Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Iceberg-seabed interaction evaluation in clay seabed using tree-based machine learning algorithms","authors":"Hamed Azimi ,&nbsp;Hodjat Shiri ,&nbsp;Masoud Mahdianpari","doi":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In Arctic offshore regions, the oil and gas hydrocarbons are transferred to the onshore basins through the subsea pipelines. However, the operational integrity of the subsea pipeline may be at risk of collision with traveling icebergs, which gouge the seabed in the Arctic shallow waters. Even though these sea bottom-founded structures are buried at a secure depth below the seafloor, the pipeline is still threatened by the ice scouring event extended much deeper than the ice tip due to the shear resistance of the seabed soil. Modeling the sub-gouge soil characteristics is a challenging problem that requires costly experimental and long-running finite element (FE) simulations. To overcome these challenges, in this paper, the reaction forces and sub-gouge soil deformations in clay were modeled using an advanced extra tree regression (ETR) algorithm, as a quick and cost-effective alternative for the early design phases of pipeline engineering projects. Eight ETR models, ETR 1 to ETR 8, were developed by using the input parameters governing the iceberg-seabed interaction problem. The collected data were randomly split into 70% for training the machine learning (ML) models and 30% for testing purposes. The most accurate ETR models and the most significant input parameters were identified by performing a sensitivity analysis. The comparison of the most accurate ETR models and decision tree regression (DTR), random forest regression (RFR), and gradient boosting regression (GBR) algorithms proved that the ETR models had better performance to simulate the ice keel seabed interaction in clay.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100824,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100075"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667143322000476/pdfft?md5=d6a69ba337789792bf15a7b1d087c26d&pid=1-s2.0-S2667143322000476-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90212909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial neural network models of burst strength for thin-wall pipelines","authors":"Xian-Kui Zhu,&nbsp;William R. Johnson,&nbsp;Robert Sindelar,&nbsp;Bruce Wiersma","doi":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Burst strength is critical to pipeline design, operation, and integrity management. The Barlow formula with the ultimate tensile stress (UTS) was often used to estimate burst strength of line pipes. To consider the plastic flow effect of pipeline steels, an average shear stress yield criterion was proposed, and the associated Zhu-Leis solution of burst strength was obtained for defect-free pipelines in term of UTS and strain hardening exponent, <em>n</em>, of materials. The Zhu-Leis solution was validated by more than 100 burst tests for various pipeline steels. The Zhu-Leis solution, when normalized by the Barlow strength, is a function of strain hardening rate, <em>n</em>, only. In contrast, experimental burst test data, when normalized by the Barlow strength, are a weak function of UTS and pipe diameter to thickness ratio <em>D</em>/<em>t</em>, in addition to be the function of <em>n</em>. Due to the difficulty of obtaining a closed-from solution using three-parameter regression, machine learning technology is adopted to develop alternative models of burst strength based on a large database of full-scale burst tests. In comparing to the regression, the machine learning method works well for both single and multiple parameters by introducing an artificial neural network (ANN), activation functions and learning algorithm for the network to learn from training data and then make predictions. Three ANN models were developed in this paper for predicting the burst strength of defect-free pipelines. Model 1 has one input variable and one hidden layer with three neurons; Model 2 has three input variables and one hidden layer with five neurons; and Model 3 has three input variables and two hidden layers with three neurons for the first hidden layer and two neurons for the second hidden layer. These three ANN models were then validated by the full-scale test data and evaluated through comparison with the Zhu-Leis solution and the linear regression results. On this basis, the best ANN model was recommended.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100824,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100090"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667143322000622/pdfft?md5=11c58be76c0df0bbd93eb84625a6c0e6&pid=1-s2.0-S2667143322000622-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78841971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical study on the flow characteristics of slug flow in a horizontal elbow","authors":"Xuewen Cao ,&nbsp;Pan Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiang Li ,&nbsp;Zheng Li ,&nbsp;Qianrong Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiang Bian","doi":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Elbow is one of the most accident-prone locations in multiphase flow lines, and understanding the flow field is the key to manage the risk. In the meantime, the flow characteristics of slug flow are most complicated in the flow field. To clarify the flow characteristics of slug flow at the elbow, the influence and mechanism of the elbow on the flow characteristics of slug flow under different superficial gas-liquid velocities were studied with experiments and numerical simulations. A set of transparent loops with gas-liquid two phase flow was built. High-speed camera, pressure sensor, Doppler velocimeter and wire mesh sensor were used to collect flow pattern, pressure, slug velocity and gas-liquid distribution characteristics. In the meantime, the multi-fluid volume of fluid (VOF) model was used in the CFD simulations, and the simulation results were compared against the experimental results for verification. The results showed that the void fraction is highest at the inlet and lowest at the middle position, and the pressure and flow velocity at the extrados were higher than those at the intrados of the elbow. With the increase of the superficial liquid velocity and gas velocity, the number of bubbles accumulated inside the horizontal elbow increased, the slug flow liquid film velocity of the horizontal elbow increased, and the secondary flow phenomenon weakened.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100824,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100076"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667143322000488/pdfft?md5=06db1547a369cdd3034bb21f6efd0ce3&pid=1-s2.0-S2667143322000488-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78215532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review and analysis of pipeline leak detection methods","authors":"Naga Venkata Saidileep Korlapati ,&nbsp;Faisal Khan ,&nbsp;Quddus Noor ,&nbsp;Saadat Mirza ,&nbsp;Sreeram Vaddiraju","doi":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A pipeline burst or rupture causing a leak may significantly impact the environment and the reputation of the company operating the pipeline. In recent years, oil and gas pipelines are expected to be equipped with leak detection systems for monitoring the operations and detecting the leaks. Although the leak detection methods used today may not prevent leaks from happening, they play a crucial role in limiting the impact of leak. There is a wide variety of leak detection methods developed and tested. This paper reviews these methods, analyze their advantages and limitations. It ends by highlighting the opportunities for future work to improve reliability and adaptability of leak detection methods in subsea region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100824,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100074"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667143322000464/pdfft?md5=29ea7bdb67f48380ff375ca757635d58&pid=1-s2.0-S2667143322000464-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89527159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drag reduction in single-phase crude oil flow: A mini-review","authors":"Farid Souas,&nbsp;Ahmed Salah Eddine Meddour","doi":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>It is well recognized that a major issue for fluid flows in many industrial pipe systems, including the transportation of crude oil, is the high energy consumption in the pipeline system brought on by significant pressure losses in turbulent flows. The reduction of apparent viscosity and drag are two important challenges in order to enhance crude oil flow conditions in long-distance pipelines. Chemical techniques are seen to be the most efficient and practical ways to handle these problems. The pressure drop through a pipeline can be decreased by adding a tiny quantity of drag-reducing agents (DRA) to the flow of crude oil, which is a commonly employed approach. As a result, the energy usage drops for a certain flow rate. In the field of reducing crude oil drag, polymer and surfactant additives have been extensively used for this purpose. Therefore, a literature review of published experimental work relating to drag reduction by DRA in single-phase crude oil flow is discussed in this paper in order to better understand the mechanism of the drag reduction phenomena in crude oil pipelines.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100824,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100088"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667143322000609/pdfft?md5=a0ef075249890d344f27b258f1e8f66a&pid=1-s2.0-S2667143322000609-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80552800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on leakage detection and localization in gas-liquid stratified flow pipelines based on acoustic method","authors":"Xuejie Li ,&nbsp;Yuan Xue ,&nbsp;Huimin Du ,&nbsp;Linjing Yue ,&nbsp;Rui Ding ,&nbsp;Cuiwei Liu ,&nbsp;Yuxing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Leakage detection technology is of vital importance to the safe operation and flow insurance of multiphase flow pipelines. This paper for the first time applies acoustic based leakage detection method to stratified flow pipelines and verifies the feasibility of this method in multiphase flow pipelines. Gas-liquid stratified flow pipeline leakage detection and localization experiment is conducted to investigate the effectiveness of different filtering methods when calculating the time difference (delay) between arrival times of leakage acoustic signals at different sensors using cross-correlation algorithm. Propagation characteristics of the leakage acoustic wave in stratified flow are also investigated. The results show that the 5-level Symlets wavelet filter can effectively improve the accuracy of time delay estimation. Moreover, the value of sound speed can be set as 346 m/s when carrying out leakage localization in stratified flow pipelines, which is nearly irrelevant with pressure, void fraction, superficial velocity of gas phase and the structure of pipe. The research in this paper lays a foundation for the application of acoustic based leakage detection technology in multiphase flow pipelines.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100824,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100089"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667143322000610/pdfft?md5=5e7ff589dee140ed0453935979214272&pid=1-s2.0-S2667143322000610-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85621898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of properties on large diameter welded pipe: case study on 32″ × 16 mm X65 HSAW pipe","authors":"Steven Cooreman ,&nbsp;Dennis Van Hoecke ,&nbsp;Sandeep Abotula ,&nbsp;Hervé Luccioni ,&nbsp;Nikos Voudouris ,&nbsp;Athanasios Tazedakis","doi":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Large diameter welded pipes are amongst the most cost-effective transportation means for oil and gas. The production of those pipes involves different cold forming steps, as a result of which the mechanical properties on pipe will be different from the plate or coil properties. The steel manufacturer has several parameters at hand to control the properties of his final product. However, the pipe manufacturer only has a narrow process window, but eventually he is responsible for the properties of his product, i.e. the pipe. Furthermore, for some pipeline applications, the properties in both the transverse and longitudinal pipe direction must be within certain limits. This paper presents a Finite Element model which allows simulating pipe forming and subsequent mechanical testing and thus could be adopted to predict pipe properties from coil/plate properties. The complex hardening behaviour exhibited by pipeline grades is described by an extended version of the Levkovitch-Svendsen model, a constitutive model which accounts for isotropic, kinematic and distortional hardening. To validate the model, numerical predictions were compared to experimental results obtained from mechanical tests conducted on 32″ × 16 mm X65 HSAW (Helical Submerged Arc-Welding) pipes. The properties on pipe were evaluated by means of ring expansion tests and tensile tests on (flattened) full-thickness dog-bone samples and non-flattened round bar samples. Furthermore, tensile tests were performed in the transverse and longitudinal pipe direction and tests were conducted before and after hydrotesting. In general, the numerical predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100824,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100071"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667143322000439/pdfft?md5=bc3e5ee623ff99d880f03219d10ca327&pid=1-s2.0-S2667143322000439-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82315460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Significance of separations occurring in mechanical testing of thermomechanical rolled pipeline steels","authors":"Sebastian Scholl,&nbsp;Andreas Schneider,&nbsp;Volker Schwinn","doi":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, the origin of separations is investigated in modern high strength pipeline steels. In-depth microstructure characterization and property correlation is used to demonstrate that preferred crystallographic planes are responsible for the generation of separations in thermomechanical rolled steels with high cleanliness. Further insights on the influence of crystallographic orientation are obtained by performing different types of standard and non-standard tests with specific specimen and notch orientations and evaluating the related crack propagation path. Finally, special texture components are identified, which determine whether in-plane fracture, splitting or deflection of the cleavage parts take place. This study assists in understanding the separation phenomenon in modern high strength pipeline steels across the different test methods. Furthermore, it amplifies that the separations in thermomechanical rolled steels with high steel cleanliness are inherently linked to the orientation of specific crystallographic planes and are not necessarily an indication of a poor material behavior.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100824,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667143322000427/pdfft?md5=3c48d728e8983b3148b15509f5a4d779&pid=1-s2.0-S2667143322000427-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78284674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High energy X-ray diffraction and small-angle scattering measurements of hydrogen fatigue damage in AISI 4130 steel","authors":"M.J. Connolly ,&nbsp;J-S. Park ,&nbsp;J. Almer ,&nbsp;M.L. Martin ,&nbsp;R. Amaro ,&nbsp;P.E. Bradley ,&nbsp;D. Lauria ,&nbsp;A.J. Slifka","doi":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate lifetime predictions are critical for repurposing existing pipelines for hydrogen transmission as well as for developing novel steels which are minimally susceptible to lifetime degradation by hydrogen. Ultimately, lifetime prediction models assess the amount of damage a material undergoes during a typical service cycle and the cumulative damage a material can withstand prior to failure. However, not all damage processes are equal, and neither is the manner in which mechanical loading translates to damage the same when materials are in inert environments compared to in hydrogen environments. For example, in the three leading proposed mechanisms of hydrogen embrittlement (Hydrogen-Enhanced Decohesion (HEDE), the Hydrogen-Enhanced Localized Plasticity (HELP), and the Nano-Void Coalescence (NVC)), hydrogen is proposed to enhance the manifestation of grain separation, dislocation generation/movement, and void coalescence, respectively. A full understanding of the damage modes requires a measurement capable of probing all three mechanisms at once. Here we present simultaneous High Energy X-ray Diffraction (HEXRD) and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) during fatiguing of steel in hydrogen. HEXRD measurements probe strain and dislocation density; SAXS measurements probe nano-pore generation and coalescence. We will discuss the differences in damage modes between steels fatigued in air and in hydrogen and the role these difference play in lifetime predictions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100824,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667143322000403/pdfft?md5=2ec5bba03bf42c0af9e058e612723af8&pid=1-s2.0-S2667143322000403-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89834804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of stress states on cleavage fracture in X70 pipeline steels","authors":"Fuhui Shen ,&nbsp;Boyu Pan ,&nbsp;Shufan Wang ,&nbsp;Junhe Lian ,&nbsp;Sebastian Münstermann","doi":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Stress state is a primary factor controlling the ductile fracture behavior of steels, which is typically represented as the combination of the stress triaxiality and Lode angle parameter. The cleavage fracture properties of pipeline steels at low temperatures are usually assessed under plane strain conditions, such as using the fracture mechanics experiments. In this study, the cleavage fracture properties of a X70 steel at liquid nitrogen temperature (−196 °C) are characterized over a broad range of stress states. A comprehensive experimental program is carried out by performing tensile tests using various flat specimens of different geometries immersed in liquid nitrogen, including shear, central hole, notched dog bone, and side grooved plane strain. Pronounced plasticity occurs prior to the final fracture within the tested range of stress states at the very low temperature. Anisotropy effects are considered by conducting tensile tests of fracture specimens along the rolling, diagonal and transverse directions. Finite element simulations of corresponding experiments are performed using an evolving quadratic plasticity model to extract the local stress state variables to establish the fracture criteria, which are formulated based on the critical values of plastic strain and maximum principal stress. The fracture strain of the investigated material at liquid nitrogen temperature is affected by the stress triaxiality, Lode angle parameter and loading direction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100824,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100072"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667143322000440/pdfft?md5=8273d82c832be71e92844d58a18eb630&pid=1-s2.0-S2667143322000440-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79251176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}