M.J. Connolly , J-S. Park , J. Almer , M.L. Martin , R. Amaro , P.E. Bradley , D. Lauria , A.J. Slifka
{"title":"High energy X-ray diffraction and small-angle scattering measurements of hydrogen fatigue damage in AISI 4130 steel","authors":"M.J. Connolly , J-S. Park , J. Almer , M.L. Martin , R. Amaro , P.E. Bradley , D. Lauria , A.J. Slifka","doi":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate lifetime predictions are critical for repurposing existing pipelines for hydrogen transmission as well as for developing novel steels which are minimally susceptible to lifetime degradation by hydrogen. Ultimately, lifetime prediction models assess the amount of damage a material undergoes during a typical service cycle and the cumulative damage a material can withstand prior to failure. However, not all damage processes are equal, and neither is the manner in which mechanical loading translates to damage the same when materials are in inert environments compared to in hydrogen environments. For example, in the three leading proposed mechanisms of hydrogen embrittlement (Hydrogen-Enhanced Decohesion (HEDE), the Hydrogen-Enhanced Localized Plasticity (HELP), and the Nano-Void Coalescence (NVC)), hydrogen is proposed to enhance the manifestation of grain separation, dislocation generation/movement, and void coalescence, respectively. A full understanding of the damage modes requires a measurement capable of probing all three mechanisms at once. Here we present simultaneous High Energy X-ray Diffraction (HEXRD) and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) during fatiguing of steel in hydrogen. HEXRD measurements probe strain and dislocation density; SAXS measurements probe nano-pore generation and coalescence. We will discuss the differences in damage modes between steels fatigued in air and in hydrogen and the role these difference play in lifetime predictions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100824,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667143322000403/pdfft?md5=2ec5bba03bf42c0af9e058e612723af8&pid=1-s2.0-S2667143322000403-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89834804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fuhui Shen , Boyu Pan , Shufan Wang , Junhe Lian , Sebastian Münstermann
{"title":"Influence of stress states on cleavage fracture in X70 pipeline steels","authors":"Fuhui Shen , Boyu Pan , Shufan Wang , Junhe Lian , Sebastian Münstermann","doi":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Stress state is a primary factor controlling the ductile fracture behavior of steels, which is typically represented as the combination of the stress triaxiality and Lode angle parameter. The cleavage fracture properties of pipeline steels at low temperatures are usually assessed under plane strain conditions, such as using the fracture mechanics experiments. In this study, the cleavage fracture properties of a X70 steel at liquid nitrogen temperature (−196 °C) are characterized over a broad range of stress states. A comprehensive experimental program is carried out by performing tensile tests using various flat specimens of different geometries immersed in liquid nitrogen, including shear, central hole, notched dog bone, and side grooved plane strain. Pronounced plasticity occurs prior to the final fracture within the tested range of stress states at the very low temperature. Anisotropy effects are considered by conducting tensile tests of fracture specimens along the rolling, diagonal and transverse directions. Finite element simulations of corresponding experiments are performed using an evolving quadratic plasticity model to extract the local stress state variables to establish the fracture criteria, which are formulated based on the critical values of plastic strain and maximum principal stress. The fracture strain of the investigated material at liquid nitrogen temperature is affected by the stress triaxiality, Lode angle parameter and loading direction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100824,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100072"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667143322000440/pdfft?md5=8273d82c832be71e92844d58a18eb630&pid=1-s2.0-S2667143322000440-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79251176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bill Bruce , Melissa Gould , Tran Mah-Paulson , Kalen Jensen , Patrick Bain
{"title":"Review of minimum requirements and development of guidance for weld spacing","authors":"Bill Bruce , Melissa Gould , Tran Mah-Paulson , Kalen Jensen , Patrick Bain","doi":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Follow-on work to a recently completed joint industry project pertaining to hot tap branch connections included the development of guidance on minimum spacing between various combinations of adjacent pipeline girth and appurtenance welds. Related guidance was also developed for the maximum recommended length of a Type B repair sleeve. Several factors may contribute to minimum weld spacing requirements, including metallurgical, geometrical, residual stresses, and even aesthetics. It is not uncommon to hear concerns expressed about the metallurgical interaction of adjacent welds, in terms of overlapping heat-affected zones (HAZs). However, overlapping or interacting HAZs do not become a concern unless welds are spaced very closely, as HAZ widths for typical pipeline welds are generally less than 0.25 in. (6.4 mm). Often, minimum weld spacing requirements are based upon geometrical reasons, such as avoiding overlapping stress concentrations at the weld toes or allowing adequate access for inspection equipment following welding. Or, they may be based upon residual stresses, and the avoidance of overlapping residual stress fields and distortion, which are influenced by pipe dimensions and the welding procedure and could approach a few inches in distance. Finally, weld spacing requirements, especially for new construction applications, may simply be based upon aesthetics, where the flexibility exists to separate welds by a distance that makes sense from a visual perspective. Examples of company-imposed and code-based minimum requirements are provided that can used to perform a critical assessment of current company requirements or develop new requirements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100824,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100073"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667143322000452/pdfft?md5=85f9ec7b183fe638be0c3557bb006df3&pid=1-s2.0-S2667143322000452-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75670981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chris Bassindale , Xin Wang , William R. Tyson , Su Xu
{"title":"Modeling the effect of backfill on dynamic fracture propagation in steel pipelines","authors":"Chris Bassindale , Xin Wang , William R. Tyson , Su Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, dynamic ductile fracture propagation simulations were conducted to study the use of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) for modeling the effects of backfill in pipeline burst simulations. The effect of SPH parameters on fracture velocity was studied using the Battelle Two-Curve Method (BTCM) approach of decoupling mechanics and gas decompression but characterizing propagation toughness by crack tip opening angle (CTOA) rather than Charpy absorbed energy (CVN). The backfilled pipe model was developed and studied using the commercial finite element code ABAQUS 2017. Ductile fracture propagation was simulated using a shell based constant CTOA model. The current study examined the numerical aspects of applying SPH through comparing results with literature. The effects of particle size, various backfill material properties, and backfill depth on the fracture velocity were examined. It was found that the particle size had a minor effect on the fracture velocity and should be selected in proportion to the diameter of the pipe being examined. The numerical study showed that increasing the density and shear modulus of the backfill material resulted in a reduction of the fracture velocity. The effect of backfill depth up to 1.4 m was also examined numerically and found to have little effect on the fracture velocity, agreeing well with literature. The present study illustrates the sensitivity of the fracture velocity to the various parameters used in SPH models.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100824,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100069"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667143322000415/pdfft?md5=98b114c9840f860bc9ef0fa1526c4154&pid=1-s2.0-S2667143322000415-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72840503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Golisch , G. Genchev , E. Wanzenberg , J. Mentz , H. Brauer , E. Muthmann , D. Ratke
{"title":"Application of line pipe and hot induction bends in hydrogen gas","authors":"G. Golisch , G. Genchev , E. Wanzenberg , J. Mentz , H. Brauer , E. Muthmann , D. Ratke","doi":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For the upcoming hydrogen economy, transport pipelines for hydrogen gas and gas mixtures of hydrogen and natural gas are one of the important components. For the application of steel in hydrogen gas it is necessary to handle the risk of hydrogen embrittlement by adapting the right knowledge. Compared to existing hydrogen pipelines, which are safely running since decades, higher gas pressures and steel strength levels are in discussion. For a safe operation and limited resource consumption it is necessary to clarify the product requirements. The semi-finished products medium and large line pipes and bends are regarded over the production chain: pre-material, hot rolled strip, welded pipes, and induction bent pipes. The interaction of hydrogen with steel is investigated since decades. For hydrogen gas, the surface reaction with steel is considerably reduced compared to other corrosion reactions i.e. with sour gas. This results in a much lower amount of introduced hydrogen atoms within the material. Results of lab trials of different materials after storage in pressured hydrogen gas will be shown to clarify this point. Furthermore, results of tests of applicability of commonly used flow coats in hydrogen atmosphere are shown. For a possible failure scenario of a hydrogen transport line the investigations must be focused on local effects of hydrogen enrichment in conjunction with mechanical loads. There are different laboratory tests possible to evaluate these material reactions. They are shown and discussed in the view of the following aspects: product qualification, further product and specification development and suitable approval tests.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100824,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100067"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667143322000397/pdfft?md5=1f1dd879f7830866863bd1bdad3f724c&pid=1-s2.0-S2667143322000397-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86413023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessing damaged pipelines transporting hydrogen","authors":"R.M. Andrews , N. Gallon , O.J.C. Huising","doi":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is worldwide interest in transporting hydrogen using both new pipelines and pipelines converted from natural gas service. Laboratory tests investigating the effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of pipeline steels have shown that even low partial pressures of hydrogen can substantially reduce properties such as reduction in area and fracture toughness, and increase fatigue crack growth rates. However, qualitative arguments suggest that the effects on pipelines may not be as severe as predicted from the small scale tests. If the trends seen in laboratory tests do occur in service, there are implications for the assessment of damage such as volumetric corrosion, dents and mechanical interference. Most pipeline damage assessment methods are semi-empirical and have been calibrated with data from full scale tests that did not involve hydrogen. Hence the European Pipeline Research Group (EPRG) commissioned a study to investigate damage assessment methods in the presence of hydrogen. Two example pipeline designs were considered, both were assessed assuming a modern, high performance material and an older material. From these analyses, the numerical results show that the high toughness material will tolerate damage even if the properties are degraded by hydrogen exposure. However, low toughness materials may not be able to tolerate some types of severe damage. If the predictions are realistic, operators may have to repair more damage or reduce operating pressures. Furthermore, damage involving cracking may not satisfy the ASME B31.12 requirements for preventing time dependent crack growth. Further work is required to determine if the effects predicted using small scale laboratory test data will occur in practice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100824,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100066"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667143322000385/pdfft?md5=d32b8a061e6c5ba9f86862cc1b52c7b5&pid=1-s2.0-S2667143322000385-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137374708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A methodology for time-varying resilience quantification of an offshore natural gas pipeline","authors":"Aghatise Okoro , Faisal Khan , Salim Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Many resilience definitions and metrics have been presented across various disciplines in recent times. However, from a design and operations perspective, a limited effort is focused on quantifying the resilience of oil and gas support structures. This study proposes a methodology for structural resilience quantification of an offshore hydrocarbon pipeline. Resilience is modelled as a function of the structure’s time-dependent reliability, adaptability, and maintainability. The proposed model is demonstrated on an internally corroded offshore natural gas pipeline segment with multiple initial defects; and considers disruptive events arising from the leak, burst, and rupture failure modes. The resilience index and sensitivity analysis are evaluated for the offshore pipeline. The pipeline sensitivity analysis indicates the apparent effect of pipe wall thickness and defect depth growth rate on resilience over its design life. The outcome of this study provides an insight into the resilience quantification of structural systems considering multiple disruptive events. The proposed model is expected to serve as an essential tool for resilience evaluation during the design and operations of oil and gas structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100824,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering","volume":"2 2","pages":"Article 100054"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667143322000269/pdfft?md5=6bc83b747e9a504d3c3637963595ad4c&pid=1-s2.0-S2667143322000269-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90388197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Identifying two-point leakages in parallel pipelines based on flow parameter analysis","authors":"Hao Fu, Kegang Ling, Hui Pu","doi":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Parallel pipelines are widely used to transport energy resources. Leakages usually can occur in pipelines due to aging, corrosion, metal failure, etc. When an accident happened, not only the energy company would take the financial loss, but also it would cause pollution and safety issues to the local environment. Therefore, an efficient way to identify leakages in parallel pipelines is necessary to be proposed. In this study, ANSYS was used to simulate different leak scenarios in parallel pipelines. Fluid and pipe parameters were used to simulate different leak scenarios. In each leak scenario, there were different pressure drops along the leak pipeline based on leak locations and different flow rates. After determining there is more than a leak in pipelines, the relationship among pressure drops, leak locations, and flow rates can be used to build a mathematical model for detecting leaks. During the pipeline operations, the pressure drops were affected by leak locations and flow rates. Therefore, applying flow parameters in real leak scenarios to the mathematical model that is built from the parameters in the reality will identify the leak locations. In addition, lab experiments were applied to verify the validity of the simulations. The deviations between the experiments and simulations are less than 4%. The pressure drops through the leak pipe in the experiments and simulation vary from 1,955 to 2,898 Pa and 1,992 to 2,803 Pa, respectively. This research investigated a method to identify two-point leakages in parallel pipelines based on flow parameter analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100824,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering","volume":"2 2","pages":"Article 100052"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667143322000154/pdfft?md5=837870c50357e6d155f8c4ae0c945626&pid=1-s2.0-S2667143322000154-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87021081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stochastic filter-based fatigue crack growth prediction for pipelines considering unknown model parameters and measurement uncertainty","authors":"Durlabh Bartaula, Samer Adeeb, Yong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jpse.2021.11.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpse.2021.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study a methodology is developed and implemented in Python for fatigue crack growth prediction in pipelines, by leveraging measurement data and fatigue growth model predictions. Specifically, Particle Filter (PF) algorithm, Paris law, and the stress intensity factor (SIF) model in API 579 are integrated into a tool to use noisy crack size measurements for estimating the current crack size and fatigue model parameters, also known as joint state-parameter estimation. For illustration purpose, pseudo-data set for crack size measurements is generated considering additive Gaussian white noise of two different noise levels, aiming to mimic crack size data obtained from In-line Inspection (ILI) tools. It is found that the crack state can be reliably estimated compared to noisy measurements and initial model predictions, and the true model parameters can be updated with good accuracy. As such, the current crack size estimated and model parameters updated can be used in the fatigue growth model (i.e., Paris law) to predict the future trajectory of the fatigue crack growth. As more measurement data becomes available, the developed tool more reliably estimates the future crack growth trajectory.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100824,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering","volume":"2 2","pages":"Article 100044"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667143321000755/pdfft?md5=f4eb60506b7ae020d3ce615f3b2e6462&pid=1-s2.0-S2667143321000755-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91719402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Yazdi , Faisal Khan , Rouzbeh Abbassi , Noor Quddus
{"title":"Resilience assessment of a subsea pipeline using dynamic Bayesian network","authors":"Mohammad Yazdi , Faisal Khan , Rouzbeh Abbassi , Noor Quddus","doi":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a serious concern and plays a significant role in the marine and subsea industry’s infrastructure failure. A probabilistic methodology is introduced in the present study to assess the subsea system’s resilience under MIC. Conventionally, the risk-based models are constructed using the system’s characteristic features. This helps decision-makers understand how a system operates and how the failed system can be recovered. The subsea system needs to be designed with sufficient resilience to maintain the performance under the time-varying interdependent stochastic conditions. This paper presents the dynamic Bayesian network-based approach to model the subsea system’s resilience as a function of time. An industry-based application study of the subsea pipeline is studied to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed methodology for the resilience assessment. The proposed methodology will assist decision-makers in considering the resilience in the system design and operation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100824,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering","volume":"2 2","pages":"Article 100053"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667143322000257/pdfft?md5=324b6df7d78fa083e5ca588c85d78ccc&pid=1-s2.0-S2667143322000257-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83665342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}