Grace E. Cosby, Téodor Iftemie, Alireza Nari and David L. Bryce
{"title":"Chalcogen-bonded cocrystals and salt cocrystals via automated resonant acoustic mixing with a button operative bot†","authors":"Grace E. Cosby, Téodor Iftemie, Alireza Nari and David L. Bryce","doi":"10.1039/D4MR00109E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MR00109E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Mechanochemical approaches to the preparation of chalcogen-bonded cocrystals have not been systematically well-studied. We report here the preparation of six cocrystals and salt cocrystals of chalcogen bond (ChB) donor 3,4-dicyano-1,2,5-telluradiazole using resonant acoustic mixing (RAM). The ChB acceptors employed are tetraphenylphosphonium chloride, tetraphenylphosphonium bromide, 4-methoxypyridine <em>N</em>-oxide, 4-phenylpyridine <em>N</em>-oxide, tetrabutylammonium bromide, and tetrabutylammonium iodide. Acceptor atoms include Cl, Br, I, and O. In all six cases, RAM reproduces the known crystal forms of the ChB products as assessed by powder X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. The role of liquid additives is also assessed. The success of RAM in generating ChB products in pure form contrasts with previous efforts to use ball milling for this purpose. We show that ball milling pure 3,4-dicyano-1,2,5-telluradiazole using standard instrumental settings results in amorphization and decomposition in five minutes or less, thereby highlighting the difficulties of using ball milling to generate ChB cocrystals. The design, construction, and implementation of a button operative bot (BOB) to help automate RAM experiments is also described herein. Overall, these results suggest that RAM offers a suitably gentle and tailorable mechanochemical approach for generating known and novel cocrystals.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 2","pages":" 201-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/mr/d4mr00109e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dáša Drenčaková, Marcela Achimovičová, Matej Baláž, Jiří Navrátil, Erika Tóthová, Maksym Lisnichuk, Jaroslav Briančin, Viktor Puchý and Tomáš Plecháček
{"title":"Mechanochemical synthesis of eucairite CuAgSe and investigation of physicochemical and transport properties","authors":"Dáša Drenčaková, Marcela Achimovičová, Matej Baláž, Jiří Navrátil, Erika Tóthová, Maksym Lisnichuk, Jaroslav Briančin, Viktor Puchý and Tomáš Plecháček","doi":"10.1039/D4MR00111G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MR00111G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Copper silver selenide, CuAgSe, was easily and conveniently prepared from Cu, Ag and Se powders in a stoichiometric ratio by one-step solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis after 7 min of milling in a planetary ball mill. The kinetics of the synthesis, along with the structure, morphology, thermal stability, physicochemical, and thermoelectric properties of the product were investigated. The crystal structure, physicochemical properties, and morphology were characterised by X-ray diffraction, particle size distribution analysis, specific surface area measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. XRD confirmed the crystal structure as a mixture of tetragonal and orthorhombic CuAgSe. Analysis of surface composition revealed partial surface oxidation. Electron microscopy revealed that the nanostructured product consisted of agglomerated particles of irregular shape which formed clusters with a size >20 μm while the mean size of crystallites was 12.1 nm. The mixed crystal structure was also confirmed by selected area diffraction. Thermal analysis clearly indicated a reversible phase transformation. The spark plasma sintering method was applied to prepare a dense CuAgSe pellet for thermoelectric characterization. High-temperature transport properties were examined to assess the potential application of mechanochemically synthesized synthetic eucairite in energy conversion.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 2","pages":" 246-255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/mr/d4mr00111g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tetsuya Yamamoto, Koji Kubota, Yu Harabuchi and Hajime Ito
{"title":"Scaling theory for the kinetics of mechanochemical reactions with convective flow†","authors":"Tetsuya Yamamoto, Koji Kubota, Yu Harabuchi and Hajime Ito","doi":"10.1039/D4MR00091A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MR00091A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Deep understanding of reaction kinetics in mechanochemical conditions is crucial to further advance this field of solid-state chemistry. However, a formidable challenge owing to the complexity of these systems, in particular the kinetic effects of mechanical stress, makes this problem very complex. In this study, we developed a scaling theory to understand the kinetics of mechanochemical reactions by considering convective flows driven by applied mechanical stress, with the assumption that the product behaves as a fluid with the applied mechanical stress in a ball mill. This theory predicts that the rates of mechanochemical reactions are regulated by the dissolution of reactants in the product-rich phase formed between two reactants, and that mechanical force-induced convective flows enhance reaction rates by reducing the thickness of the product-rich phase. This scaling model provides a fundamental approach to understanding the effect of mechanical stress on mechanochemical organic reactions in ball milling.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 2","pages":" 230-239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/mr/d4mr00091a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hamdi Ben Yahia, Atsushi Sakuda and Akitoshi Hayashi
{"title":"Mechanochemical synthesis of rock salt-type Na2CaSnS4 as a sodium-ion conductor†","authors":"Hamdi Ben Yahia, Atsushi Sakuda and Akitoshi Hayashi","doi":"10.1039/D4MR00028E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MR00028E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Na<small><sub>2</sub></small>CaSnS<small><sub>4</sub></small> was prepared by mechanochemical synthesis from a mixture of Na<small><sub>2</sub></small>S, CaS, and SnS<small><sub>2</sub></small>. The crystal structure was determined from X-ray powder diffraction data. The chemical composition was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and the ionic conductivity was measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Na<small><sub>2</sub></small>CaSnS<small><sub>4</sub></small> crystallizes with a rock salt-type structure, space group <em>Fm</em><img><em>m</em>, <em>a</em> = 5.6842 (3) Å, <em>V</em> = 183.66 (2) Å<small><sup>3</sup></small>, and <em>Z</em> = 1. All the cations are statistically disordered over a unique crystallographic site and are octahedrally coordinated to the sulfur atoms. The ionic conductivity of Na<small><sub>2</sub></small>CaSnS<small><sub>4</sub></small> is 4.2 × 10<small><sup>−8</sup></small> S cm<small><sup>−1</sup></small> (<em>E</em><small><sub>a</sub></small> = 0.6 eV) at 33 °C.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 159-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/mr/d4mr00028e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jan-Hendrik Schöbel, Frederik Winkelmann, Joel Bicker and Michael Felderhoff
{"title":"Mechanochemical kilogram-scale synthesis of rac-ibuprofen:nicotinamide co-crystals using a drum mill†","authors":"Jan-Hendrik Schöbel, Frederik Winkelmann, Joel Bicker and Michael Felderhoff","doi":"10.1039/D4MR00096J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MR00096J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Within pharmaceutical research and development, co-crystallization has emerged as a common strategy to modify the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients, tackling a wide array of challenges in drug formulation. Contrasting with conventional solution-based methods that typically consume substantial amounts of solvents and energy, we herein present a more eco-friendly and efficient mechanochemical process for producing co-crystals at kilogram scale. Our study pioneers the use of a drum mill for pharmaceutical co-crystal synthesis, using <em>rac</em>-ibuprofen:nicotinamide as a representative example. Our findings demonstrate the viability of repurposing common industrial milling equipment for potential large-scale production of pharmaceutical co-crystals. With the optimized system and utilizing liquid-assisted grinding techniques, the reaction was completed within 90 min and yielded 99% of pure <em>rac</em>-ibuprofen:nicotinamide co-crystals by simply sieving off the grinding media. Examination of the resulting co-crystals showed minimal metal contamination from abrasion, with levels well within acceptable regulatory standards for daily intake. Our findings underscore the promise of drum mill technology in creating greener processes for large-scale pharmaceutical co-crystal synthesis, paving the way for more sustainable industrial drug manufacturing practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 2","pages":" 224-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/mr/d4mr00096j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Volker Kahlenberg, Doris E. Braun, Wolfgang Schmidt, Hang Liu, Sebastian Leiting and Claudia Weidenthaler
{"title":"Mechanochemical synthesis and transformation of the polymorphic double carbonates fairchildite and buetschliite, (K2Ca(CO3)2): an in situ X-ray powder diffraction study†","authors":"Volker Kahlenberg, Doris E. Braun, Wolfgang Schmidt, Hang Liu, Sebastian Leiting and Claudia Weidenthaler","doi":"10.1039/D4MR00093E","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4MR00093E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study presents the mechanochemical synthesis of the two K<small><sub>2</sub></small>Ca(CO<small><sub>3</sub></small>)<small><sub>2</sub></small> polymorphs, fairchildite and buetschliite, from CaCO<small><sub>3</sub></small> and K<small><sub>2</sub></small>CO<small><sub>3</sub></small> using a shaker mill. Unlike previous methods requiring high temperatures and prolonged heating, fairchildite, a high-temperature polymorph, is formed initially in all experiments, adhering to Ostwald's rule of stages. Notably, the transformation to the stable buetschliite phase can be achieved by varying milling parameters, particularly frequency and moisture content. The results suggest that pressure, rather than temperature, plays a significant role in this phase transition, with moisture further accelerating the transformation. These findings offer a new, efficient route for the synthesis of these polymorphs, highlighting the critical influence of milling conditions on the reaction pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 152-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11603408/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noelia Rodríguez-Sánchez, Carsten Prinz, Ralf Bienert, Menta Ballesteros, A. Rabdel Ruiz Salvador, Biswajit Bhattacharya and Franziska Emmerling
{"title":"Mechanochemical ZIF-9 formation: in situ analysis and photocatalytic enhancement evaluation†","authors":"Noelia Rodríguez-Sánchez, Carsten Prinz, Ralf Bienert, Menta Ballesteros, A. Rabdel Ruiz Salvador, Biswajit Bhattacharya and Franziska Emmerling","doi":"10.1039/D4MR00114A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MR00114A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Efficient treatment of persistent pollutants in wastewater is crucial for sustainable water management and environmental protection. This study addresses this challenge by investigating the mechanochemical synthesis and photocatalytic performance of ZIF-9, a cobalt-based zeolitic imidazolate framework. Using synchrotron-based powder X-ray diffraction, we provide real-time insights into the formation dynamics of ZIF-9 during mechanosynthesis. Our results show that mechanochemically synthesised ZIF-9 exhibits superior photocatalytic activity compared to its solvothermally prepared counterpart, achieving a 2-fold increase in methylene blue degradation rate. This research not only advances our understanding of the synthesis and properties of ZIF-9, but also demonstrates the potential of mechanochemical approaches in the development of high-performance, sustainably produced materials for water treatment and other environmental applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 116-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/mr/d4mr00114a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mechanochemical coupling of two coupled kinesin monomers: comparison with that of the single dimer†","authors":"Ping Xie","doi":"10.1039/D4MR00057A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MR00057A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The dynamics of cargo transport by two coupled kinesin monomers, such as kinesin-1, kinesin-2 and kinesin-3, is studied theoretically and is compared with that by the corresponding single dimer on the basis of our proposed model for the mechanochemical coupling of the two coupled monomers and that of the single dimer. It is shown that if the stalk, which connects the monomer and cargo, has a short length <em>L</em><small><sub>S</sub></small> (<em>e.g.</em>, <em>L</em><small><sub>S</sub></small> < 5 nm) the cargo transport by the two monomers can be efficient with an unloaded velocity that can be similar to that by the corresponding single dimer, whereas the cargo transport by the two monomers with a long <em>L</em><small><sub>S</sub></small> can only be inefficient with an unloaded velocity and a stall force much smaller than those with the short <em>L</em><small><sub>S</sub></small>. Although the unloaded velocity for the two coupled kinesin-1 monomers with a short <em>L</em><small><sub>S</sub></small> can be similar to that for the single kinesin-1 dimer, the stall force for the former is reduced by about 2 times relative to that for the latter. The dynamics of the two coupled kinesin-3 KIF1A monomers relative to the single kinesin-3 dimer is similar to that of the two coupled kinesin-1 monomers relative to the single kinesin-1 dimer. By contrast, the stall force for the two kinesin-2 KIF3A monomers with a short <em>L</em><small><sub>S</sub></small> can be similar to that for the single kinesin-2 KIF3AA, KIF3BB or KIF3AB dimer. The theoretical results agree well with the available experimental evidence. The underlying mechanism of the two coupled kinesin-1 or kinesin-3 monomers with the short <em>L</em><small><sub>S</sub></small> having an evidently smaller stall force than the corresponding single dimer and the two coupled kinesin-2 KIF3A monomers with the short <em>L</em><small><sub>S</sub></small> having a stall force similar to that of the corresponding single dimer is explained.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 127-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/mr/d4mr00057a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peter Baláž, Erika Dutková, Nina Daneu, Michal Hegedüs, Matej Baláž, Emmanuel Guilmeau, Róbert Džunda, Mária Bali-Hudáková, Veronika Garbárová, Jianzhong Jiang and Marcela Achimovičová
{"title":"Rapid mechanochemical synthesis and properties in Pb–Bi–S system†‡","authors":"Peter Baláž, Erika Dutková, Nina Daneu, Michal Hegedüs, Matej Baláž, Emmanuel Guilmeau, Róbert Džunda, Mária Bali-Hudáková, Veronika Garbárová, Jianzhong Jiang and Marcela Achimovičová","doi":"10.1039/D4MR00107A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MR00107A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >We prepared a ternary sulfide with a stoichiometry close to Pb<small><sub>6</sub></small>Bi<small><sub>2</sub></small>S<small><sub>9</sub></small> from PbS, Bi, and S precursors using mechanochemical synthesis. After 5 min of high-energy milling, conversion of the precursors to Pb<small><sub>5.95</sub></small>Bi<small><sub>2.02</sub></small>S<small><sub>9.03</sub></small> was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). Further milling (up to 120 min) led to the metal-enriched and sulfur-deficient composition Pb<small><sub>6.40</sub></small>Bi<small><sub>2.24</sub></small>S<small><sub>8.36</sub></small>. Values of the specific surface area of the produced powder samples were used as an indicator of the transition from the mechanical activation mode to the mechanochemical synthesis mode. The products crystallized in the galena structure, with the crystallite size ranging from 5 to 15 nm, as determined by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) with Rietveld refinement and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The dissolution of Bi from the synthesized nanocrystals corresponds to changes in the specific surface area. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) densified ingots in the temperature range of 300–525 K exhibit semiconducting properties and a low thermal conductivity of 0.38–0.5 W m<small><sup>−1</sup></small> K<small><sup>−1</sup></small>, making them promising for thermoelectric applications. The possibility of modifying the properties of a ternary Pb–Bi–S system by mechanochemistry paves the way for the synthesis of more sophisticated ternary and multinary structures suitable for energy applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 91-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/mr/d4mr00107a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Florian Luttringer, Matthieu Lavayssiere, Enita Rastoder, Nikita Salov, Tristan Gravelet, François Quintin, Julien Pinaud, Frédéric Lamaty and Xavier Bantreil
{"title":"Mechanosynthesis of ruthenium trisbipyridyl complexes and application in photoredox catalysis in a ball-mill†","authors":"Florian Luttringer, Matthieu Lavayssiere, Enita Rastoder, Nikita Salov, Tristan Gravelet, François Quintin, Julien Pinaud, Frédéric Lamaty and Xavier Bantreil","doi":"10.1039/D4MR00112E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MR00112E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Herein, we developed the mechanosynthesis of ruthenium trisbipyridyl complexes. Such complexes can be difficult to prepare in solution, with long reaction times and average yields. With ball-milling, less than 3.5 hours of milling were sufficient to obtain the complexes in high yield. Such complexes were then evaluated as catalysts in the light-promoted mechanochemical reductive dehalogenation reaction. In addition to working under solvent-less conditions, the use of a Hantzsch amide instead of the classical ester allowed drastic simplification of the purification of the final compounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":101140,"journal":{"name":"RSC Mechanochemistry","volume":" 1","pages":" 108-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/mr/d4mr00112e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}