Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere最新文献_第10页

Measuring change in sterol input to estuarine sediments 测量河口沉积物中固醇输入的变化

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere Pub Date : 2001-01-01 Epub Date: 2001-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00081-8

A.D. Reeves , D. Patton

{"title":"Measuring change in sterol input to estuarine sediments","authors":"A.D. Reeves , D. Patton","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00081-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00081-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In complex estuarine environments suites of sterols can be used to define autochtonous and allochtonous sources of organic matter and to identify biological processes occurring <em>in situ</em>. Coprostanol is a major faecal sterol present in human waste (40%–60% of total faecal sterols excreted). As raw sewage is the primary source of this sterol, its determination is an effective measure of the degree of untreated sewage contamination. Mean concentrations of sterols in μg.g<sup>−1</sup> dry sediment are reported for the Tay Estuary. Ratios of coprostanol/cholesterol, coprostanol/epicoprostanol and the 5β/(5β + 5α) stanol index were used to assess and cross-validate sterol sources. These results have a special significance in that the disposal of raw sewage is being phased-out in north-east Scotland. Our study will therefore act as a record, showing the degree of contamination during discharge of raw sewage. Adherence to the EC Urban Waste Water Directive 1991 (91/271/EEC) by the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency and the North of Scotland Water Authority, means that all sewage sludge should receive primary treatment. This work establishes a baseline against which reduction in sedimentary sterol concentrations can be measured.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101025,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere","volume":"26 9","pages":"Pages 753-757"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00081-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137441670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermodynamic air-sea interactions and tropical atlantic SST dipole pattern 热力海气相互作用与热带大西洋海温偶极子模式

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere Pub Date : 2001-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00233-1

Z. X. Li

引用次数: 9

Modelling variable density groundwater flow 模拟变密度地下水流动

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere Pub Date : 2001-01-01 Epub Date: 2001-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00015-6

C.P. Jackson, S.P. Watson

引用次数: 2

Ground-based remote sensing of wind, temperature and aerosol backscattering in an urban environment during different atmospheric stability conditions 不同大气稳定条件下城市环境风、温度和气溶胶后向散射的地基遥感

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere Pub Date : 2001-01-01 Epub Date: 2001-04-02 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00246-X

P. Castracane , L. Selmi , S. Casadio , M. Cacciani , G. Fiocci

{"title":"Ground-based remote sensing of wind, temperature and aerosol backscattering in an urban environment during different atmospheric stability conditions","authors":"P. Castracane , L. Selmi , S. Casadio , M. Cacciani , G. Fiocci","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00246-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00246-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The diurnal evolution of the urban boundary layer over the central area of Rome was observed by the simultaneous and co-located operation of a Doppler sodar, a microwave radiometer and a dual polarization lidar. The Doppler sodar was configured to provide a wind profile up to about 800 m, and a time-height picture of the thermal structure of the urban boundary layer. A microwave radiometer provided a temperature profile up to 600 m with a height resolution of 50 m. The lidar provided profiles of the aerosol backscattering up to about 7–10 km with 30 m height resolution. The experiment was conducted for several days in the year 1998 during day and night with clear sky and low wind. The aerosol profiles in the urban troposphere appear linked to stability conditions in the lower layers and strong pollution. The presence of aerosols, typically in the afternoon hours at heights up to 2–3 km, can be related to a relatively high mixed layer. Such layer is caused by free convection as indicated by the Richardson number, estimated by the temperature and wind data. Some typical case studies are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101025,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere","volume":"26 3","pages":"Pages 239-245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00246-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91378120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

TDR soil moisture measurements at the Lago Maggiore MAP target area: preliminary results 马焦雷湖MAP目标区TDR土壤水分测量:初步结果

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere Pub Date : 2001-01-01 Epub Date: 2001-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00031-4

M. Menziani , S. Pugnaghi , L. Pilan , R. Santangelo , S. Vincenzi

{"title":"TDR soil moisture measurements at the Lago Maggiore MAP target area: preliminary results","authors":"M. Menziani , S. Pugnaghi , L. Pilan , R. Santangelo , S. Vincenzi","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00031-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00031-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Surface moisture was measured at selected sites in the Lago Maggiore (Italy) target area before and during Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) Special Observing Period (SOP). Additional soil moisture measurements were performed contemporaneously with remotely sensed microwave measurements carried out by another MAP team. The soil moisture conditions influence the runoff produced during heavy precipitation events but long records of soil moisture measurements, like that presented here, are difficult to obtain. This data set, available at MAP Data Center, may be useful to improve real time flood forecasting and Numerical Weather Prediction models. The Osservatorio Geofisico (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) team collected volumetric water content measurements by the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technique. The TDR system was equipped with a multiplexer so that 14 buriable probes, installed at different depths, were automatically scanned at four hour time intervals and the daily soil moisture profiles were recorded. The data have been collected from the end of March 1999 up to the end of MAP-SOP (November 15, 1999). During this period, the first 70 cm of soil were monitored; the minimum of the soil moisture was 17.7 %; the maximum of the soil moisture was 56.0 %. The data allow also investigation of the soil behaviour after heavy precipitation events (e.g. the one happened during the MAP Intensive Observation Period (IOP) 02) depending on its moisture condition before the precipitation. Finally, from the soil water content profile, the cumulative evaporation is computed on the basis of a mass balance, when drainage is supposed to be ceased and no horizontal flux is present.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101025,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere","volume":"26 5","pages":"Pages 431-436"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00031-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82827238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Chemical characterisation of marine aerosol in the azores 亚速尔群岛海洋气溶胶的化学特征

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere Pub Date : 2001-01-01 Epub Date: 2001-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00093-4

F.F. Rodrigues , C.A. Pio , P.S. Fialho , A. Lobo , A. Carvalho , M.A. Cerqueira

引用次数: 2

Fuzzy rule-based prediction of monthly precipitation 基于模糊规则的月降水量预测

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere Pub Date : 2001-01-01 Epub Date: 2001-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00066-1

R. Pongracz , J. Bartholy , I. Bogardi

{"title":"Fuzzy rule-based prediction of monthly precipitation","authors":"R. Pongracz , J. Bartholy , I. Bogardi","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00066-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00066-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Monthly precipitation in Hungary is modeled using the Hess-Brezowsky atmospheric circulation pattern types and an ENSO index as forcing functions or inputs. The weakness of the statistical dependence between these individual inputs and precipitation prevents the use of a multivariate regression analysis for reproducing the probability distribution function of observed precipitation. In order to utilize the existing relationship between forcing functions and precipitation a fuzzy rule-based modeling technique is used. The first part of the observed input and precipitation data is used as the learning set to identify the fuzzy rules. Then, the second part of the data is used to validate the rules by comparing the frequency distributions of precipitation calculated respectively with the fuzzy rules and observed data. Example results are presented for two different climatic regions of Hungary. One of them represents a wetter climate while the other refers to the drier conditions of the Hungarian Plains. The fuzzy rule-based model reproduces the empirical frequency distributions in every season. However, as expected, the statistical prediction is better in winter, spring and fall than in the summer. The potential of the approach is important in climate change studies when the fuzzy rules obtained as described above can be used with input data stemming from GCM to predict regional/local precipitation reflecting GCM scenarios.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101025,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere","volume":"26 9","pages":"Pages 663-667"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00066-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80775286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 29

Computer aided evaluation of planning scenarios to assess the impact of land-use changes on water balance 计算机辅助评价规划情景，以评估土地利用变化对水平衡的影响

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere Pub Date : 2001-01-01 Epub Date: 2001-07-13 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00044-2

J. Terpstra, A. van Mazijk

{"title":"Computer aided evaluation of planning scenarios to assess the impact of land-use changes on water balance","authors":"J. Terpstra, A. van Mazijk","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00044-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00044-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The impact of land use scenarios on water availability is part of the analysis and evaluation of water resources planning options for a river basin. An increasing demand for proper planning and development strategies indicates the need for robust methodologies to analyse the relation between spatial planning and water resources availability. Such a need can be met, for instance, by means of a simple water balance, which relies on a grid description of the river basin. The distributed character of the basin water balance modelling allows to evaluate the influence of land use changes on runoff availability at any point in the river network, this being limited only by the size of the grid mesh. A pilot study in this direction has been undertaken, aiming at establishing a modular framework, which allows developing a computer aided estimation of impacts of land use changes on total runoff. An application to an actual case area has highlighted major advantages and some limitations of using such an approach in the early phase of planning. An example of such planning illustrates the impact of reforestation on run off and consequently on the expansion of a wastewater treatment plant.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101025,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere","volume":"26 7","pages":"Pages 523-527"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00044-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89993770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

The importance of water storage variations for water balance studies of the Baltic Sea 水储存变化对波罗的海水平衡研究的重要性

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere Pub Date : 2001-01-01 Epub Date: 2001-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00023-5

A. Lehmann, H.-H. Hinrichsen

{"title":"The importance of water storage variations for water balance studies of the Baltic Sea","authors":"A. Lehmann, H.-H. Hinrichsen","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00023-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00023-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The closing of the water and energy cycle of the Baltic Sea is one of the main aims of BALTEX (Baltic Sea Experiment), which particularily focuses on the exploration, modelling and quantification of the various processes determining the space and time variability of the energy and water budget. On the long-term mean the water budget of the Baltic Sea is determined by river runoff, net precipitation (precipitation minus evaporation) and the in- and outflows through the Baltic Sea entrance area, assuming that the mean sea level remains constant, i.e. the ability of the Baltic Sea to store a huge amount of water is averaged out over the long-term period. For shorter periods, the water storage which can be expressed by the mean sea level plays an important role on the water budget. The objective of the present study is to investigate the variability of the water storage of the Baltic Sea and relate its fluctuations to the different components of the water balance equation. The anomaly of the mean sea level of the Baltic Sea shows a well pronounced seasonal cycle, with negative values between the end of February to the end of June (minimum in the middle of May), and positive anomalies from July to mid-February (maximum in January). There is a high correlation between the mean sea level expressed by the Landsort tide gauge and the local atmospheric conditions over the Baltic Sea. The annual course of the total water balance is controlled by the local atmospheric conditions with the net fresh-water inflow only controls the general outflow conditions. Sea level, precipitation and river runoff have been obtained from observations provided by the SMHI. For the in- and outflow through the entrance area of the Baltic Sea and evaporation over the open ocean, coupled sea ice-ocean model simulations for a 10-years period have been utilized.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101025,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere","volume":"26 5","pages":"Pages 383-389"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00023-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73136263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

Two-years of boundary layer measurements with a sodar - statistics and applications 两年的边界层测量用雷达-统计及应用

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere Pub Date : 2001-01-01 Epub Date: 2001-04-02 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00241-0

K. Baumann, M. Piringer

引用次数: 6