Harnessing magnetic nanoparticles for cleaner water: A green technology perspective

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and their composites have emerged as promising materials for wastewater treatment, with applications ranging from heavy metal adsorption to organic pollutant degradation and pathogen removal. The rapid expansion of industrial processes has intensified the need for efficient wastewater treatment solutions. This review highlights the unique properties that make MNPs suitable for water purification, including their magnetic recovery, high surface coverage and customizable surface functionalities. The paper also reviews recent advancements in MNP composite materials that enhance pollutant abstraction efficiency. Current challenges, such as environmental impact and production costs, are discussed along with potential future directions for research to promote sustainable wastewater treatment solutions. This paper explores the mechanisms, applications, and varieties of magnetic nanoparticles employed in wastewater treatment highlighting the current challenges and future perspectives. By examining recent innovations such as functionalized MNPs and bio-char composites, we underscore the potential for MNPs to contribute to sustainable water management.