Rachel J. Allenbaugh, Tia M. Ariagno and Jeffrey Selby
{"title":"Experimental and kinetic modelling study of NC palladacycles mechanosynthesis†","authors":"Rachel J. Allenbaugh, Tia M. Ariagno and Jeffrey Selby","doi":"10.1039/D4MR00082J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MR00082J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Ball mill mechanosynthesis provides a method for direct C–H activation to prepare NC palladacycle precatalysts <em>via</em> liquid-assisted grinding (LAG). Methanol and dimethylsulfoxide were used as non-innocent LAG reagents, coordinating to the Pd center and producing more reactive intermediates to speed reactions. Kinetic modelling results are consistent with a mechanism of nucleation and autocatalytic growth in these processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 30-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/mr/d4mr00082j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Greta Utecht-Jarzyńska, Szymon Jarzyński and Marcin Jasiński
{"title":"Trapping in situ generated CF3-nitrile imines with maleimides under solvent-free mechanochemical conditions†","authors":"Greta Utecht-Jarzyńska, Szymon Jarzyński and Marcin Jasiński","doi":"10.1039/D4MR00075G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MR00075G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A series of trifluoromethylated pyrrolo[3,4-<em>c</em>]pyrazoles was obtained <em>via</em> mechanochemical (3 + 2)-cycloaddition of <em>in situ</em> generated trifluoroacetonitrile imines with maleimide and its <em>N</em>-aliphatic/aromatic analogues. The presented work demonstrated that the aforementioned 1,3-dipoles can be efficiently trapped with electron-deficient dipolarophiles under solvent-free ball-milling conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 79-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/mr/d4mr00075g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Coordination polymers containing dimeric Cu2X2 and polymeric (CuI)n clusters linked by unsymmetrical isomeric pyridine-benzimidazole linkers: modulating photophysical properties by mechanical stimuli†","authors":"Prantik Dutta, Abhijit Garai and Kumar Biradha","doi":"10.1039/D4MR00071D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MR00071D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Two rigid unsymmetrical linkers, <strong>4-PBI</strong> and <strong>3-PBI</strong>, have been successfully employed to synthesize three CuX cluster-based coordination polymers (CPs). The complexation reaction of <strong>4-PBI</strong> with CuI and CuBr resulted in isostructural crystalline <strong>CP1</strong> and <strong>CP2</strong>, respectively, containing Cu<small><sub>2</sub></small>X<small><sub>2</sub></small> clusters. On the other hand, the isomeric <strong>3-PBI</strong> with CuI resulted in crystalline <strong>CP3</strong> containing a one-dimensional polymeric (CuI)<small><sub><em>n</em></sub></small> cluster. Furthermore, the mechanochromism of the CPs has been examined using DRS, solid state PL, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. <strong>CP1</strong> and <strong>CP2</strong> exhibited mechanochromism as their colours changed from reddish brown to orangish yellow upon grinding. The pressure induced local distortion around the flexible dimeric cores of <strong>CP1</strong> and <strong>CP2</strong> was responsible for the resultant mechanochromism. The presence of a polymeric CuI cluster with μ<small><sub>3</sub></small>-bridging I atoms within the 2D layer of <strong>CP3</strong> renders it rigid, thereby hampering its ability to display mechanochromism.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 100-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/mr/d4mr00071d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Casper Van Poucke, Sven Mangelinckx and Christian V. Stevens
{"title":"Shaking up conjugates between chitosan and aldehydes via mechanochemistry†","authors":"Casper Van Poucke, Sven Mangelinckx and Christian V. Stevens","doi":"10.1039/D4MR00110A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MR00110A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A solid-state mechanochemical protocol to synthesize Schiff base and <em>N</em>-alkyl chitosan derivatives is described. The transition from a liquid reaction medium to a solid-state reaction allowed for a more efficient conjugation between the added hydrophobic aldehydes and hydrophilic chitosan by circumventing the generally observed solubility mismatch. Furthermore, for the reductive amination, the utilization of NaBH<small><sub>4</sub></small> was facilitated instead of NaCNBH<small><sub>3</sub></small>. The overall sustainable character of the reaction was compared to other solution-based methods <em>via</em> the calculation of the RME and PMI green metrics.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 142-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/mr/d4mr00110a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chrystal Lopes, Lucia Casali, Franziska Emmerling, Tom Leyssens, Valérie Dupray, Clement Brandel and Yohann Cartigny
{"title":"Efficient racemization of the pharmaceutical compound Levetiracetam using solvent-free mechanochemistry†","authors":"Chrystal Lopes, Lucia Casali, Franziska Emmerling, Tom Leyssens, Valérie Dupray, Clement Brandel and Yohann Cartigny","doi":"10.1039/D4MR00103F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MR00103F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >We present the racemization of an active pharmaceutical ingredient Levetiracetam using a novel approach. We demonstrate the design of a 100% solvent-free process that proceeds by high energy milling inside a regular mixer mill. The kinetics of the racemization process is drastically improved compared to the solution-based approach and illustrates the tremendous potential of mechanochemistry. In this study, we highlight the importance of mixing efficiency regarding data reproducibility, and we show, in particular, that water contamination has a negative impact on the reaction rate. Moreover, <em>in situ</em> X-ray diffraction gives us first insights into the mechanisms involved in the solid state during the mechanochemical racemization process.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 83-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/mr/d4mr00103f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Eco-friendly anaerobic oxidation of aryl diazo esters with heterocyclic N-oxide under ball milling: synthesis of 1,2-dicarbonyl systems†","authors":"Souvik Guha, Subhabrata Sen and Ludovic Gremaud","doi":"10.1039/D4MR00097H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MR00097H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Herein we report anaerobic oxidation of metal carbenoids generated from aryl diazo esters under ball milling with heterocyclic <em>N</em>-oxide in the presence of catalytic copper(<small>I</small>) to afford 1,2-dicarbonyls in excellent yield. Efficiently progressing across a diverse spectrum of substrates, the reaction demonstrates exceptional tolerance to a variety of functional groups, under mild reaction conditions, at low catalyst loading and minimum volume of solvent as a Liquid-Assisted Grinding (LAG) auxiliary thereby demonstrating a practical strategy to generate these molecules.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 45-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/mr/d4mr00097h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Homogenization offers access to quinoxalines in minutes: a solvent-free, catalyst-free protocol with a near-zero E-factor†","authors":"Abboy Chatterjee, Didreekshya Mahanta, Shamima Hussain, Amrita Chatterjee and Mainak Banerjee","doi":"10.1039/D4MR00100A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MR00100A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A reagent-free, catalyst-free, sustainable methodology was developed for fast and effortless synthesis of quinoxalines by mixing and homogenizing the substrates in a mini cell homogenizer. The mechanochemical agitation between several aromatic (and heteromatic) 1,2-diamines and various 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds with stainless steel balls in simple polypropylene vials at 4000 rpm afforded the corresponding quinoxalines and pyrido[2,3-<em>b</em>]pyrazines <em>via</em> cyclocondensation within a few minutes mostly in quantitative yields. The use of an equimolar ratio of substrates and complete conversion ensured quick access to quinoxalines in a sufficiently pure form offering the additional advantages of a work-up free and purification-free approach. As eliminated water molecules in the process do not contribute to waste, the <em>E</em>-factor of the method is practically zero.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 72-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/mr/d4mr00100a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jared A. Gohl, Tyler J. Roberts, Anna C. Freund, Nazmul Haque, Lisa M. Rueschhoff, Luke A. Baldwin and Chelsea S. Davis
{"title":"Visualizing separation at composite interfaces via spirolactam mechanophores†","authors":"Jared A. Gohl, Tyler J. Roberts, Anna C. Freund, Nazmul Haque, Lisa M. Rueschhoff, Luke A. Baldwin and Chelsea S. Davis","doi":"10.1039/D4MR00086B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MR00086B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The failure of interfaces between polymers and inorganic substrates often leads to deteriorated performance, as is the case for polymer matrix composites. Interfacial mechanophores (iMPs) have the potential to fluorescently measure interfacial failures. Spirolactam-based mechanophores are of interest due to their readily available synthetic precursors and compatibility with epoxy matrices. In this work, spirolactam is covalently bound at the interface of silica surfaces and epoxy, chosen due to the industrial relevance of glass fiber composites. The iMPs are mechanically activated through uniaxial tension applied to the composite while the resulting fluorescent response is observed <em>in situ</em> with a confocal microscope. Due to their real time sensing capabilities, iMPs are a promising technique to measure interfacial failures in composite materials more easily than with traditional optical microscopy techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 2","pages":" 178-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/mr/d4mr00086b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Frank Yntema, Cameron Webster and Emmanouil Broumidis
{"title":"A new planetary ball mill device with adjustable speed ratio for enhanced mechanochemical processes†","authors":"Frank Yntema, Cameron Webster and Emmanouil Broumidis","doi":"10.1039/D4MR00069B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MR00069B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In this paper, we introduce a novel planetary ball mill device featuring an interchangeable speed ratio, allowing users to manually adjust this parameter to suit the needs of each reaction. The device's modular design offers unprecedented control over the kinetic energy input, enabling enhanced reaction efficiency, selectivity, and precision.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 20-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/mr/d4mr00069b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad A. Ebqa'ai, Sandun Bogahawaththa Kasthuri Dias, Andrew J. Kassick, Saadyah Averick and Toby L. Nelson
{"title":"Naloxone-initiated mechanochemical synthesis of poly(lactic acid)†","authors":"Mohammad A. Ebqa'ai, Sandun Bogahawaththa Kasthuri Dias, Andrew J. Kassick, Saadyah Averick and Toby L. Nelson","doi":"10.1039/D4MR00046C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MR00046C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A mechanochemical approach was utilized for the synthesis of naloxone covalently linked poly(lactic acid) and nanoparticles. This preparation was achieved using lactide as a monomer in anionic ring opening polymerization, naloxone as a drug initiator, and CHCl<small><sub>3</sub></small> to perform liquid-assisted grinding. This process resulted in the direct preparation of a naloxone nanoparticle with a drug loading of ∼8.3% w/w and nanoparticles around 600 nm. These findings underscore the promise of mechanochemistry in developing drug delivery systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 25-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/mr/d4mr00046c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}