The ORBIT Journal最新文献

{"title":"Case Study The Internet of Things and Ethics","authors":"Antoniou Josephina,&nbsp;Andreou Andreas","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v2i2.111","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v2i2.111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Internet of Things (IoT) may be defined as a network of networks, where the end devices are not user-handled devices but can be computing devices, mechanical and digital machines. In many businesses, IoT-based software is used increasingly as a means to deliver enhanced customer service and improved business management procedures. By using IoT to monitor business operations, through tracking-capable software, businesses are, for instance, able to track products and employees. The issue is further explored through literature review and a case study of a company developing IoT based monitoring software.</p><p>The review focuses on the effects of using IoT as part of Smart Information Systems, especially systems supported by 5G networks in the near future. The effects on the users of SIS are referred to by the term Quality of Experience (QoE) and the specific effects of 5G networks on QoE are discussed in this background review. Since the user experience is also affected by such actions as employee and asset monitoring with the use of IoT, a brief overview of legal aspects follows the technological details of QoE in an IoT-aware 5G system. The legal/human rights analysis is presented through the literature, and takes into account some suggestions for guidelines and policies on monitoring is offered. A discussion on ethics and perceptions around monitoring and tracking is further presented.</p><p>The CRM.COM case focuses thereafter on how the company provides tracking software as a service and as a product for businesses nationally and in several countries worldwide. The case study discusses the ethics of such IoT-powered software, by considering both their design and their usage.</p><p>Overall, the area of using IoT-based tracking and monitoring applications to assist and enhance specific business processes is growing and becoming increasingly popular, both in terms of development and use. Being a new research area, however, it lacks sufficient literature that examines the ethical, social, economic and legal implications of the use of this technology. Such studies into the design, development and use of such IoT-based applications present important relevant information that enriches the state-of-the-art literature on the topic both from an academic and a practical perspective.</p><p>This report offers an original case study on the use of an IoT related SIS in the software design and development area. Many of the ethical and legal issues discussed in this report have been analysed more generally within academia and assessed in other areas of application, but have rarely been associated with the IoT usage for tracking and monitoring. Therefore, this report will be highly valuable for the development and furthering of theory, knowledge and application for designing, developing and using such IoT based applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"2 2","pages":"Pages 1-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v2i2.111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76044404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethical Reflections of Human Brain Research and Smart Information Systems","authors":"Jiya Tilimbe","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v2i2.113","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v2i2.113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This case study explores ethical issues that relate to the use of Smart Information Systems (SIS) in human brain research. The case study is based on the Human Brain Project (HBP), which is a European Union funded project. The project uses SIS to build a research infrastructure aimed at the advancement of neuroscience, medicine and computing. The case study was conducted to assess how the HBP recognises and deal with ethical concerns relating to the use of SIS in human brain research. To understand some of the ethical implications of using SIS in human brain research, data was collected through a document review and three semi-structured interviews with participants from the HBP. Results from the case study indicate that the main ethical concerns with the use of SIS in human brain research include privacy and confidentiality, the security of personal data, discrimination that arises from bias and access to the SIS and their outcomes.</p><p>Furthermore, there is an issue with the transparency of the processes that are involved in human brain research. In response to these issues, the HBP has put in place different mechanisms to ensure responsible research and innovation through a dedicated program. The paper provides lessons for the responsible implementation of SIS in research, including human brain research and extends some of the mechanisms that could be employed by researchers and developers of SIS for research in addressing such issues.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"2 2","pages":"Pages 1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v2i2.113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90517612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Ethics and Human Rights in Smart Information Systems","authors":"Macnish Kevin,&nbsp;Ryan Mark,&nbsp;Stahl Bernd","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v2i1.102","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v2i1.102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Smart information systems (SIS), systems based in machine learning approaches to artificial intelligence using big data analytics are high profile examples of emerging technologies that have the potential to significantly affect most aspects of personal and societal life in industrialised societies. They are the subject of much scientific research but also of large amount of philosophical and sociological studies. A key question they raise relates to ethical questions they may raise which can involve questions of human rights.</p><p>The majority of these reflective approaches to SIS are based on anecdotal evidence or conceptual considerations. There is little research investigating the actual ethical issues these technologies raise in their real-world environments. Rigorous empirical research tends to focus on particular technologies or application examples. While such research can produce interesting insights, it is not sufficient to give a broader overview of these technologies. One reason is that the technologies and components involved as well as the applications of such SIS vary greatly.</p><p>One way of overcoming this limited view of ethics and human rights of SIS that is based on rigorous empirical research while providing a broad overview of technologies is to undertake a set of parallel case studies that provides simultaneous insights into a range of technologies. This paper outlines the rational and principles according to which such a multiple case study can be undertaken. It describes the process of selection of cases and development of the methodology as represented by a case study protocol. It provides the rationale and methodological underpinning for the set of 10 case studies that are published in the same special section of the ORBIT journal.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"2 2","pages":"Pages 1-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v2i1.102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87101376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between perceived self-reported trust in health information sources and ocular fixation in a sample of young adults: a secondary data analysis","authors":"Livinț Popa Livia ,&nbsp;Selejan Ovidiu ,&nbsp;Strilciuc Ștefan ,&nbsp;Verișezan Roșu Olivia ,&nbsp;Balea Maria ,&nbsp;Mureșanu Fior Dafin","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v2019i1.121","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v2019i1.121","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Individuals use Internet for health-related issues to gather information and to share experiences and emotional support with other people who have similar medical problems. The easy access to information has sparked heated debate whether this converse urge to seek medical and health advice online is within the benefit of patients. In this research we set out to explore the relationship between self-perceived trust and visual interaction with medical websites, using eye tracking (ET) methods. The individual ocular reaction at 30-second exposure intervals to 20 health-related webpages was studied in 28 gender-balanced young adults by a Pro T60XL monitor device. The results showed a borderline strong statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.68, p = 0.001) between logo fixations (LAOI) and self-reported trust rank. Websites that were ranked higher in terms of trust appear to be more likely to have a higher number of fixations on the logo. A moderate statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.526, p = 0.017) was observed between fixations before the logo (FBL) and self-reported trust rank. Logos are a main point of ocular focus and are associated with higher trust. ET proves to be a useful assessment tool of behavioral patterns in searching online information.","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"2019 1","pages":"Pages 1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S251585622030002X/pdf?md5=681e2e0bd10e922e2631d15fe761d878&pid=1-s2.0-S251585622030002X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127328486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computers as omnipotent instruments of power","authors":"Weber Karsten","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v2i1.97","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v2i1.97","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With examples concerning the development and dissemination of computer technology in the Soviet Union, the U.S., and other Western countries it shall be demonstrated that computer development on the one hand and social change as well as changes in policy making and administration on the other hand are mingled with each other without a clear direction of causation being discernible. It also shall be shown that perceived social and political threats imposed by early computer technology sometimes actually helped to stop or at least slow down social change. One conclusion that can be drawn from the case studies described for RRI is that the conscious steering of innovations fails because of diffuse and uncoordinated resistance from very different stakeholders. The case studies also suggest that the effectiveness of RRI might be rather limited.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"Pages 1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2515856220300237/pdfft?md5=7ef77fae082a32425d5ba0f6a8366458&pid=1-s2.0-S2515856220300237-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42843315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"My Brain Book","authors":"Savitch Nada","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i3.70","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v1i3.70","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This case study provides an example of industry working closely with both the public sector and the people it aims to assist. It also shows how industry can lead the way in listening to a group of people who often have no voice in wider society: people with dementia. The case study describes the ways in which people with dementia and their carers have been involved in a number of different and creative ways in the initial development and testing of a working prototype of a computer-based planning tool for people with the initial development and testing of a working prototype of a computer-based planning tool for people with dementia and their carers. The tool, called My Brain Book, aims to record information about the person with dementia in order to produce a care plan that is created jointly between the person with dementia and their families, and shared easily with a range of professionals. Engagement activities included: a parallel priority setting event, focus groups, involvement in design workshops and testing of the prototype. The involvement of people with dementia has directly influenced the development of the product and also changed the way ICT researchers and professionals see people with dementia. People with dementia convinced the designers that more emphasis should be given to elements of the system which enable families and professionals to really get to know the person with dementia before any care planning process begins. The design process and timelines were also influenced by people with dementia in order to ensure that they could be involved in meaningful ways. There are still many lessons to be learnt about the best ways for a responsible health and care industry to engage with people. This case study shows that with the right combination of support, customer engagement is possible and does lead to better products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 3","pages":"Pages 1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v1i3.70","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47026556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using an ICT tool to stimulate multi-disciplinary innovation teams in establishing responsible research and innovation practices in industry","authors":"Flipse Steven","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i3.67","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v1i3.67","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This case study demonstrates that industry researchers can productively work with experts from the social sciences / humanities to integrate principles of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) into actual, on-going industrial innovation projects. The case presents the first example of collaborative, interdisciplinary and integrated innovation project management that is supported by an ICT tool with the aim of stimulating RRI. It is also the first case that presents both qualitative and quantitative data demonstrating enhanced socially responsible innovation with combined attention to technical, economic and social aspects.</p><p>The tool, in the form of an online innovation project support dashboard, helps researchers understand and appreciate ‘soft’ project aspects regarding communication and socio-ethical context as well as relevance, by measuring and visualising the impact of such aspects in relation to innovation project success. As such, the tool can be used to enable researchers to develop into more ‘reflective practitioners’ who take responsible innovation as a starting point rather than an add-on to technical innovation.</p><p>In addition, the tool is adaptable to different industrial innovation contexts. For this case study, the tool was used in a contract research organisation leading many innovation projects. The benchmark element is based on innovation project assessment of earlier projects within the organisation. That means that in eachc organisation, also within different innovation fields, context specific key innovation quality and performance indicators (KPIs), and their interrelations, can be identified, ensuring the tool’s relevance and usability within other organisations.</p><p>The results and considerations presented in the case study can therefore help inspire researchers from the fields of natural and social sciences to set up and participate in collaborative research and innovation practices to further support and enhance RRI.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 3","pages":"Pages 1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v1i3.67","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"101347879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RRI in Higher Education","authors":"Nulli Margherita,&nbsp;Stahl Bernd","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i4.78","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v1i4.78","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) is a way to promote ethical and socially desirable research. The concept of RRI has recently become more important. Public research funders have embedded RRI principles in their policies and now it is time for higher education institutions to embrace this principles as well. With this in mind, the following editorial summarizes the work that has been done so far to integrate RRI principles into higher education. Since teaching RRI is one of the key activities to implement its principles in higher education, our focus will be also be on how to successfully deliver the teaching of responsible research. Finally, an overview of the major problems that the implementation of RRI in higher education encounters and possible suggestions will be discussed. These are important questions to be asked from the perspective of the ORBIT project, which aims to foster a culture of RRI in the UK ICT research community. Ensuring that RRI is adequately covered is a necessary condition of success for this culture shift.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 4","pages":"Pages 1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2515856220300274/pdfft?md5=a11eb65c4ade0866aa34e251451956db&pid=1-s2.0-S2515856220300274-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113607942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AmbiAct","authors":"Frenken Thomas,&nbsp;Eckert Ralf,&nbsp;Jüptner Alexander,&nbsp;Prof. Dr Hein Andreas","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i3.68","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v1i3.68","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The ambiact is a smart meter for social alarm systems. This innovative product is designed as a plug-adapter and can be placed between the power outlet and any appliance. If a connected appliance is not used for an individually untypically amount of time, (generally for more than 24 hours), the ambiact automatically generates an emergency call. This provides people living alone (especially the elderly) with more safety in their homes since help is called even if it cannot be actively summoned by themselves. People feel an increased quality of life since daily manual handling of care phones is no longer necessary, and social alarm operators get more satisfied customers and can even save costs by avoiding false alarms due to people forgetting regular handlings of their care phone. The impact achieved by the project was the development of an innovative and patented product which is accepted by both the customer (e.g. care providers) and the end-user.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 3","pages":"Pages 1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v1i3.68","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"94455215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-Creating Smart Cities","authors":"Bolz Karsten","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i3.66","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v1i3.66","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This case study describes the T-City initiative and uses it as a best practice example of how to include Responsible Research and Innovation into the transformation process connected with making cities ‘smart’. The initiative aimed to showcase how modern information and communication technology can sustainably improve the quality of life and community living in the city of Friedrichshafen. Starting with a general description of the initiative the case study then focuses on the project area ‘Health and Support’ and examines two specific projects to illustrate best practice for Responsible Research and Innovation. It shows that the goals and perspectives of different stakeholders can be united and that win-win-situations can be generated. The T-City initiative was an inclusive approach in which societal actors worked together during innovation processes and became mutually responsive to each other to co-create the smart city of Friedrichshafen.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 3","pages":"Pages 1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v1i3.66","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"112971439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}