SIS in CRM reveals that there are a number of such issues. These include autonomy, control and manipulation of people, privacy, customer knowledge as to what happens with data pertaining to them, algorithmic bias, responsibility of companies, governments and individuals, trust and informed consent. The interview held at Company A demonstrated that many of these issues are recognised and encountered by practitioners operating in SIS. Informed consent and trust were not discussed in the interview while global approaches to ethics was raised in the interview in a manner not seen in the literature review.</p><p>Overall, this case study evaluates how ethical issues found within the SIS literature correlate with those identified, and tackled, in the business practice of CRM.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"2 2","pages":"Pages 1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v2i2.114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84356070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethics of Using AI and Big Data in Agriculture: The Case of a Large Agriculture Multinational","authors":"Ryan Mark","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v2i2.109","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v2i2.109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Smart information systems (Big Data and artificial intelligence) are used in the <strong>agricultural industry</strong> to help the planting, seeding, and harvesting of crops, as well as farm management, plant and livestock illness and disease detection. I looked at how a Digital Division at a large agricultural multinational is using smart information systems (SIS), through their SISproject, to provide farmers with local weather predictions, farm efficiency and sustainability metrics, and early detection systems for weed, pests and disease. SIS being used in agriculture, types of data retrieved from the farm, how this data is analysed, and agribusinesses involved in this burgeoning field. Agricultural SIS has the potential to <strong>automate activities</strong> that are typically done by agronomists, allowing for cost reductions, quick and effective crop forecasting, and improved decision-making and efficiency for the farmer. Agricultural SIS also offers agribusinesses an additional revenue, better customer-relations, and reduced costs from hiring additional agronomists and advisors. The world’s population will exceed 9 billion by 2050, forcing the agricultural sector to increase its production levels by up to 70%. SIS are being hailed as one possible solution to help plant, seed, harvest, and manage farms better and more effectively. However, the use of agricultural SIS may create a number of ethical concerns. For example, the <strong>accuracy of data and recommendations</strong> provided by SIS may lead to lost harvests, ill livestock, and loss of earnings. There is also a tension between ensuring an agribusinesses’ <strong>intellectual property</strong> and the protection of the farmer’s <strong>data ownership</strong>. The use of SIS is relatively expensive, which may create a <strong>digital divide</strong>. Agricultural Big Data is also vulnerable to <strong>privacy and security</strong> threats because it could be used nefariously by corrupt governments, competitors, or even market traders. Sensors, robots and devices may cause harm, distress, and damage to <strong>animal welfare and the environment</strong>.To assess if these ethical issues mirror those experienced in the field, I interviewed three members of this company working on their SIS project. This project combines data retrieved from the farmer with the company’s agronomic knowledge to <strong>manage their farm more effectively</strong>. The project was designed to provide farmers with local weather predictions, plant disease in situ detection, and recommendation tools to minimise risk, crop and yield previews, farm efficiency and sustainability metrics, and early detection systems for weed, pests and disease. One of the primary motivations for using SIS technology for the company is the ability to make the farmer’s life easier, more productive, and to <strong>save costs</strong>. The aim is to improve farm management, not by increasing fertilizer use, but by more intel","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"2 2","pages":"Pages 1-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v2i2.109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89014392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart Grids and Ethics","authors":"Hatzakis Tally,&nbsp;Rodrigues Rowena,&nbsp;Wright David","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v2i2.108","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v2i2.108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This case study explores the principal ethical issues that occur in the use of Smart Information Systems (SIS) in smart grids and offers suggestions as to how they might be addressed. Key issues highlighted in the literature are reviewed. The empirical case study describes one of the largest distribution system operators (DSOs) in the Netherlands. The aim of this case study is to identify which ethical issues arise from the use of SIS in smart grids, the current efforts of the organisation to address them, and whether practitioners are facing additional issues not addressed in current literature. The literature review highlights mainly ethical issues around health and safety, privacy and informed consent, cyber-risks and energy security, affordability and equity, sustainability. The key topics raised by interviewees revolved around privacy and to some extent cybersecurity. This may be due to the prevalence of the issue within the sector and the company in particular or due to the positions held by interviewees in the organisation. Issues of sectorial dynamics and public trust, codes of conduct and regulation were raised in the interviews which are not discussed in the literature. The paper hence highlights the ability of case studies to identify ethical issues not covered (or covered to an inadequate degree) in the academic literature which are facing practitioners in the energy sector.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"2 2","pages":"Pages 1-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v2i2.108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90653688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"I am a Person","authors":"Kreps David,&nbsp;Burmeister Oliver","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v2i2.79","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v2i2.79","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents a conception of personhood as both physical and social, and both as radically contingent upon their respective physical and social environments. In the context of age-related cognitive decline, particularly dementia, it supports literature suggesting social personhood is occluded rather than deteriorating with brain function. Value sensitive design (VSD) applied to assistive technologies for people with age-related cognitive decline, has focused upon physical support. The paper concludes that issues of power must be grasped by those in VSD practice in order to reorient VSD in assistive technologies to also support social personhood.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"2 2","pages":"Pages 1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2515856220300171/pdf?md5=48c7acf68e6d0b709e734b8e6ba6c7b0&pid=1-s2.0-S2515856220300171-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82343690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart Information Systems in Cybersecurity","authors":"Macnish Kevin,&nbsp;FernandezInguanzo Ana,&nbsp;Kirichenko Alexey","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v2i2.105","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v2i2.105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This report provides an overview of the current implementation of SIS in the field of cybersecurity. It also identifies the positive and negative aspects of using SIS in cybersecurity, including ethical issues which could arise while using SIS in this area. One company working in the industry of telecommunications (Company A) is analysed in this report. Further specific ethical issues that arise when using SIS technologies in Company A are critically evaluated. Finally, conclusions are drawn on the case study and areas for improvement are suggested.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"2 2","pages":"Pages 1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2515856220300080/pdf?md5=f0a2b45b7d44103c68c9e076a4ccb8d4&pid=1-s2.0-S2515856220300080-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89668180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethical Implications of Predictive Risk Intelligence","authors":"Jiya Tilimbe","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v2i2.112","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v2i2.112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents a case study on the ethical issues that relate to the use of Smart Information Systems (SIS) in predictive risk intelligence. The case study is based on a company that is using SIS to provide predictive risk intelligence in supply chain management (SCM), insurance, finance and sustainability. The paper covers an assessment of how the company recognises ethical concerns related to SIS and the ways it deals with them. Data was collected through a document review and two in-depth semi-structured interviews. Results from the case study indicate that the main ethical concerns with the use of SIS in predictive risk intelligence include protection of the data being used in predicting risk, data privacy and consent from those whose data has been collected from data providers such as social media sites. Also, there are issues relating to the transparency and accountability of processes used in predictive intelligence. The interviews highlighted the issue of bias in using the SIS for making predictions for specific target clients. The last ethical issue was related to trust and accuracy of the predictions of the SIS. In response to these issues,the company has put in place different mechanisms to ensure responsible innovation through what it calls Responsible Data Science. Under Responsible Data Science, the identified ethical issues are addressed by following a code of ethics, engaging with stakeholders and ethics committees.This paper is important because it provides lessons for the responsible implementation of SIS in industry, particularly for start-ups. The paper acknowledges ethical issues with the use of SIS in predictive risk intelligence and suggests that ethics should be a central consideration for companies and individuals developing SIS to create meaningful positive change for society.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"2 2","pages":"Pages 1-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v2i2.112","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69883908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethics of Public Use of AI and Big Data","authors":"Ryan Mark","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v2i1.101","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v2i1.101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Smart information systems (Big Data and artificial intelligence) are used by governments to improve mobility, reduce over-crowdedness in hotspots, and provide more effective management of crowds. I looked at how Amsterdam municipality is using smart information systems (SIS) in their DrukteRadar Project to identify, report, and tackle issues surrounding crowdedness levels in the city.</p><p>SIS are becoming popular amongst governmental officials to automate activities more effectively. SIS provide the opportunity to improve mobility, increase economic growth, reduce energy outputs, improve management decisions, respond to disasters quicker, and improve citizens’ quality of life. They offer governments the possibility of improving services, while reducing costs. The use and implementation of SIS is becoming widespread and governments are observing the benefits posed by SIS, particularly in relation to urban management.</p><p>80% of Europe’s population will live in cities by 2020 and governments face a huge strain on resources and infrastructure. The use of SIS is being pioneered to help governments meet these needs and to provide a sustainable future for urban citizens. Ethical issues in this context can include that data may not be accurate, faithful or representative of a city and its citizens, which may cause bias, prejudice and harm to a population, by leading to unfair service provision. ICT companies’ involvement in governmental SIS projects may also lead technological lock-in and dependency on corporations. Instantaneous and ubiquitous retrieval and analysis of data may infringe upon citizens’ privacy and may lead vulnerabilities of malicious hacking, stolen data and a city’s security.</p><p>To uncover if these issues correlate with the experience of those working in the field, I interviewed the Project Owner of Amsterdam’s DrukteRadar project (translated as crowdedness project). This project implements SIS to anticipate and prevent overcrowding in Amsterdam, and was created in response to growing pressures on the city’s amenities. The DrukteRadar Project collates a wide array of datasets to predict crowd levels and potential problem hotspots, visualised through a digital dashboard. The project aims to improve municipality management, provide help to tourists planning their trips, and assisting citizens’ navigation through the city.</p><p>Through my discussions with the Project Owner of the DrukteRadar, I uncovered two additional issues not found in the literature: access to SIS and data ownership. The DrukteRadar team is concerned about access to SIS to promote fairness, equality, and provision of services amongst citizens. It aims to make its dashboard user-friendly and available to as many people as possible to promote inclusion. Data ownership is a concern for the project – who owns the data and what can be done with it. The DrukteRadar Project ensures they have data sovereignty, so that they do not become technologically locked","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"2 2","pages":"Pages 1-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v2i1.101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79664782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}