RSC Applied Interfaces最新文献

{"title":"Promoting combined AFM-electrochemistry techniques for analysis of charge transport at grain boundaries of ceramic components in electrochemical cells","authors":"K. Neuhaus, P. Mowe and M. Winter","doi":"10.1039/D4LF00325J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LF00325J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >For decades, the differences between the transport properties of grains and grain boundaries in polycrystalline oxides have been widely discussed in the scientific community. The reason is that grain boundaries, although representing a much smaller fraction of a given material than the grain interior, can greatly influence the performance of ceramic materials, which is a major drawback for the industrial application of these materials. Detailed knowledge of the chemical and physical parameters at the interfaces between adjacent grains is required in order to develop targeted synthesis strategies that specifically influence the transport properties of grain boundaries. Atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based electrochemical methods use an nm-sized tip as a probe and are able to image, for example, band bending at grain boundaries or variations in electrical conductivity with extremely high local resolution, thus providing small-scale insights into the physical and electrochemical conditions at grain boundaries. The results obtained by AFM-based electrochemical experiments are complementary to conventional electrochemical measurements and facilitate detailed modeling of grain boundary parameters in different materials. In this work, the differences between grain boundaries and grain interiors with respect to charge transport properties are first discussed with a special focus on oxide ion conducting and proton conducting materials. In a second step, a broader perspective on current research and potential applications of AFM-based grain boundary analysis in the field of lithium-ion battery materials is given.</p>","PeriodicalId":101138,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Interfaces","volume":" 3","pages":" 620-633"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/lf/d4lf00325j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"B,N co-doped V2C nanoparticle embedded FeP nanoflake substrates as unique bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting in alkaline media†","authors":"Dasari Sai Hemanth Kumar, Manzoor Ahmad Pandit, Vinay Kumar Kolakaluri and Krishnamurthi Muralidharan","doi":"10.1039/D4LF00394B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LF00394B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hydrogen energy as a solution to meet energy demands has highlighted the need for efficient and cost-effective electrocatalysts for hydrogen production through water electrolysis. Heterointerface materials with self-support have shown promising electrochemical performances due to their modulated electron structure, improved electrochemical surface area, and more active sites. In our study, we successfully synthesized a heterostructure material comprising iron phosphide (FeP) nanoflakes as a substrate, embedded with boron (B) and nitrogen (N) co-doped vanadium carbide (V<small>₂</small>C) nanoparticles through a hydrothermal method followed by pyrolysis. We prepared FeP@B,N-V<small>₂</small>C heterostructures to enhance efficiency using different weight ratios (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) of FeP substrates while adjusting B,N-V<small>₂</small>C nanoparticles accordingly. The catalytic applicability of these materials was evaluated in electrochemical water splitting in an alkaline medium. Compared to other heterostructures, 10% FeP@B,N-V<small>₂</small>C exhibited the highest catalytic activity, with overpotentials for the OER and HER in an alkaline medium of 260 mV and 235 mV, respectively, at a current density of 10 mA cm<small>⁻²</small>. The low Tafel values were determined as 56.85 mV dec<small>⁻¹</small> and 118 mV dec<small>⁻¹</small>, with remarkable stability over 24 hours with a higher efficiency of 97.3%. The effectiveness and stability of electrocatalysts were corroborated by its ability in the overall water splitting (OWS), which occurred at a lower onset potential of 1.57 V@10 mA cm<small>⁻²</small>. The low overpotentials and Tafel values observed in these catalysts are attributed to the heterojunction formed between the FeP nanoflakes and B,N co-doped V<small>₂</small>C nanoparticles. The enhancement in electrochemical activity resulting from the heterojunction is due to the higher surface area, increased porosity, decreased electrochemical resistance and the introduction in electroactive centres due to B,N co-doping. Consequently, this study provides a promising platform for developing novel nanomaterials for energy conversion applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":101138,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Interfaces","volume":" 3","pages":" 780-794"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/lf/d4lf00394b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reaction-passivation-driven delamination of spent LiFePO4 cathodes and their upgrading to highly efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution†","authors":"Jia Yi, Jinsong Hu, Cheng Gong, Qilong Liu and Wentuan Bi","doi":"10.1039/D4LF00423J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LF00423J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >2-Hydroxyphosphonic acid (HPAA) was demonstrated to delaminate spent LiFePO<small>₄</small> cathodes from Al foil <em>via</em> a reaction-passivation mechanism, resulting in ultra-high-purity products and facilitating subsequent upgrading. As a proof of concept, Fe<small>_<em>x</em></small>P catalysts prepared from lithium-extracted FePO<small>₄</small> slag deliver a hydrogen evolution current density of 10 mA cm<small>⁻²</small> at an overpotential of only 88 mV.</p>","PeriodicalId":101138,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Interfaces","volume":" 3","pages":" 634-637"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/lf/d4lf00423j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailoring carbon-encapsulated gold nanoclusters via microchip laser ablation in polystyrene solution: controlling size, structure, and photoluminescent properties†","authors":"Barana Sandakelum Hettiarachchi, Yumi Yakiyama and Hidehiro Sakurai","doi":"10.1039/D4LF00349G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LF00349G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The desired control of size, structure, and optical properties of laser-derived carbon-encapsulated metal nanoclusters (NCs) is crucial for various applications. This study introduces a novel approach utilizing a microchip laser (MCL) ablation for preparing carbon-encapsulated gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) in a toluene solution, employing polystyrene as a stabilizing agent. Through systematic experiments, control over NC size and carbon layer thickness is achieved by adjusting laser power and polystyrene concentration. Lower laser power combined with higher polystyrene concentration yields smaller Au NCs with thinner carbon layers, demonstrating the efficacy of this approach. Additionally, the prepared nanostructures exhibit enhanced photoluminescence properties, with emissions dependent on excitation wavelength and carbon layer thickness. These findings underscore the potential of MCL-based pulsed laser ablation in liquid in deriving carbon-encapsulated metal NCs, highlighting the importance of experimental parameters and solvent characteristics in tailoring NC properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":101138,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Interfaces","volume":" 3","pages":" 772-779"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/lf/d4lf00349g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate flame retarding co-solvent on interfacial chemistry in carbonate ester lithium-ion battery electrolytes†","authors":"Mohammad Baghban Shemirani, Florian Gebert and Andrew J. Naylor","doi":"10.1039/D4LF00405A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LF00405A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The development of flame-retarding battery electrolytes may be achieved by the inclusion of non-flammable solvents in existing conventional electrolyte formulations. Here the use of one such promising solvent, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate (TFEC), mixed with conventional lithium-ion battery solvents ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate, achieves comparable or superior electrochemical performance to a state-of-the-art benchmark (up to 90% capacity retention between 5th and 200th cycle, compared with 76% for the benchmark). Further electrochemical analysis indicates comparable cell resistance and rate capability, though a TFEC content beyond 90 vol% leads to increased resistance and rapid capacity fading. This was found to be caused by lithium trapping in the graphite electrodes and formation of a thinner solid electrolyte interphase with a distinct chemistry, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. TFEC's low Li<small>⁺</small>-solvating ability likely significantly influences these electrolytes' physico-chemical and electrochemical behaviour.</p>","PeriodicalId":101138,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Interfaces","volume":" 3","pages":" 764-771"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/lf/d4lf00405a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enabling hydrogel coating on silicone breast implants with a poly(vinyl acetate) primer layer†","authors":"Katrin Stanger, Dardan Bajrami, Peter Wahl, Fintan Moriarty, Emanuel Gautier, Alex Dommann and Kongchang Wei","doi":"10.1039/D4LF00301B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LF00301B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Implant-associated infection is a major cause for breast implant re-operation. A practical method to reduce this risk is yet to be established. Hydrogel coating represents one promising approach. However, the adhesion of the hydrogel layer onto the silicone implant surface presents a significant challenge due to the intrinsic hydrophobicity of silicone surfaces. In this study, we described a surface-priming strategy involving poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) polymers to facilitate hydrogel adhesion to silicone implant surfaces. Miniature silicone implants with identical surface properties to clinical implants were custom-made for this study. We demonstrated that a PVAc primer layer can easily be deposited on the implant surface <em>via</em> a dip-coating procedure. The wettability of the implant surface was increased by a stable and cytocompatible primer layer of PVAc. The improved wettability allowed the application of a model hydrogel precursor solution (alginate) on the primed implant surface. The effectiveness of such a priming strategy in facilitating hydrogel coatings was validated by testing two commercially available hydrogels on the silicone implant surface. Specifically, DAC (defensive antibacterial coating) and Coseal hydrogels, representing paintable and sprayable hydrogels, respectively, were successfully coated on the primed surface, as confirmed by ATR-FTIR analysis. Our surface-priming strategy, which avoids surface treatments like chemical reactions and plasma irradiation that are impractical for clinical use, opens up new opportunities for exploring intraoperative hydrogel applications on silicone implants.</p>","PeriodicalId":101138,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Interfaces","volume":" 3","pages":" 755-763"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/lf/d4lf00301b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction of vapor-phase and liquid organophosphonates with inorganic surfaces","authors":"Swapnil Das, Mirko Schoenitz and Edward L. Dreizin","doi":"10.1039/D4LF00420E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LF00420E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) pose a threat to humanity, which motivates research focused on their destruction. Often, research deals with non-toxic simulants of CWAs, such as dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) and diisopropyl methyl phosphonate (DIMP). These compounds, like CWAs, are liquids at room temperature and boil just below 200 °C. In different scenarios, their interactions with inorganic solids may initially involve either liquid or vapor phases. This paper reviews published experimental data describing how the initial phase (vapor or liquid) of DMMP or DIMP influences the properties of their residues adsorbed to different inorganic surfaces. To facilitate comparisons between different sets of experiments, the focus is on the commonly reported shift and possible split of the P<img>O peak assigned to the phosphoryl group, sensitive to molecular interactions in organophosphorus liquids and detected by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Data sets for multiple metal oxides and salts are compared to one another. Systematic and distinct trends are found for the P<img>O peak behavior for residues of evaporated and liquid DMMP and DIMP left on different surfaces. The literature data offer compelling evidence that the properties of residues left by organophosphonates on inorganic surfaces vary depending on the initial phase of the organophosphonate.</p>","PeriodicalId":101138,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Interfaces","volume":" 2","pages":" 352-363"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/lf/d4lf00420e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143594550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In situ thermal solvent-free synthesis of doped ZIF-8 as a highly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalyst†","authors":"Farah Naz, Chun Hong Mak, Zhe Wang, Haihang Tong, Shella Permatasari Santoso, Minshu Du, Ji-Jung Kai, Kuan-Chen Cheng, Chang-Wei Hsieh, Wenxin Niu, Zheng Hu and Hsien-Yi Hsu","doi":"10.1039/D4LF00410H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4LF00410H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Developing an economical and effective catalyst to remove organic pollutants from wastewater remains a significant challenge to maintaining a healthy, green environment. The metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have drawn considerable attention to renewable energy and environmental remediation due to their porous crystalline structure. In this context, we develop a straightforward, environmentally friendly, solvent-free, <em>in situ</em> thermal (IST) method to synthesize doped zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIF-8). The solvent-free IST technique surpasses the traditional synthesis procedures in efficiency due to a single-step and solvent-free process with a short processing time and a low precursor ratio. Notably, doped ZIF-8 photocatalysts against concentrated methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) degradation exhibit superior photocatalytic performance under visible light exposure. An in-depth study of the effect of dye concentration and pH on doped ZIF-8 is also performed. The kinetic study <em>via</em> photocatalytic isotherms confirms that the photodegradation mechanism follows the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Following active species trapping experiments, we confirm that the hydroxyl radicals play a substantial role in MB degradation with optimized Fe@ZIF-8. Moreover, the Fe@ZIF-8 does not significantly lose its photocatalytic activity for degrading MB after three cycles, indicating its enduring reusability and stability. Thus, this study provides a novel approach to developing the doped MOF as a photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity for wastewater treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":101138,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Interfaces","volume":" 3","pages":" 741-754"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/lf/d4lf00410h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solid-supported polymer–lipid hybrid membrane for bioelectrochemistry of a membrane redox enzyme†","authors":"Rosa Catania, George R. Heath, Michael Rappolt, Stephen P. Muench, Paul A. Beales and Lars J. C. Jeuken","doi":"10.1039/D4LF00362D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4LF00362D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hybrid membranes, consisting of phospholipids and amphiphilic block polymers, offer enhanced stability compared to liposomes and greater biocompatibility than polymersomes. These qualities make them a versatile platform for a wide range of applications across various fields. In this study, we have investigated the ability of solid-supported polymer–lipid hybrid membranes (SSHM) to act as a platform for bioelectrochemistry of membrane proteins. The redox enzyme, cytochrome <em>bo</em><small>_<em>3</em></small> (cyt <em>bo</em><small>_<em>3</em></small>), a terminal oxidase in <em>Escherichia coli</em>, was reconstituted into hybrid vesicles (HVs), which were subsequently tested for their ability to form SSHMs on different self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold electrodes. SSHM formation was monitored with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). SSHMs were successfully formed on gold electrodes with mixed SAMs of 6-mercapto-1-hexanol and 1-hexanethiol at a 1 : 1 ratio. The activity of cyt <em>bo</em><small>_<em>3</em></small> was confirmed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), with electron transfer to cyt <em>bo</em><small>_<em>3</em></small> mediated by a lipophilic substrate-analogue decylubiquinone (DQ). SSHMs formed with HVs-cyt <em>bo</em><small>_<em>3</em></small> samples, stored for more than one year before use, remain bioelectrocatalytically active, confirming our previously established longevity and stability of HV systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":101138,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Interfaces","volume":" 3","pages":" 665-672"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11834424/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143470335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wettability studies of LiCl-KCl and FLiNaK on metal and non-metal substrates","authors":"Qiufeng Yang, Michael E. Woods and Ruchi Gakhar","doi":"10.1039/D5LF00007F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5LF00007F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study examines the wettability characteristics of molten LiCl-KCl and LiF-NaF-KF (FLiNaK) salts on a variety of metal and non-metal substrates, including C276, stainless steel 304 (SS 304), stainless steel 316 (SS 316), Alloy 617, molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), tantalum (Ta), IG110, glassy carbon, MACOR and quartz, which are relevant for applications in molten salt reactors (MSRs) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Contact angle measurements were conducted from room temperature up to 700 °C using the sessile drop method, revealing increased wettability of both salts as temperature increases. For LiCl-KCl tests, the contact angles on each substrate are in descending order as follows: <em>θ</em><small>_IG110</small> &gt; <em>θ</em><small>_{glassy carbon}</small> &gt; <em>θ</em><small>_Mo</small> &gt; <em>θ</em><small>_{SS 304}</small> &gt; <em>θ</em><small>_C276</small> &gt; <em>θ</em><small>_MACOR</small> &gt; <em>θ</em><small>_{SS 316}</small> &gt; <em>θ</em><small>_{Alloy 617}</small> &gt; <em>θ</em><small>_quartz</small> ≈ <em>θ</em><small>_Ni</small> &gt; <em>θ</em><small>_Ta</small>. For FLiNaK, the measured contact angles follow a similar trend: <em>θ</em><small>_IG110</small> &gt; <em>θ</em><small>_{SS 304}</small> &gt; <em>θ</em><small>_quartz</small> &gt; <em>θ</em><small>_C276</small> &gt; <em>θ</em><small>_{SS 316}</small> &gt; <em>θ</em><small>_Ta</small>. The wetting of FLiNaK on the same substrate tends to be higher than that of LiCl-KCl, likely due to the larger surface tension between LiCl-KCl and substrates. The work of adhesion calculated from the contact angles shows an increase in adhesion force with increasing temperature for most substrates, indicating stronger contact between the salts and substrates. Contact angle is shown to be correlated with the corrosion resistance of pure metals, but this correlation is not observed in alloys due to their complex chemical compositions. The application of contact angle in the selection of DSC container materials is also suggested to ensure proper contact and uniform thickness.</p>","PeriodicalId":101138,"journal":{"name":"RSC Applied Interfaces","volume":" 3","pages":" 715-723"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/lf/d5lf00007f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}