Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere最新文献_第3页

Modelling the UK reduced nitrogen budget 模拟英国减少了氮预算

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere Pub Date : 2001-01-01 Epub Date: 2001-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00091-0

D.S. Lee, R.D. Kingdon

{"title":"Modelling the UK reduced nitrogen budget","authors":"D.S. Lee, R.D. Kingdon","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00091-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00091-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Currently, more deposition of reduced nitrogen species to the UK is measured than can be accounted for from the calculated emissions. A newly developed long-range transport model was used to study this budget. Changes in horizontal resolution of model and an improved parameterization of dry deposition of ammonia gave an improved agreement between measured and modelled deposition. However, the model still estimated only 65% of the measured deposition with a UK emissions term of 283 ktonnes N yr<sup>−1</sup>. Scaling the emissions by factors of × 1.2 and × 1.3 still resulted in the model underestimating of reduced nitrogen deposition. Modelled aerosol ammonium and ammonia gas concentrations for the base-case were compared with observations. The ammonia gas concentrations appear to be modelled reasonably well but the aerosol ammonium concentrations were underestimated by a factor of at least 2. This is an important finding as this indicates that other parameters related to wet deposition simulation are unlikely to be in gross error, implying that the UK emissions term is too small. It was concluded that an emission source term of the order 400 ktonnes N yr<sup>−1</sup> is required to reconcile the model with the measurements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101025,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere","volume":"26 10","pages":"Pages 819-824"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00091-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73999836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

A modelling study of seawater intrusion in the Korba coastal plain, Tunisia 突尼斯科尔巴沿海平原海水入侵的模拟研究

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere Pub Date : 2001-01-01 Epub Date: 2001-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00017-X

C. Paniconi , I. Khlaifi , G. Lecca , A. Giacomelli , J. Tarhouni

{"title":"A modelling study of seawater intrusion in the Korba coastal plain, Tunisia","authors":"C. Paniconi , I. Khlaifi , G. Lecca , A. Giacomelli , J. Tarhouni","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00017-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00017-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A numerical model that treats density-dependent variably saturated flow and miscible salt transport is used to investigate the occurrence of seawater intrusion in the Korba coastal plain of northeastern Tunisia. We examine the effects of and interplay between pumping, artificial recharge, soil/aquifer properties, and the unsaturated zone. The data processing steps undertaken in this study are briefly described, and a critical assessment is given of the data availability and of the requirements for successful monitoring and modeling of seawater intrusion risks in heavily exploited coastal aquifers such as those found in the semi-arid regions of the Mediterranean basin. An idea of the extent of over-exploitation of the Korba aquifer is obtained by examining the pumping and rainfall/infiltration data, and the simulation results support groundwater pumping as the mechanism for and seawater intrusion as the origin of the salt contamination observed in the soils and subsurface waters of the Korba plain.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101025,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere","volume":"26 4","pages":"Pages 345-351"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00017-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73462478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 71

Local probabilistic neural networks in hydrology 水文学中的局部概率神经网络

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere Pub Date : 2001-01-01 Epub Date: 2002-04-16 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)85006-1

P. Torfs , R. Wójcik

{"title":"Local probabilistic neural networks in hydrology","authors":"P. Torfs , R. Wójcik","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)85006-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)85006-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>One of the many types of neural networks that found application in hydrology is the <em>probabilistic neural networks</em>. Probabilistic neural networks are based upon the Parzen approximation of probability densities by (Gaussian) kernels. The advantages of probabilistic neural networks are that they learn extremely quickly, give probabilistic interpretation and by this not only produce estimation of the mean but also give insight into the other statistics of the errors.</p><p>When (in higher dimensions) the observations tend to cluster around lower dimensional subspaces, the classical approach fails by not being able to take this into account. The solution proposed here is to use a local version, based upon Gaussian kernels with locally estimated covariances. This concept resembles the “local and global embedding dimension” used in (classical) deterministic time series analysis.</p><p>As an example, results on predicting discharges in a small catchment will be presented. Inputs are lagged discharges. If the time discretisation scale is rather small, and one uses many lags, the input space becomes high dimensional but the observations by the mutual dependence between the components of the input fill only a lower dimensional subspace of this. It will be shown that this new technique offers better results in these cases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101025,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere","volume":"26 1","pages":"Pages 9-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1909(01)85006-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91440408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

Application of a catchment water quality model for assessment and prediction of nitrogen budgets 集水区水质模型在氮收支评估和预测中的应用

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere Pub Date : 2001-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00048-X

M. Eisele, R. Kiese, A. Krämer, C. Leibundgut

引用次数: 13

Monitoring based time-prediction of rock falls: Three case-histories 基于时间预测的岩崩监测:三个历史案例

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere Pub Date : 2001-01-01 Epub Date: 2001-03-22 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00234-3

J Zvelebill , M Moser

{"title":"Monitoring based time-prediction of rock falls: Three case-histories","authors":"J Zvelebill , M Moser","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00234-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00234-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Three case-histories are aimed to show possibilities how to use results of dilatometric measurements of relative displacements on rock cracks to assess actual rock slope instability and to make time-predictions of a rock fall. The prediction of a collapse of a sandstone rock wall above an international road in the Northern Bohemia was made 2 months beforehand, and the critical 7-days time-window was met with 1-day precision. For an unstable sandstone cliff in the same geographic area, the beginning for the the final phase of a rock fall preparation was foreseen 1 year before. The prognosis of the month entailing immediate rock fall danger was made 5 months beforehand, and then proved using a monitoring method. The time series of a 2 years lasting monitoring enabled the long-time prognosis of rock falling activity from a limestone cliff in Austrian Alps, in 1990. At present time, the prognosis seems to become fulfilled in the next 2 years. These years are making the upper limit of its most probable time window. The needs to improve methods of the medium- and the longtime ranging prognostication to meet the majority of practical demands are briefly discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101025,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere","volume":"26 2","pages":"Pages 159-167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00234-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91637084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 46

Grid stirred turbulence: applications to the initiation of sediment motion and lift-off studies 栅格搅拌湍流:泥沙运动起始和上升研究的应用

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere Pub Date : 2001-01-01 Epub Date: 2001-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00010-7

P. Medina, M.A. Sánchez, J.M. Redondo

引用次数: 27

Development of a high resolution integrated nested model for studying air pollution in Denmark 研究丹麦空气污染的高分辨率综合嵌套模式的发展

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere Pub Date : 2001-01-01 Epub Date: 2001-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00084-3

L.M. Frohn, J.H. Christensen, J. Brandt, O. Hertel

{"title":"Development of a high resolution integrated nested model for studying air pollution in Denmark","authors":"L.M. Frohn, J.H. Christensen, J. Brandt, O. Hertel","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00084-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00084-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A 3-D Eulerian transport-chemistry model, REGINA (REGIonal high resolutionN Air pollution model), based on models developed over the last decade at the National Environmental Research Institute (DREAM, DEHM, ACDEP and DEOM) is currently under development. The model will be applied to studies of air pollution phenomena (both monitoring, forecasts and scenarios) over Denmark, where there are extensive coastal areas that require a high resolution model in order to resolve the effects of e.g. land-sea interactions. The goal is to obtain a nested grid model capable of high resolution operation. It is very important to implement numerical methods suited for the high model resolution in order to make sure that significant errors are not introduced by the numerics. In this paper the model concepts of REGINA will be described. Special attention will be on the numerical methods and numerical test results concerning the advection and chemistry. Furthermore examples of model results and some preliminary validations with measurements from EMEP will be shown. The numerical test results show, that the methods chosen for the model are very accurate with small numerical errors. The next step will be to implement high resolution input data (emission, land use and meteorological data) and physical parameterisations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101025,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere","volume":"26 10","pages":"Pages 769-774"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00084-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81738739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 45

Comparison of two hydrological simulations of the Rhone basin 罗纳河流域两种水文模拟的比较

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere Pub Date : 2001-01-01 Epub Date: 2001-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00035-1

C. Golaz-Cavazzi , P. Etchevers , F. Habets , E. Ledoux , J. Noilhan

{"title":"Comparison of two hydrological simulations of the Rhone basin","authors":"C. Golaz-Cavazzi , P. Etchevers , F. Habets , E. Ledoux , J. Noilhan","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00035-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00035-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective of the GEWEX/Rhone project is to develop a regional model of the surface energy and water cycles, coupled with a macroscale hydrological model within the Rhone basin. Two methods have been used: the Standard MODCOU model (SM) and CIRSE. SM computes the water balance with a daily time step using production functions consisting of 3 reservoirs. CIRSE is comprised of the ISBA surface scheme and the detailed CROCUS snow scheme. It solves the energy and water balances with a 5-minute time step. Both methods use the same model for the runoff routing and the water table evolution. This article presents the application of the 2 methods over the French part of the Rhone basin (86500 km2), for the 14-year period August 1981 to July 1995. Both models give satisfying results. SM, which was calibrated over a 3-year period, obtains the best results in terms of daily efficiency. However, the simulated total annual discharge is closer to the observations with CIRSE than with SM. This is due to the representation of the vegetation cycle and probably to a more realistic description of the soil moisture and evaporation in CIRSE.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101025,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere","volume":"26 5","pages":"Pages 461-466"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00035-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90090224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14

A generalized Fick's law to describe non-local transport effects 描述非局部运输效应的广义菲克定律

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere Pub Date : 2001-01-01 Epub Date: 2001-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00006-5

P. Paradisi , R. Cesari , F. Mainardi , A. Maurizi , F. Tampieri

{"title":"A generalized Fick's law to describe non-local transport effects","authors":"P. Paradisi , R. Cesari , F. Mainardi , A. Maurizi , F. Tampieri","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00006-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00006-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fick's law is extensively used as a model for turbulent diffusion processes. It requires separation of scales between those of the process driving the diffusion mechanism and the scale of variation of the mean quantity being diffused. This makes the model unsuitable for the description of non-local transport processes like those occurring in some turbulent flows.</p><p>A generalized Fick's law is proposed using a fractional derivative operator which accounts for non-local phenomena in virtue of its integral nature. This generalization is suggested as a model for two typical phenomena, like those observed in the convective boundary layer (CBL), which cannot be reduced to a local formulation: the inadequacy in the flux-gradient relationship when considering bottom-up dispersion (in particular, the counter-gradient transport) and the vertical drift of the location of the maximum concentration even in the absence of the mean velocity field.</p><p>The solution of the generalized diffusion equation qualitatively reproduces the above described features, supporting the fractional derivative description of turbulent transport in complex flows. A quantitative approach requires extensive investigation in order to deal with the details of real cases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101025,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere","volume":"26 4","pages":"Pages 275-279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00006-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91187975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 26

Spectral and Spatial Classification Methods in the ARSGISIP project ARSGISIP项目中的光谱和空间分类方法

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere Pub Date : 2001-01-01 Epub Date: 2001-07-13 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00057-0

B. Müschen , W.A. Flügel , V. Hochschild , K. Steinnocher , F. Quiel

引用次数: 8