Smart Materials in Manufacturing最新文献

{"title":"Laser powder bed fusion of biodegradable metallic implants: current status, challenges, and future perspectives","authors":"Fang Deng ,&nbsp;Hao Li ,&nbsp;Xiwen He ,&nbsp;Hejin Yang ,&nbsp;Guihua Wu ,&nbsp;Yinjin Shao ,&nbsp;Xuehua Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biodegradable metals (BMs), encompassing magnesium (Mg)-, zinc (Zn)-, and iron (Fe)-based alloys, represent a revolutionary advancement in biomedical implants. Among them, Mg-based alloys are distinguished by their bone-mimetic elastic modulus, which helps mitigate stress shielding, and their bioactive Mg²⁺ ions that promote osteogenesis. Zn-based alloys provide an intermediate degradation rate, avoiding the rapid corrosion of Mg and the prolonged presence of Fe, while Fe-based alloys are valued for their superior mechanical strength, making them suitable for load-bearing applications. These materials eliminate the need for secondary removal surgeries, minimize stress shielding, and support tissue regeneration. However, conventional manufacturing methods struggle to produce patient-specific implants with complex geometries. Additive manufacturing (AM), particularly laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), enables the fabrication of customized, porous implants with high dimensional accuracy and refined microstructures. The rapid cooling inherent to LPBF enhances mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and degradation control. Nevertheless, key challenges remain, such as optimizing process parameters to minimize defects, ensuring consistent degradation behavior, and matching mechanical performance with tissue healing timelines. This review systematically outlines recent advances in the AM-fabricated BMs, covering material development, powder preparation, parameter optimization, post-processing, and defect mitigation. It critically assesses their mechanical properties, degradation behavior, and biocompatibility. Finally, the review highlights persistent challenges and suggests future research directions to advance clinical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rep-PPLCNet: A reparameterized lightweight backbone network for efficient object detection","authors":"Minghui An,&nbsp;Chenglin Xing,&nbsp;Xuezheng Yue","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metal surface defect detection is a crucial link in ensuring the quality and safety of industrial products, which imposes rigorous requirements on the real-time performance and accuracy of detection models. Existing lightweight backbone networks, while pursuing efficient inference, often sacrifice robustness against subtle defects, low-contrast defects, and complex texture interference, making it difficult to meet the high-precision requirements of metal surface defect detection. To address this issue, this paper proposes a reparameterized lightweight backbone network oriented towards efficient object detection—Rep-PPLCNet. Based on the lightweight architecture of PPLCNet, this network introduces a multi-branch reparameterization module. Through the dual reparameterization design of depthwise convolution and pointwise convolution, it enhances the network's ability to extract features of tiny metal surface defects, irregular shapes, and reflective interference. Experiments are conducted on the metal surface defect dataset (GC10-DET) and the texture defect dataset (DAGM2007). The results show that Rep-PPLCNet significantly improves detection accuracy and robustness while maintaining the advantage of lightweight.Compared to the original PPLCNet, Rep-PPLCNet improves [email protected] by 4.2% on GC10-DET and 11.2% on DAGM2007, while increasing total parameters by only 20% relative to the YOLO11 baseline (from 9.4M to 11.3M). Under the YOLO11 framework, the [email protected] of Rep-PPLCNet on GC10-DET and DAGM2007 datasets reaches 65.3% and 94.9%, respectively, which is superior to mainstream YOLO series models, achieving an effective trade-off between accuracy and efficiency. This work provides a high-performance backbone network solution for end-side real-time detection of metal surface defects, facilitating the intelligent upgrading of industrial quality control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100146"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148523770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing sub-symmetry in Waterbomb origami for soft crawlers: Enabling bi-directional motion and steering","authors":"Lingchen Kong,&nbsp;Yaoyao Fiona Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Origami provides a powerful framework for soft robotics, where structural folding enables seamless and programmable deformation. Waterbomb origami has been extensively modeled under the fully symmetric condition with a single degree of freedom (DoF). While this study introduces an analytical model of Waterbomb origami deformation under the sub-symmetric condition, expanding its kinematic versatility and facilitating locomotion mechanisms for soft robotic applications. Waterbomb origami is implemented as a dual-material sandwich structure fabricated through 3D printing, and its capabilities are demonstrated in two case studies. The first exploits the inherent crease bistability of Waterbomb origami to create a soft crawler that reverses direction through geometric reconfiguration rather than altered actuation. The second combines symmetric and sub-symmetric modes to realize a robot capable of both linear motion and steering. These findings reveal the potential of geometric asymmetry in origami-based soft robots to enable versatile and adaptive locomotion, advancing the development of systems suited for unstructured and dynamic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100147"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148634414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research status of WC-based cemented carbides with HEA binders: A review","authors":"Caihe Fan ,&nbsp;Kejun Wu ,&nbsp;Yong Liu ,&nbsp;Song Ni ,&nbsp;Wenting Jiang ,&nbsp;Bin Liu ,&nbsp;Yuan Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the advancement of industrial technology, the performance limitations of traditional cobalt-based cemented carbides under extreme working conditions such as high temperatures and corrosion have become increasingly prominent. The development of novel high-performance binder phases has emerged as a critical research direction in the field of cemented carbides. High-entropy alloys (HEAs), leveraging their multi-principal-element characteristics and unique effects including high-entropy, lattice distortion, sluggish diffusion, and cocktail effects-offer a novel approach to breakthrough performance enhancements for WC-based cemented carbides. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in WC-HEA cemented carbides, providing an in-depth analysis of the interfacial bonding mechanisms and interaction laws between HEA binder phases and WC hard phases. It explores the influence of microstructural evolution on the mechanical and service performance of the materials and elucidates the mechanistic roles of composition design, sintering processes, and microstructure regulation in performance optimization. Research indicates that rational HEA component design can effectively balance the strength and toughness of cemented carbides while significantly improving their corrosion resistance and high-temperature oxidation resistance. Finally, this paper highlights future research priorities, emphasizing computational-aided material design, the development of novel sintering techniques, and precise multi-scale microstructure control to accelerate the industrial application of WC-HEA cemented carbides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100098"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic improvement of strength and elongation in laser-melting-deposited 18Ni300/316 heterostructured dual-phase steel by heat treatment","authors":"Tong Yang ,&nbsp;Haoye Zeng ,&nbsp;Zhen Liu ,&nbsp;Pinghu Chen ,&nbsp;Chao Yang ,&nbsp;Changjun Qiu ,&nbsp;Paul K. Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>18Ni300 maraging steel has an ultra-high strength above 2000 MPa after aging, but the elongation is compromised. Herein, a heterogeneous lamellar structure and solution-aging heat treatment are designed to overcome the trade-off between strength and elongation. Laser melting deposition using a synchronous feeder is employed to fabricate the heterostructured materials (HSM), and the powder delivery rates are optimized to prepare high-quality materials. The ultimate tensile strength and total elongation of the 18Ni300 maraging steel are improved to 1051 MPa and 10.4 %, respectively. The hetero-structure composed of a sandwiched layer of the 316L soft phase in the 18Ni300 hard phase exhibits high strength and elongation due to hetero-deformation-induced (HDI) strengthening, which obtain the trade-off between strength (reduction of 6.7 %) and elongation (increase of 62.3 %) when the austenitic layer thickness is optimized. Solution-aging treatment is performed to adjust the microstructure, including Ni-(Mo, Ti) nano-precipitates, second-phase diffusion, and refined grains relative to as-fabricated sample. The excellent tensile characteristics stem collectively from a synergistic strengthening effect of HDI strengthening, nanoscale precipitation, refined grains, grain boundaries, and dislocations. The HSM have the advantage of restraining sudden fracture, and the results reveal an innovative strategy to improve the properties of bearings and engineering materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailoring the Ti4Ni2OX morphology in NiTi via powder bed fusion-laser beam for excellent shape memory effect","authors":"Bowen Ma ,&nbsp;Haizhou Lu ,&nbsp;Jiayin Li ,&nbsp;Dongxu Chen ,&nbsp;Kejia Pan ,&nbsp;Dongdong Li ,&nbsp;Yuping Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>NiTi (Nitinol) produced via powder bed fusion-laser beam (PBF-LB) is often constrained by the uncontrolled non-equilibrium solidification process, which leads to the formation of non-equilibrium solidification microstructures, such as Ti₄Ni₂O_X, that irreversibly affect the alloy's functional properties. To address that challenge, this study introduces a layer-alternating PBF-LB (ALT-PBF-LB) method that enables systematic modulation of hatch spacing (<em>hs</em>) along the build height. ALT-PBF-LB facilitates directional control over the morphology of Ti₄Ni₂O_X, achieving spherical and sub-ellipsoidal types by changing the formation process. Detailed compositional analysis of the melting pool and grains revealed that both peritectic and eutectic reactions contribute to Ti₄Ni₂O_X formation and are directly related to <em>hs</em>. Spherical Ti₄Ni₂O_X forms a coherent interface with the B2 phase, reducing stress concentration and promoting work hardening through an elastic strain field. Conversely, sub-ellipsoidal Ti₄Ni₂O_X forms an incoherent interface, intensifying local stress fields, facilitating dislocation accumulation, and impeding plastic deformation. The combination of spherical and sub-ellipsoidal Ti₄Ni₂O_X achieved through ALT-PBF-LB enhances the shape memory effect to 98.8 % with 5.93 % recover strain. This study explores the relationship between the morphological changes of Ti₄Ni₂O_X induced by <em>hs</em> and the shape memory effect, offering new insights into optimising the shape memory effect of PBF-LB NiTi.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145365825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing corrosion resistance of additively manufactured magnesium alloys via in-situ reaction-driven dual mechanisms","authors":"Wenjing Yang ,&nbsp;Quanyi Tong ,&nbsp;Guochao Wu ,&nbsp;Youwen Yang ,&nbsp;Fang Deng ,&nbsp;Xiong Shuai ,&nbsp;Chongxian He ,&nbsp;Cijun Shuai","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mg and its alloys hold significant promise as biomedical materials, but their orthopedic applications are limited by inadequate corrosion resistance. This study proposed a dual-effect corrosion inhibition strategy mediated by in-situ reaction. Specifically, CaO nanoparticles were incorporated into ZK60 via laser powder bed fusion to function as reactive peritectic, reacting with the Mg melt to form MgO and Mg₂Ca phases. Upon degradation initiation, MgO undergoes rapid hydrolysis to generate a protective Mg(OH)₂ layer that provides immediate barrier protection. Concurrently, the Mg₂Ca phases act as sacrificial anode within galvanic couples relative to the α-matrix grains. These phases preferentially degrade to deliver cathodic protection to Mg grains while producing Ca-enriched products that densify the corrosion layer, thereby retarding overall degradation. Volta potential measurements confirmed the sacrificial anode function of Mg₂Ca, exhibiting approximately 130 mV more negative potential than the α-Mg matrix. Electrochemical testing demonstrated that CaO incorporation significantly enhanced the corrosion resistance of ZK60 alloy throughout both initial and prolonged exposure periods. Mott-Schottky analysis revealed that the ZK60-CaO displayed characteristic n-type semiconductor behavior with reduced carrier concentration (approximately 1.29 × 10²² cm⁻³) than ZK60 alloy, indicative of a denser, more protective corrosion product film versus ZK60. After immersion for 24 h, the corrosion rate of ZK60-CaO alloy was decreased from 1.54 mm/y to 0.35 mm/y, confirming that the CaO-formed passive layer effectively retarded the alloy degradation. This synergistic dual-effect strategy offers a promising approach to improve corrosion resistance and extend the functional lifespan of Mg-based implants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100097"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defocus-controlled dual-pulse femtosecond laser shock peening of titanium: Strengthening performance and coloration mechanisms","authors":"Zhukun Zhou ,&nbsp;Junchao Lu ,&nbsp;Xiaobo Shi ,&nbsp;Yu Long ,&nbsp;Wei Wei ,&nbsp;Liping Nie ,&nbsp;Zhenhuan Gao ,&nbsp;Dayong Wang ,&nbsp;Jinqi Li ,&nbsp;Yong Zhao ,&nbsp;Junjie Wu ,&nbsp;Yan Zhao ,&nbsp;Yingbo Guan","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Femtosecond laser shock peening (fs-LSP) stands out as a precision surface enhancement technique, offering superior advantages over conventional nanosecond laser shock peening (ns-LSP) in microscale processing and thermal damage mitigation. However, traditional fs-LSP treatment of titanium encounters a core trade-off: insufficient shockwave intensity at low energies versus excessive surface roughness (Ra &gt;1.2 μm) at high energies. Here, we propose an innovative dual-pulse coupled defocusing strategy to address the power limitations in conventional fs-LSP processing. Defocusing effectively curbs excessive heat flux, minimizing ablative damage on titanium surfaces. Experiments show optimal performance at defocus distance of 0.8-1.0 mm, yielding surface roughness below Ra 0.8 μm and microhardness enhancement over 210 HV, comparable to conventional LSP outcome. This work systematically study the micro-morphology, microstructure, shockwave dynamics, and residual stress of the hardened layer. The fs-LSP hardening mechanism is mainly oxidation-driven, with an affected depth of ∼50 μm featuring a distinct martensitic transformation at the interface. Notably, the process introduce unique coloration, which closely relate with surface oxidation behavior and microstructure but minimally with laser-induced periodic surface structures. The coloration patterns mirror hardening efficacy, with green-toned surfaces exhibiting superior surface quality and hardness. Our defocusing approach enables fs-LSP to achieve both superior surface quality/hardness and anti-counterfeiting functionality, establishing a new way for titanium surface engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-based and biocompatible poly(butylene succinate)/natural rubber composites for enhanced ductility in material extrusion additive manufacturing","authors":"Zen Adi Laksana ,&nbsp;Chutidech Thongdeeler ,&nbsp;Pisit Pimrat ,&nbsp;Wasupon Wongvitvichot ,&nbsp;Suksan Putthakulanan ,&nbsp;Krisda Tapracharoen ,&nbsp;Somprasong Thongkham ,&nbsp;Nuttapol Risangud","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses the intrinsic brittleness and poor dimensional stability of poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) in material extrusion 3D printing by developing a bio-based composite filament reinforced with talc and toughened with epoxidised natural rubber (ENR). Unlike previous binary blends, this ternary system was engineered to optimise the trade-off between melt processability and mechanical performance. The composite filaments were fabricated <em>via</em> twin-screw extrusion and systematically characterised in terms of thermal, rheological, mechanical, and printing performance. Rheological analysis revealed that the incorporation of talc and ENR increased melt elasticity and complex viscosity at low frequencies, thereby improving extrusion stability and shape retention during printing. The developed composites exhibited significantly enhanced ductile behaviour, achieving an elongation at break of up to 43.1%, while maintaining good toughness and dimensional fidelity. Printed specimens demonstrated high dimensional accuracy, with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) as low as 4.70% and a reduced warping degree of 1.11%. Furthermore, cytotoxicity assays confirmed excellent material safety, with cell viability exceeding 96%, supporting the potential of these bio-based PBS/talc/ENR composite filaments for semi-rigid biomedical applications such as orthotic components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147538747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Fe-based bone implants: Accelerated degradation, cytocompatibility and osteogenesis","authors":"Xin Zhou ,&nbsp;Yulin Jiang ,&nbsp;Jieyi Xie ,&nbsp;Yihan Chen ,&nbsp;Bin Li ,&nbsp;Jiamei Long ,&nbsp;Yulei Xie ,&nbsp;Feng Peng ,&nbsp;Anhui Cai ,&nbsp;Xiangming Qu ,&nbsp;Sheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Degradable iron (Fe)–based alloys and composites have attracted increasing attention as promising materials for bone implants. These alloys exhibit sufficient mechanical strength to provide reliable support during implantation and gradually degrade in parallel with bone tissue healing. This review thoroughly investigates recent advances in degradable Fe-based bone implant materials, primarily focusing on degradability, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties. Specifically, supported by example studies, the following five strategies to accelerate the degradation of Fe were explored: (i) alloying, which lowers electrode potential and generates second phases that promote microgalvanic corrosion; (ii) reinforcing Fe with bioceramics, as Fe–bioceramic composites can introduce surface defects, release hydrogen ions, produce corrosive chloride ions and generate gaseous products that function as expansion agents to crack the dense surface layer; (iii) surface engineering; (iv) micro- and nanostructuring, including heterostructuring, nanolaminating, core-shell structuring; and (v) magnetization. The mechanisms of strengthening through solid-solution hardening and grain refinement, as well as the reduction of elastic modulus via the introduction of porous structures to achieve bone-mimicking mechanical properties, were discussed. Furthermore, the incorporation of manganese, copper, hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate and biphasic calcium phosphate was systematically assessed with respect to cytocompatibility, osteogenesis and in <em>vivo</em> biosafety. Finally, additional animal studies, including histological staining of the main organs and blood chemistry analysis after implantation, were proposed to accelerate the translation of the alloys towards clinical applications in orthopedics. By integrating these strategic advancements and critically evaluating their biological outcomes, this study provides a comprehensive framework that not only reviews current knowledge but also highlights underexplored synergies for next-generation Fe-based implants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148241524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}