A comprehensive review on nanotechnology and wastewater treatment: a synergistic approach to pollution control

Abstract

Green synthesis of nanoparticles is regarded as a safer and more sustainable alternative to conventional physical, chemical, and microbial methods, owing to its cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and operational simplicity. One major worldwide issue is the growing scarcity of clean water, which calls for creative and long-lasting treatment methods. Because of the special qualities of nanoparticles, such as their large surface area, increased reactivity, and catalytic potential, nanotechnology has become a promising strategy. An economical and ecologically favorable substitute for traditional treatment techniques is the green production of nanoparticles. This study emphasizes the function of carbon nanotubes, metal oxides, and zero-valent metal nanoparticles in wastewater treatment. They have proven to be useful in eliminating organic pollutants, microbiological contaminants, and heavy metals through their use in pollutant degradation, adsorption, and catalysis. Metal oxides are effective photocatalysts, and zero-valent metals are very reactive in lowering harmful contaminants. By use of oxidation and adsorption processes, carbon-based nanomaterials improve the removal of pollutants. Their large-scale use is hampered by issues including toxicity, environmental persistence, and high production costs, despite their benefits. Optimizing nanoparticles production for increased stability, effectiveness, and environmental friendliness requires more study. For their safe and sustainable use, it is essential to look at possible hazards and their long-term effects on the ecosystem. Furthermore, developments in nanocomposites and green nanotechnology have the potential to provide next-generation water treatment systems. Concerns about water shortage throughout the world may be addressed by combining nanomaterials with traditional treatment techniques to improve water purification effectiveness.