{"title":"Shedding water: using mechanochemistry to drive liquid assisted synthesis of the energetic complex glycine–magnesium tetrahydrate","authors":"Tristan W. Kenny and Lori J. Groven","doi":"10.1039/D5MR00110B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MR00110B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In this effort, a solvent-free, media-free, mechanochemical route is used to accelerate the synthesis and exploration of an energetic oxidizer : fuel complex. Using magnesium nitrate hexahydrate and glycine as our example, we demonstrate that water from the metal salt is shed with moderate energy input and drives liquid-assisted mechanochemistry. This route reduces synthesis time from days to hours and shows promise for a host of metal salt complexes.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 33-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/mr/d5mr00110b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145950576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Damjan Šinjori, Emilija Petrović-Hađar, Nikola Jakupec and Ana Palčić
{"title":"Encapsulation of (pseudo)halogen metal complexes in zeolite Y cages by mechanochemistry","authors":"Damjan Šinjori, Emilija Petrović-Hađar, Nikola Jakupec and Ana Palčić","doi":"10.1039/D5MR00053J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MR00053J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In an effort to introduce alternative methods of post-synthetic functionalization of zeolites, mechanochemistry was utilized for ion exchange and synthesis of transition metal halide and pseudohalide complexes within FAU-type zeolite cages. Structural characterization of the guest molecules shows a variety of synthesized compounds inside the zeolite cavities.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 2","pages":" 213-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/mr/d5mr00053j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147375088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paolo Freisa, Luciano Lattuada, Alessandro Barge and Giancarlo Cravotto
{"title":"Flow-through mechanochemical synthesis by reactive extrusion","authors":"Paolo Freisa, Luciano Lattuada, Alessandro Barge and Giancarlo Cravotto","doi":"10.1039/D5MR00097A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MR00097A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Chemical reactions are conventionally carried out in solution, wherein solvents assume a pivotal role in facilitating the dissolution of reagents and thereby enabling molecular interactions. However, this conventional approach is associated with substantial solvent consumption, waste production, and environmental and safety concerns, while also necessitating protracted reaction times. In recent years, there has been an increase in the study of various mechanochemical methods, with the flow-through mechanochemical approach <em>via</em> reactive extrusion (REX) emerging as one of the most promising alternatives. This process employs screws (single, twin or multiple) to generate mechanical energy (shear, compression and friction) to drive chemical reactions, offering precise control over temperature, mixing and residence time. Typically, REX is performed with minimal or no solvents, which significantly reduces its environmental impact. Furthermore, it ensures shorter reaction times and higher yields. In this review, a comprehensive analysis is conducted on the role of screw configuration, temperature control, and residence time in optimising the outcomes of various reaction types.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 2","pages":" 144-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/mr/d5mr00097a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147375083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giorgio Cagossi, Beatrice Piombo, Andrea Daolio, Paolo P. Mazzeo, Alessia Bacchi and Paolo Pelagatti
{"title":"Shaping coordination polymers by ball milling","authors":"Giorgio Cagossi, Beatrice Piombo, Andrea Daolio, Paolo P. Mazzeo, Alessia Bacchi and Paolo Pelagatti","doi":"10.1039/D5MR00106D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MR00106D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Selective syntheses of known 1D-coordination polymers derived from the combination of 4,4′-bipyridine (<strong>bipy</strong>) or 1,2-bis-(4-pyridyl)ethylene (<strong>dpe</strong>) with Zn(OAc)<small><sub>2</sub></small>·2H<small><sub>2</sub></small>O were achieved under mechanochemical conditions by carefully controlling the mechanochemical parameters, including reaction stoichiometry and the nature of the solvent used in liquid assisted grinding. Ligand exchange reactions performed under grinding conditions showed the conversion of the <strong>dpe</strong>-containing polymers into <strong>bipy</strong>-containing polymers, whereas the reverse reactions proved unfeasible. A computational rationale for the observed reactivity is provided. The dimensionality growth of the <strong>dpe</strong>-containing 1D-coordination polymers into a three-dimensional pillared metal–organic framework was achieved by reaction with terephthalic acid. The same 3D-MOF was also obtained by a one-pot procedure, involving dpe, Zn(OAc)<small><sub>2</sub></small>·2H<small><sub>2</sub></small>O and terephthalic acid simultaneously ground in the presence of a small aliquot of <em>N</em>,<em>N</em>-dimethylformamide. All the reactions occurred in high yields affording pure products with a favorable environmental profile, as evidenced by the environmental factor (EF) and reaction mass efficiency (RME) calculated for selective reactions. This work highlights how mechanochemistry not only allows the efficient synthesis of coordination polymers but also their post-synthetic modifications by environmentally benign protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 2","pages":" 280-292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/mr/d5mr00106d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147375145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marisol Fabienne Rappen, Justus Mäder, Sven Grätz and Lars Borchardt
{"title":"Motion matters: the role of milling ball trajectories in mechanochemical reactions","authors":"Marisol Fabienne Rappen, Justus Mäder, Sven Grätz and Lars Borchardt","doi":"10.1039/D5MR00112A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5MR00112A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Mechanochemistry has become a powerful and sustainable approach in synthetic chemistry, yet the fundamental principles governing energy transfer during milling remain poorly understood. In particular, the trajectory of the milling ball has been largely overlooked in mechanistic studies. To address this, we employed high-speed recordings to precisely track ball motion, enabling accurate calculation of kinetic energies and their comparison with theoretical values. The use of hollow and solid balls of varying sizes further allowed us to disentangle the effects of altered trajectories in both the Finkelstein reaction and the direct mechanocatalyzed Suzuki coupling. This work underscores the critical importance of milling ball trajectory in mechanochemistry and highlights the need to consider this parameter in future mechanistic studies and in the development of optimized milling protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 2","pages":" 235-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12684371/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145717165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adrien Gallego, Matthieu Lavayssiere, Xavier Bantreil, Nicolas Pétry, Julien Pinaud, Olivia Giani and Frédéric Lamaty
{"title":"Smart mechanochemistry: optimizing amino acid acylation with one factor at a time, design of experiments and machine learning methods","authors":"Adrien Gallego, Matthieu Lavayssiere, Xavier Bantreil, Nicolas Pétry, Julien Pinaud, Olivia Giani and Frédéric Lamaty","doi":"10.1039/D5MR00096C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MR00096C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The formation of amide bonds is of major interest in organic chemistry. Several methodologies have emerged in mechanochemistry to promote this reaction by using coupling agents. Herein, the acylation of unprotected amino acids using an acyl chloride in a ball-mill is described with different optimization processes. Indeed, the optimization of reaction conditions is part of every development of a new synthetic pathway. However, depending on the method which is used, the number of experiments to carry out can increase exponentially. Three different optimization methods were compared in the acylation of amino acids: One Factor at a Time (OFAT), Design of Experiments (DoE) and Bayesian Optimization (BO). The strengths and limitations of each methodology are highlighted providing new insights and an optimized practical amidation method taking into account the sustainability of this chemistry.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 2","pages":" 254-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/mr/d5mr00096c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147375142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jordan M. Roach, Tyler L. Spano and Andrew Miskowiec
{"title":"Mechanochemical α to β phase transition of U3O8","authors":"Jordan M. Roach, Tyler L. Spano and Andrew Miskowiec","doi":"10.1039/D5MR00046G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MR00046G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Recognized as the most stable phase of uranium oxide, α-U<small><sub>3</sub></small>O<small><sub>8</sub></small> is widely used throughout the nuclear fuel cycle for safe storage and transportation. There is, however, a lack of understanding of the thermodynamic relationship between α-U<small><sub>3</sub></small>O<small><sub>8</sub></small> and its polymorph, β-U<small><sub>3</sub></small>O<small><sub>8</sub></small>. This research contributes new knowledge regarding the kinetics and mechanism of a previously described mechanochemical phase transition between the α- and β-U<small><sub>3</sub></small>O<small><sub>8</sub></small> polymorphs to improve the understanding of their thermodynamic relationship. In this work, tumble milling of α-U<small><sub>3</sub></small>O<small><sub>8</sub></small> using different milling media shows an ingrowth of the β-phase over time, with an observed correlation between media density, percent conversion and lattice strain. Anisotropic peak broadening observed within collected X-ray diffraction powder patterns suggests the preservation of uranium polyhedral layered sheets throughout the milling process. Preservation of the sheets implies a shear-induced slip mechanism occurring through in-plane shifting of uranium polyhedra along lattice planes perpendicular to the polyhedral sheets.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 56-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/mr/d5mr00046g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145950619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hao Luo, Zhongye Huang, Yongning Lai, Yongjie Jiang, Taoyong Wang and KaKing Yan
{"title":"Biasing mechanistically distinct reaction pathways by mechanochemistry","authors":"Hao Luo, Zhongye Huang, Yongning Lai, Yongjie Jiang, Taoyong Wang and KaKing Yan","doi":"10.1039/D5MR00104H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MR00104H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Due to the solvent-free nature of the mechanochemical approach, it offers an opportunity to drive reactions with different selectivities from those under conventional solution-based conditions. Nevertheless, literature examples of pathway switching remain scarce. Herein, we report an unusual example where ball-milling offers three distinct pathways leading to three different products. By simply adjusting the amount of liquid additive, arene C–H functionalization can be biased between bromination and oxidation <em>via</em> either radical (Br˙) or ionic (Br<small><sup>+</sup></small>) intermediates, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 2","pages":" 195-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/mr/d5mr00104h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147375086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leonardo Genesin, Eleonora Aneggi, Walter Baratta, Talha Munir, Fabio Trigatti and Daniele Zuccaccia
{"title":"Rapid, efficient and green solid-state mechanosynthesis of palladium complexes","authors":"Leonardo Genesin, Eleonora Aneggi, Walter Baratta, Talha Munir, Fabio Trigatti and Daniele Zuccaccia","doi":"10.1039/D5MR00107B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MR00107B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Mechanochemistry has emerged as a powerful and environmentally benign alternative to conventional solution synthesis. In this study, we present a comprehensive investigation into the solid-state mechanochemical synthesis of a diverse library of palladium(<small>II</small>) complexes. This investigation utilized five commercially available Pd(<small>II</small>) precursors and twelve diene, N- and P-donor ligands. Systematic investigations have revealed that high-yielding and clean reactions can be achieved by tuning the milling frequency, reaction time, and metal-to-ligand stoichiometry, affording more than forty Pd(<small>II</small>) complexes. A comparison with conventional solution-based protocols is therefore indicated to underscore the operational simplicity and ecological advantage of the mechanochemical approach, as demonstrated by favorable green chemistry metrics such as low E-factors and high effective mass yields (EMYs). The validity of the methodology was established through gram-scale syntheses, which demonstrated high yields and reproducibility. These findings contribute a robust and generalizable synthetic strategy for accessing widely used palladium precursors, thus supporting the integration of mechanochemistry into green organometallic synthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 115-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/mr/d5mr00107b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145950572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aleksandra Khanina, Tatyana Sviridova, Alexandra Ivanova, Andrey Voronin and Vladimir Khovaylo
{"title":"Mechanochemical synthesis of Ba-doped BiCuSeO oxyselenides: influence of processing conditions on phase formation","authors":"Aleksandra Khanina, Tatyana Sviridova, Alexandra Ivanova, Andrey Voronin and Vladimir Khovaylo","doi":"10.1039/D5MR00056D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MR00056D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >We report a novel rapid synthesis method for Ba-doped BiCuSeO using mechanochemical synthesis. The phase formation mechanism during high-energy milling as well as the combined effects of the powder-to-ball mass ratio and the heterovalent substitution of bismuth by barium on the thermoelectric properties was investigated. It was shown that the single-phase oxyselenide compounds are formed after 25 minutes of ball milling. The thermoelectric properties of these samples were found to be comparable with the properties of oxyselenides prepared <em>via</em> conventional solid-state reaction reported in the literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 106-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/mr/d5mr00056d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145950571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}