Sustainable Chemistry One World最新文献

{"title":"Nano-valent materials for environmental remediation: Mechanisms, applications, and future challenges","authors":"Pavithra Swaminaathan,&nbsp;V.C. Deivayanai,&nbsp;A. Saravanan,&nbsp;A.S. Vickram","doi":"10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nano-valent materials—encompassing carbon-based nanomaterials, nano-sized metal oxides, and zero-valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticles—are emerging as groundbreaking agents in environmental remediation. Their high surface area and reactivity enable efficient removal of industrial pollutants, pesticides, and pharmaceutical residues through adsorption, redox reactions, and catalytic degradation. This paper highlights the innovative role of nano-valent technology in tackling complex environmental issues more effectively than conventional methods, offering improved biodegradation, lower toxicity, and sustainable outcomes. However, challenges such as nanoparticle aggregation, toxicity, and regulatory hurdles underscore the need for better material stabilization and safe deployment strategies. The integration of nano-valent materials with biological or electrochemical methods presents a novel pathway for enhancing their efficacy. Economically, their scalability and cost-efficiency make them a promising option for wastewater and pollution treatment. Continued research into functionalization and manufacturing processes will be crucial to unlocking their full potential and advancing global environmental sustainability. Hence, this review highlights the revolutionary potential of nano-valent materials to mitigate pollution and their significance to both ecological stability and economic growth.</div></div><div><h3>Clinical trial number</h3><div>Not applicable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101197,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry One World","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100074"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144471698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wastewater treatment using waste cuprous oxide: A circular economy approach towards green and sustainable laboratory waste management","authors":"Randhir Rai,&nbsp;Amiliya Paulson","doi":"10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, waste Cu₂O was used as a Fenton-like catalyst for treating laboratory wastewater using hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as an oxidant. The catalytic efficiency of Cu₂O towards the decomposition of crystal violet, methylene blue, and safranin was evaluated. The catalyst was recycled and reused up to five catalytic cycles without significant loss of catalytic efficiency against these dyes. Wastewater from the biology laboratory containing these toxic dyes was successfully treated using the same catalyst with excellent efficiency. Post-treatment, copper was recovered as copper sulphate pentahydrate with a 96 % of copper recovery. Furthermore, the toxicity of untreated and treated water was studied against <em>E. coli</em>. Additionally, the survival of the aerial microbes in treated water was evaluated and compared with that of drinking water, and it was found to be almost the same.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101197,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry One World","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100073"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144195699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular docking and bioactive compounds from endophytic Aspergillus flavus: A pathway to new therapeutics","authors":"Sagar Vishwakarma ,&nbsp;Vijeta Chaudhry ,&nbsp;Soban Prakash ,&nbsp;Kalpana Sagar ,&nbsp;Sumit Chand ,&nbsp;Annapurna Katara ,&nbsp;Nitin Bhardwaj ,&nbsp;Archana Yadav ,&nbsp;Harish Chandra","doi":"10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Endophytic fungi are found within internal plant tissues and provide a range of advantages to their hosts. However, the diversity of fungal interactions with medicinal plants remains underexplored. This investigation aimed to isolate and identify endophytic fungi from surface-sterilized leaves of <em>Roscoea purpurea</em>, a medicinal herb known for its therapeutic value. The isolated fungus was identified as <em>Aspergillus flavus</em> through morphological observation, molecular characterization (18S rRNA), and phylogenetic analysis. Ethyl acetate extracts of the fungal culture were analyzed using GC-MS, revealing several bioactive compounds, with Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) as the predominant constituent (82.02 %). The extract exhibited significant biological activities, including cytotoxicity (NRU assay), antioxidant potential (DPPH assay), and antibacterial efficacy. Notably, it showed strong antibacterial activity against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (36.65 ± 1.48 mm) and <em>Bacillus cereus</em> (30.05 ± 0.91 mm), along with moderate anticancer activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC₅₀ = 348.93 µg/mL). Molecular docking of DEP with key bacterial proteins such as PBP4, α-hemolysin, OmpF, and GyraseA demonstrated moderate to strong binding affinities (−6.7 to −5.4 kcal/mol), suggesting possible mechanisms of antimicrobial action. ADME and drug-likeness assessments using SwissADME and ProTox-II indicated high gastrointestinal absorption, blood-brain barrier permeability, no PAINS alerts, and compliance with Lipinski’s rule of five, supporting its potential as a drug-like compound. Molecular dynamics simulations further validated the stability of protein-ligand interactions. These findings underscore the therapeutic promise of DEP as a bioactive fungal metabolite with dual antibacterial and anticancer potential. The study highlights endophytic fungi as sustainable reservoirs for novel drug candidates and supports the integration of in silico and in vitro approaches in natural product-based drug discovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101197,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry One World","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144195522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization and application of zeolite derived from corncob for 2-chlorophenol removal from wastewater","authors":"S. Abdulrazak,&nbsp;A.A. Nuhu,&nbsp;H. Ibrahim,&nbsp;Zaharaddeen N. Garba","doi":"10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Four important factors (particle size, reagent ratio, contact duration, and temperature) were used in this study to optimize zeolite made from low-cost agricultural waste corncob. Alkali fusion techniques using full factorial design were used to accomplish this optimization. The optimized zeolite underwent comprehensive characterization using instrumental techniques including PXRD, FT-IR, and SEM. Four process variables were then used to enhance the optimized zeolite's ability to adsorb 2-chlorophenol in an aqueous matrix: pH (6–8), contact time (90–150 minutes), sorbent dosage (1–4 g), and temperature (30–60°C) using a full factorial design. Optimal adsorption of 82.85 mg/g removal of 2-chlorophenol was achieved at pH 8, temperature 60°C, contact time 90 minutes, and absorbent dosage of 1 g. Further analysis on this optimized alkali fusion material indicated that isotherm and kinetic data were effectively described by the Freundlich model and pseudo-second-order model, respectively. Thermodynamic analysis further indicated the endothermic nature of the adsorption process, with a positive energy of adsorption (∆H = 26.61 kJ/mol). Additionally, the optimized zeolite exhibited stability after three regenerative cycles using 0.5 M NaOH solution. These results reveal the potentiality of the optimized zeolite derived from corncob as an effective adsorbent for the removal of 2-chlorophenol in water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101197,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry One World","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100071"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green synthesis of MnO2 nanoparticles using Justicia adhatoda leaf extract","authors":"R.P. Praveen Pole ,&nbsp;A. Doss ,&nbsp;S. Alwin David ,&nbsp;N. Ahamed Kabir ,&nbsp;S. Satheesh","doi":"10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper discusses the biogenesis of manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MnO₂NPs) utilizing <em>Justicia adhatoda</em> leaf extract in a simple, environmentally friendly, and effective manner. Using the leaf extract of <em>J. adhatoda</em> as a reducing agent, potassium permanganate was reduced to synthesize the MnO₂ NPs. The contribution of the biomolecules in the J<em>. adhatoda</em> leaf extract to the synthesis of MnO₂ NPs was revealed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The UV–Visible spectra (UV-Visible Spectroscopy) of <em>J. adhatoda</em>-mediated MnO₂ NPs showed absorption peaks around 354 nm, which is the absorption maxima of MnO₂ NPs. X-ray diffraction analysis determined the crystal phase and crystalline size of the <em>J. adhatoda</em>-mediated MnO₂ NPs. The X-ray diffraction pattern (X-ray diffraction analysis) of MnO₂ NPs showed an average size, 49.13 nm. As regards the Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) study, the sizes of the <em>J. adhatoda</em>-mediated MnO₂ NPs were ranged between 30 and 70 nm and are cube-like. The energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) verified the presence of Mn and O in the MnO₂ NPs. The antibacterial activity of <em>J. adhatoda</em>-mediatedMnO₂ NPs was examined against the following bacterial species (Gram-positive: <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and <em>Bacillus cereus</em>;Gram-negative: <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, <em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Klebsiella pneumonia</em>). The minimum inhibitory concentration of the MnO₂ NPs was 0.062, 0.125, 0.5, 0.5 and 2.0 μg/ml, respectively, for <em>S. aureus</em>, <em>B. cereus</em>, <em>P. aeruginosa</em>, <em>E. coli</em> and <em>K</em>. <em>pneumonia</em>. The minimum bactericidal concentration of <em>J. adhatoda</em>-mediated MnO₂ NPs was 0.125, 0.500, 1.0, 1.0 and 4.0 μg/ml, respectively, for <em>S. aureus</em>, <em>B. cereus</em>, <em>P. aeruginosa</em>, <em>E. coli</em> and <em>K.pneumonia</em>. These results highlight the significant antibacterial action of the <em>J. adhatoda</em>-mediated MnO₂ NPs on the studied bacterial species, underscoring the potential of our research in combating bacterial infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101197,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry One World","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100072"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144223520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent approaches in green liquid chromatography for pharmaceutical analysis: A comprehensive review on green analytical sustainable chemistry","authors":"Sachin D. Patil ,&nbsp;Shreya R. Karode ,&nbsp;Neha R. Kolate ,&nbsp;Tanay M. Korde","doi":"10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In today's society, green chemistry has become crucial, and researchers are working towards sustainable development. Green analytical chemistry (GAC) is currently beginning to utilize eco-friendly methods. This results in a large number of green liquid chromatographic (LC) analyses of medications in various dosage forms.</div><div>Pharmaceutical High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis has been used to discuss greenness or eco-friendly tools such as the Green Analytic Procedure Index (GAPI), National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), analytical eco-scale assessment (ESA), analytical method greenness score (AMGS), and analytical greenness matric approach (AGREE). This study explores innovative green analytical chemistry methods, minimizing environmental impact while maintaining analytical performance. This review includes various article that has been published in the field of pharmaceutical green HPLC analysis. In order to promote sustainable analytical techniques, we also illustrated the idea of circular analytical chemistry (CAC) and its twelve guiding principles. We investigated developed and validated sustainable protocols using eco-friendly solvents, micro extraction techniques, and energy-efficient instrumentation. The results demonstrated significant reductions in waste, energy consumption, and the use of toxic reagents. This approach paves the way for environmentally responsible chemical analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101197,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry One World","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100069"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmaceutical waste management using functional materials for environmental remediation","authors":"Supriya Pandey ,&nbsp;Rahul Jaiswal ,&nbsp;Sageer Ahmad ,&nbsp;Asad Ali ,&nbsp;Rupali Jaiswal ,&nbsp;Reetu Yadav ,&nbsp;Reema Yadav ,&nbsp;Rabiya Ahsan ,&nbsp;Tapasya Dwivedi ,&nbsp;Sonali Sonali","doi":"10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pharmaceutical waste has become an important environmental issue because of its persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity towards ecosystems and human health. Unwanted drugs, manufacturing waste, and excretion of active pharmaceutical ingredients lead to water and soil contamination. The review emphasizes the use of functional materials in remediation of pharmaceutical contamination through new remediation technologies. It delves into different categories of pharmaceutical waste, their environmental effects, and current regulatory systems. Special focus is given to the use of innovative functional materials like activated carbon, nanomaterials, and biochar in physical, chemical, and biological removal methods. Studies have shown that activated carbon can remove up to 95 % of certain pharmaceutical residues, while nanomaterials such as TiO₂ nanoparticles exhibit over 90 % degradation efficiency under UV light. Similarly, biochar has demonstrated removal efficiencies ranging from 60 % to 98 % depending on the compound and treatment conditions. In addition, the review touches on technical and regulatory issues, public education gaps, and directions for future sustainable management of pharmaceutical waste. Through the incorporation of green chemistry concepts and material science, functional materials provide hopeful solutions for environmental remediation and are consistent with global sustainability objectives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101197,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry One World","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbacterium endophyticum-mediated Zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis: A novel strategy for eco-friendly dye decolorization","authors":"K. Ramaprabha ,&nbsp;R. Rajeshkannan ,&nbsp;E. Archana ,&nbsp;I. Christline keren ,&nbsp;L.M. Megana ,&nbsp;Panchamoorthy Saravananan ,&nbsp;S. Venkat Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zinc oxide nanoparticles have unique physicochemical properties that have caused them to receive significant attention in various scientific and technological fields. The Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesis can be achieved by various methods involved precipitation, and green synthesis methods, each influencing the size, morphology, and crystalline structure of the nanoparticles. In UV–visible spectrophotometer the peak at 356 nm confirms the ZnO NPs. X-ray diffraction exhibited the average crystalline size of the ZnO NPs was 22 nm, and the absorption peak at 599.63 cm⁻¹ showed the Zn-O bending in Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. ZnO NPs exhibit significant qualities that includes the large surface area, outstanding photocatalytic activity, as well as antimicrobial effects. These attributes have led to their widespread application in fields such as photocatalysis, sensors, drug delivery, and biomedical devices. In the present study, the ZnO NPs synthesized from Microbacterium endophyticum, was utilized for the decolorization of azo dyes utilized in textile industries including, CR (Congo red dye) and RB (Reactive black dye). The results showed the decolourization percentage of Congo red and Reactive black were observed as 75 % and 80 % respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101197,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry One World","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100067"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concise review on the development of anionic cellulose materials and their applications in the removal of heavy metals and dyes from water","authors":"Ayodele Akinterinwa ,&nbsp;Elizabeth T. Akinterinwa ,&nbsp;Lee D. Wilson","doi":"10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pollution threats and the economic loss of valuable minerals in water systems pose significant risks to health, environmental well-being, resource conservation, and sustainability. Adsorption-based techniques are advancing in water treatment and monitoring processes, integrating sustainable bioproducts such as cellulose and its derivatives into the development of adsorbent materials. Cellulose derivatives modified with anionic (electron-rich) functionalities provide versatile platforms for (1) the electrostatic adsorption of cationic pollutants (CPs) and (2) chemical interaction sites for secondary functionalization. This review succinctly explores the development of anionic cellulose (AiC) derivatives, focusing on the substitution and/or grafting of one or more negatively charged functionalities onto the cellulose platform. Additionally, it highlights tailored syntheses, mechanisms, material characterizations, and the resultant adsorption properties for CP removal from water. This review aims to serve as a comprehensive and complementary reference for future conceptualization and development of anionic cellulose-based materials for water treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101197,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry One World","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100065"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of argan fruit residues to produce thermal energy by combustion","authors":"Mohammed Benchrifa ,&nbsp;Khaoula Benchrifa ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Alsayer ,&nbsp;Driss Azdem ,&nbsp;Jamal Mabrouki ,&nbsp;Driss Hmouni","doi":"10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the valorization of argan fruit residues into compressed biofuel logs as a sustainable energy solution for Morocco. With annual argan oil production exceeding 4000 tonnes and generating over 80,000 tonnes of waste, we developed an optimized process involving solar drying (reducing moisture to ≤10 % in 3 days, 50 % faster than open-air drying), grinding, and mixing with 20 % beeswax before hydraulic pressing. Experimental combustion tests revealed that the argan logs achieved a peak temperature of 460 °C within 45 min significantly outperforming wood (400 °C) and olive pomace (420 °C). The combustion process exhibited three distinct phases: rapid temperature increase (0–45 min), stable high-temperature maintenance (45–150 min at 460 ± 2 °C), and gradual cooling (150–420 min). Notably, the logs demonstrated a 250-minute sustained burn duration, 39 % longer than conventional wood fuels, attributed to the beeswax's calorific contribution (628 kcal/kg). These results demonstrate that argan waste logs offer superior thermal performance while addressing environmental concerns through waste valorization. The study provides a complete circular economy model from agricultural byproduct to value-added bioenergy source, with particular relevance for Mediterranean regions seeking sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels and traditional biofuels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101197,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry One World","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100066"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}