Smart Materials in Manufacturing最新文献

{"title":"Recent progress on the substructure of Fe-C martensite and pearlites: A review","authors":"Dehai Ping ,&nbsp;Hongping Xiang ,&nbsp;Songjie Li ,&nbsp;Peter K. Liaw ,&nbsp;Jianzhong Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Martensitic phase transformation plays a crucial role in the functional properties of shape memory metals and alloys, profoundly affecting the mechanical behavior, including transformation-induced plasticity effect in metallic materials, especially steels. Considering the wide-ranging applications and the absolute usage volume, iron (or steels) is undoubtedly the metal among functional and structural materials that is used the most in the world. Quenching has long been employed as a straightforward and historically recognized method for hardening carbon steels, yet its underlying scientific mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Recent transmission electron microscopy investigations have revealed that quenched Fe–C martensite consists of ultrafine ferrite and carbide grains, typically measuring about ∼1-2 nm in size. Rapid quenching can prevent the coarsening of the ultrafine grains. These ultrafine two-phase grains ― ferrite (α-Fe) and carbide (ω-Fe₃C) ― are responsible for quenching induced hardening and forming twinned martensite with the ω-Fe₃C located at the α-Fe twinning-boundaries. Tempering (auto/post) results in coarsening or recrystallization of fine crystals, leading to the formation of various microstructure, such as pearlite, bainite and tempered martensite. The present study seeks to elucidate the atomic scale mechanisms of quenching and hardening in carbon steels, with particular emphasis on the behavior of carbon atoms during the formation of diverse microstructures. Carbon atoms cannot be super-saturated in the α-Fe lattice, instead, carbides can only precipitate from austenite. The ultrafine grains resulting from martensitic transformation are the origin of quenching hardening. These ultrafine grains consist of both α-Fe and carbides (including θ-Fe₃C cementite and its precursors).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147419734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guided diffusion for fast inverse design of voxel-based mechanical metamaterials","authors":"Yanyan Yang ,&nbsp;Lili Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoya Zhai ,&nbsp;Kai Chen ,&nbsp;Wenming Wu ,&nbsp;Yunkai Zhao ,&nbsp;Falai Chen ,&nbsp;Ligang Liu ,&nbsp;Xiao-Ming Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mechanical metamaterials are synthetic materials that can possess extraordinary physical characteristics, such as abnormal elasticity, stiffness, and stability, by carefully designing their structure. The representation of metamaterials through high-resolution voxels has the potential to reveal delicate local structures with unique mechanical properties. However, this approach results in a substantial computational burden. To this end, this paper proposes a fast inverse-design framework driven by a self-conditioned diffusion model. An initial set of microstructures is first generated using a physics-based optimization algorithm and used to train the diffusion model. The trained model is then employed to synthesize new candidate microstructures, from which high-quality samples are selected and incorporated into the training set for subsequent retraining. By iterating this generate–filter–retrain cycle, we progressively construct a large-scale dataset and obtain a high-performance generative model. Our model is capable of generating a microstructure to approach the specified homogenized tensor matrix in just 0.42 s on an NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3090 GPU. Compared with the state-of-the-art gradient-based topology optimization method, we achieve an average acceleration of 100 times. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the proposed model enables efficient exploration of extreme metamaterial designs, supports multiscale design workflows, and, through a dedicated guidance mechanism, generates families of metamaterials with continuous variations in both geometry and physical properties. This flexible and adaptive generative tool is of great value in structural engineering or other mechanical systems and can stimulate more subsequent research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147419732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intergranular corrosion of Zn–0.8 Mg alloy induced by anodic intermetallic compound Mg2Zn11 in 50–day immersion in Hanks’ solution with various glucose concentrations","authors":"Ge An ,&nbsp;Yan–Yao Ma ,&nbsp;Fen Zhang ,&nbsp;Lan–Yue Cui ,&nbsp;Shuo–Qi Li ,&nbsp;Cheng–Bao Liu ,&nbsp;Cuie Wen ,&nbsp;Rong–Chang Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As an indispensable organic component of human physiological fluids, glucose plays a crucial role in regulating the biochemical microenvironment of implanted biomaterials, thereby potentially altering their corrosion and degradation behavior. This study systematically investigated the degradation behavior of a Zn–0.8 Mg alloy during 50-day immersion in Hanks’ solution with various glucose concentrations, with a particular focus on the corrosion mechanism of the anodic second phase, Mg₂Zn₁₁. Combining immersion testing and electrochemical measurement, the effects of different glucose concentrations and the presence of the Mg₂Zn₁₁ second phase on the corrosion performance of the alloy were comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that glucose concentration not only significantly regulated the degradation rate of the Zn–0.8 Mg alloy, but also exerted a decisive influence on the composition and morphological characteristics of corrosion products. The main degradation products of the alloy were phosphates (Ca₃(PO₄)₂ and Zn₃(PO₄)₂) with traces of Zn(OH)₂ and CaCO₃. Furthermore, the galvanic–coupling effect formed between the anodic phase Mg₂Zn₁₁ and the <em>η</em>–Zn matrix accelerated localized corrosion and intergranular corrosion emerged on the alloy. This study provides a novel perspective for understanding the corrosion mechanism of biodegradable zinc–based alloys in physiological environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147612246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring optimal Cu content in SLMed Fe-30Mn alloys for orthopedic application: Tailored accelerated biodegradation, antibacterial activity, and cytocompatibility","authors":"Yingchao Zhao,&nbsp;Junjie Cheng,&nbsp;Chaochun Zhao,&nbsp;Zhiyong Shi,&nbsp;Guanping Chen,&nbsp;Xin Li,&nbsp;Jun Feng,&nbsp;Ming-Chun Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biodegradable Fe-based alloys for orthopedic implants suffer from excessively slow physiological degradation. Although Cu alloying can accelerate corrosion and impart antibacterial activity, the optimal Cu content balancing degradation kinetics, mechanical integrity, wear resistance, and biocompatibility remains a critical challenge. This work comprehensively evaluated selective laser melted (SLMed) Fe-30Mn-xCu (x = 0-12 wt%) for orthopedic implants, revealing the critical role of Cu content in overall performance. Increasing Cu content refined grains and initially enhanced hardness, compressive strength, and wear resistance, peaking at 10 wt% Cu. Crucially, biodegradation kinetics peaked at 8 wt% Cu, evidenced by the most negative corrosion potential, highest corrosion current density, and smallest capacitive loop diameter. This is attributed to a balance between micro-galvanic corrosion acceleration and the barrier effect of forming degradation products/passive films. SLMed Fe-30Mn-xCu (x ≥ 8 wt%) demonstrated exceptional antibacterial activity (&gt;99.9% inhibition against <em>S. aureus</em> and <em>E. coli</em>) due to sustained Cu²⁺ release, along with excellent cytocompatibility with MC3T3-E1 cells. This synergy of accelerated degradation, antibacterial efficacy, and biocompatibility, along with appropriate mechanical and wear properties, identifies 8 wt% Cu as optimal for degradation- and infection-dominant applications, and 10 wt% Cu as optimal for load-bearing scenarios. This work demonstrates that microstructural tailoring via SLM achieves accelerated degradation, antibacterial efficacy, and biocompatibility, offering a promising strategy for patient-specific infection-resistant bone repair.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100149"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148523764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving excellent dispersion properties, interfacial strengthening and substantial biofunctionality in biodegradable HA@GO/Zn matrix composites via the combination of hetero-agglomeration method and in situ growth strategy","authors":"Zixuan Li ,&nbsp;Yingjian Lin ,&nbsp;Xiao Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Li ,&nbsp;Hao Han ,&nbsp;Wei Gao ,&nbsp;Chunyong Liang ,&nbsp;Xiaohao Sun ,&nbsp;Debao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nowadays, biodegradable zinc (Zn) matrix composites attracted extensive attention due to their moderate degradation period, good biocompatibility and substantial biofunctionality. Nevertheless, poor dispersion properties and poor interfacial strength deteriorate the comprehensive performance of the Zn matrix biocomposites. Herein, a novel approach, namely the combination of hetero-agglomeration method and in situ growth strategy (CHMGS), was developed to simultaneously ameliorate the dispersion and interfacial properties in biodegradable Zn-based composites. The CHMGS process utilizes GO as an “bridge” to connect the bioactive reinforcement with the Zn matrix. In other word, based on the principle of electrostatic neutralization, GO “bridge” was uniformly dispersed into the Zn powder. Then, bioactive hydroxyapatite (HA) uniformly and firmly decorated on the GO “bridge” via a in situ solvothermal reaction. Eventually, uniform dispersion of HA and enhancing the interfacial strength was achieved in HA@GO/Zn biocomposites after spark plasma sintering (SPS). As a result, after the introduction of HA@GO, the yield strength (YS) increased by up to 16.1 %, and the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) increased by 22.1 %. The potential difference between HA and matrix elevates the degradation rate (0.221 mm y⁻¹ for [email protected]/Zn) and promotes Ca-P deposition. In vitro, 25 % and 50 % extracts from the composites show no cytotoxicity to MC3T3-E1 cells. Transcriptomics reveal the composites promote mineral absorption and osteoblast differentiation by upregulating genes (Mt, Prkcg, Lox, etc.), accelerating bone regeneration. Above all, [email protected]/Zn biocomposites possessing excellent dispersion properties, improved mechanical performance, up-regulated degradation rate and multiple biofunctionality should be useful for biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioceramic and carbon-based nanocarriers: Advanced platforms for targeted and stimuli-responsive drug delivery","authors":"Nazanin Khaki ,&nbsp;Aryan Ekhlasi ,&nbsp;Elham Shahryari ,&nbsp;Masoumeh Haghbin Nazarpak ,&nbsp;Alireza Nouri","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100131","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The limitations of conventional drug delivery methods, such as poor bioavailability, nonspecific targeting, and systemic toxicity, have prompted the development of nanocarrier technologies to enable more effective, targeted therapies. Among these approaches, bioceramic-based nanomaterials have emerged as versatile drug delivery platforms due to their structural adaptability, high drug loading capacity, biocompatibility, and controlled degradation. This review summarizes recent advances in bioceramic and ceramic-related nanocarriers, including mesoporous silica nanoparticles, bioactive glasses, mesoporous bioactive glasses, and ion-doped bioactive glasses, that demonstrate strong potential for drug encapsulation, controlled release, and targeted therapy. Moreover, clay-based nanocarriers exhibit high surface area, ion exchange capacity, and environmental responsiveness. In contrast, carbon-based systems offer unique electrical and surface properties that enhance cellular uptake and site-specific delivery. Particular emphasis is placed on stimuli-responsive nanocarriers that provide spatiotemporal control of drug release in response to endogenous cues (pH, enzymes) or external stimuli (light, temperature, magnetic fields). These innovative delivery systems hold promise for applications in oncology, regenerative medicine, anti-inflammatory therapy, and infection treatment. This review highlights recent progress, challenges, and future perspectives, underscoring the potential of tailored bioceramic platforms for safer, more personalized therapeutic strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147419735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano-MgO/PMMA bone cement with dual-phase anti-infection and immunomodulatory properties for infected bone regeneration","authors":"Weijie Cai ,&nbsp;Juan Xie ,&nbsp;Zun Ren ,&nbsp;Yu Lu ,&nbsp;Jirui Jiang ,&nbsp;Yi Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Chen ,&nbsp;Hao Shen ,&nbsp;Wenhui Wang ,&nbsp;Jun Yan ,&nbsp;Xiaonong Zhang ,&nbsp;Pei Han","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infectious bone defects pose a major clinical challenge due to persistent bacterial biofilms and dysregulated immune responses. To address these limitations, we developed an antibiotic-free bone cement by incorporating nano-magnesium oxide (Nano-MgO) into polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), enabling simultaneous antibacterial action and immunomodulation. The Nano-MgO/PMMA bone cements demonstrated an optimal 10% increase in strength and sustained Mg²⁺ release (highest 2.6 mg/L with 25% MgO addition after 14 days of immersion in Hank's solution). A biphasic regulatory mechanism was identified. In the early phase, Nano-MgO promoted intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in macrophages, contributing to membrane-disruptive antibacterial activity and supporting M1-associated immune responses involved in biofilm clearance. In the later phase, the gradual release of Mg²⁺ facilitated macrophage M2 polarization, promoting inflammation resolution and tissue repair. These effects were validated through in vitro antibacterial and immunomodulatory assays, and further confirmed in vivo assessments using subcutaneous infection and rat femoral condyle defect models. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the peri-implant immune microenvironment revealed a time-dependent shift in inflammatory pathways, underscoring the material's dynamic immunoregulatory capacity. Collectively, Nano-MgO/PMMA represents a promising antibiotic-free strategy for managing infectious bone defects by integrating effective infection control with immune-guided tissue regeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147537519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphene-functionalized biomaterials for bone and neural tissue engineering: bridging physicomechanical properties to multifunctionality bioapplications","authors":"Zi-Rui Luo ,&nbsp;Tianyi Zeng ,&nbsp;Chao-Chun Zhao ,&nbsp;Kangling Xie ,&nbsp;Ying Cai ,&nbsp;Dengfeng Yin ,&nbsp;Andrej Atrens ,&nbsp;Ming-Chun Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2025.100092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advancements in graphene-functionalized (GNF) biomaterials have opened unprecedented avenues for bone and neural tissue regeneration. This review highlights the current advances in GNF biomaterials for bone and neural tissue regeneration in terms of their physicochemical and biological properties, and introduces the major categories of GNF biomaterials (ceramic/polymer/metal composites) and their physicochemical properties and applications in bone and neural tissue engineering. Also explored are the critical issues, challenges, and prospects in developing GNF biomaterials for bone and neural tissue engineering application. While existing reviews predominantly focus on graphene's general biomedical applications, this review uniquely addresses the dual-tissue regenerative potential of GNF biomaterials, emphasizing their synergistic physicomechanical properties and multifunctionality as well as translational challenges. First, we systematically analyze how GNF biomaterials overcome the distinct limitations of bone and neural repair: (i) For bone regeneration, GNF composites enhance mechanical strength, osteoconductivity, and antibacterial activity, while enabling photothermal tumor ablation in post-resection defects; (ii) For neural repair, GNF platforms promote electrical signal transduction, axonal guidance, and blood-brain barrier penetration, offering solutions for neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic injuries. Crucially, this review highlights three innovative dimensions: (1) Functional integration: GNF biomaterials uniquely combine antimicrobial properties, stem cell differentiation guidance, and drug delivery into a single platform, addressing infection risks, cellular microenvironment modulation, and targeted therapy simultaneously; (2) Emerging composites: Beyond conventional scaffolds, we explore cutting-edge applications such as flexible neural electrodes, degradable GNF-metal implants, and conductive hydrogels; (3) Clinical barriers: A critical discussion on long-term biocompatibility, industrial-scale synthesis, and toxicity mechanisms bridges the gap between laboratory innovation and clinical adoption. By synthesizing cross-disciplinary insights and proposing standardized evaluation frameworks, this review not only maps the current landscape but also charts a roadmap for developing clinically viable GNF-based therapies, which underscores the need for mechanistic studies on cellular interactions and large-scale safety assessments to accelerate the transition from experimental models to regenerative medicine breakthroughs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100092"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of interlayer remelting on damping and mechanical properties of EBF3-fabricated NiTi alloys","authors":"Qingda Zhang,&nbsp;Botao Jiang,&nbsp;Chen Liu,&nbsp;Baoxian Su,&nbsp;Zhe Li,&nbsp;Zhiwen Li,&nbsp;Menghao Zhong,&nbsp;Long Ye,&nbsp;Liang Wang,&nbsp;Yanqing Su","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electron-beam freeform fabrication (EBF³) of NiTi alloys commonly exhibits a trade-off between tensile ductility and damping capacity. In this study, a low-beam current interlayer remelting strategy is introduced to modify the thermal history during deposition, thereby influencing the microstructural evolution and phase transformation behavior. The results indicate that interlayer remelting enhances nanoscale compositional fluctuations and redistributes internal strain fields. These effects stabilize the R-phase transformation and modify the morphology of Ti₄Ni₂O_<em>x</em> precipitates. The stabilization of the R-phase increases the transformation interface density and improves reversibility, thereby contributing to enhanced the transient (Q_Tr⁻¹) and intrinsic (Q_Int⁻¹) internal friction components. Concurrently, the spheroidized oxides are suggested to mitigate local stress concentration, and stabilized R-phase interfaces may act as compliant stress buffers that promote a more homogeneous homogenize stress-induced martensitic transformation (SIMT) and delay strain localization. As a result, the remelted alloy exhibits an increased damping capacity, with a loss factor (Q⁻¹) value of 0.34 at 0.1 Hz together with an improved tensile elongation of 8.1 ± 0.5%. These findings suggest that controlled interlayer thermal reconfiguration can influence phase transformation process in NiTi alloys, providing a potential pathway to improve the balance between damping capacity and tensile ductility in additively manufactured shape memory alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100141"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148523755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A biodegradable, Zn/Ti layered, heterostructured composite with remarkable work-hardening and biocompatibility for orthopedic implants","authors":"Bo Deng,&nbsp;Junhui Peng,&nbsp;Chang Tang,&nbsp;Yilong Dai,&nbsp;XiaoKai Zhang,&nbsp;Yuncang Li,&nbsp;Dechuang Zhang,&nbsp;Cuie Wen,&nbsp;Zhaowei Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smmf.2026.100152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pure zinc (Zn) and its alloys are increasingly recognized as absorbable biometals, owing to their excellent tissue compatibility and appropriate degradation rate. However, the inadequate mechanical performance of as-cast Zn alloys remains a major barrier to their clinical translation. In this study, pure Zn sheets and titanium (Ti) foils were used as starting materials to construct layered heterostructures within a Zn matrix via accumulative roll bonding (ARB) followed by annealing, yielding Zn/Ti layered composites. Their microstructural evolution, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and biocompatibility were systematically studied. After 20 ARB cycles, the composites exhibited pronounced work-hardening behavior, exhibiting a yield strength of 222.4 MPa, which further increased to 312.3 MPa after annealing. The degradation rate in Hanks’ solution ranged from 8.5 to 42.9 μm/year. <em>In vitro</em> cytocompatibility tests showed over 95% viability of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured with 25% and 12.5% extract concentrations for 3 days, indicating favorable biocompatibility. Overall, the Zn/Ti composites demonstrate strong potential for orthopedic applications due to their distinctive work-hardening behavior and synergistic biofunctional properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101164,"journal":{"name":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100152"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148853912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}