Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing最新文献

筛选
英文 中文
Correction to “The Revolution Will Not Be Crowdfunded: Alternative Philanthropy's Politics” 对“革命不会是众筹:另类慈善的政治”的更正
IF 1.4
Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing Pub Date : 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1002/nvsm.70043
{"title":"Correction to “The Revolution Will Not Be Crowdfunded: Alternative Philanthropy's Politics”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/nvsm.70043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lincoln, M. 2025. “The Revolution Will Not Be Crowdfunded: Alternative Philanthropy's Politics.” <i>Journal of Philanthropy</i> 30, no. 4: e70040. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.70040.</p><p>This article was mistakenly included in the <i>Journal of Philanthropy</i> November 2025 issue.</p><p>This article should be considered as part of the Dialogues collection, “Crowdfunding: A Productive Disruption, Failed Revolution, or an Evolution of ‘Traditional’ Giving Practices?” published in this November 2025 supplement issue. Below is the abstract excerpt to the article for a quick reference:</p><p>This commentary on “Disrupting Philanthropy?: A Reality Check for Digital Crowdfunding” examines the self-contradictory moral economy of crowdfunding, noting its misleading characterization of its own politics. It discusses the limits of crowdfunding as continuous with the limits of philanthropy and charity. Noting the typically patrician inflection of the term “philanthropy,” it suggests the class conflicts that the project of “disrupting philanthropy” engenders (or pretends to). Extending the authors’ close reading of discourse about crowdfunding, the essay offers a complementary critique of this new form of finance. It suggests that in trading on rhetoric about disruption, democratization, revolution, and the power of “crowds,” crowdfunding justifies its de facto status as a substitute for social entitlements. Finally, it suggests opportunities for further research that examines the utility of crowdfunding’s material failures and its actual accomplishments.</p><p>The publisher apologises for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":100823,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing","volume":"30 S1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/nvsm.70043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145479923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Beyond Beneficiaries: Expanding Questions of Autonomy in Crowdfunding, Through a Situated Lens on Health Citizenship 超越受益者:通过健康公民的定位镜头扩大众筹中的自治问题
IF 1.4
Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing Pub Date : 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1002/nvsm.70038
Susan Wardell
{"title":"Beyond Beneficiaries: Expanding Questions of Autonomy in Crowdfunding, Through a Situated Lens on Health Citizenship","authors":"Susan Wardell","doi":"10.1002/nvsm.70038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Like all forms of philanthropic and charitable practice directed towards people with health needs, crowdfunding does not occur in isolation, but is always entangled with other aspects of health subjectivities and health citizenship. I focus my response to the claims about crowdfunding investigated in this article by advocating for more attention to nationally situated and culturally situated aspects of both the technology and the neoliberal logics that drive it. I also discuss the question of autonomy, and whether crowdfunding can truly ‘empower users’, by pointing out the difference between whether it empowers users as <i>beneficiaries</i> or as <i>health citizens.</i> I suggest moving beyond a dichotomy (i.e., of whether it is empowering or undermining autonomy) to instead consider what opportunities, engagements, or affordances it may provide for health citizens in various national and local contexts, as well as for distinct patient, disability, or health communities. As such, I highlight the overall need for a more reflexive and comparative approach, to avoid the risk of theorising features of crowdfunding as universal without sufficient attention to situated or sociocultural factors; opening the possibility of more plural answers to core questions about what crowdfunding is and does.</p>","PeriodicalId":100823,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing","volume":"30 S1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/nvsm.70038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145479921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Disrupting Philanthropy? A Reality Check for Digital Crowdfunding 扰乱慈善事业?数字众筹的现实检验
IF 1.4
Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing Pub Date : 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1002/nvsm.70041
Martin Lukk, Nora Kenworthy, Erik Schneiderhan, Jeremy Snyder
{"title":"Disrupting Philanthropy? A Reality Check for Digital Crowdfunding","authors":"Martin Lukk,&nbsp;Nora Kenworthy,&nbsp;Erik Schneiderhan,&nbsp;Jeremy Snyder","doi":"10.1002/nvsm.70041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Crowdfunding promised to revolutionize philanthropy by using digital technology to make charitable giving cheaper, easier, and more accessible. Has this been realized in practice? We highlight three crucial questions for charity professionals and academic researchers to consider regarding crowdfunding's “disruptive” capacity, and we answer them in light of nearly a decade of research on crowdfunding for health care and related personal costs. We argue that crowdfunding's benefits have been largely overstated. Instead of offering a radically novel approach, it puts a digital spin on an outdated charity model. While potentially empowering fundraising recipients, it can significantly undermine their autonomy in practice. And although crowdfunding is commonly used to support health and medical costs, it promotes values and practices that ultimately harm public health systems. Our synthesis highlights the considerable progress scholars have made in understanding this extremely popular, if flawed, approach to charity, and we call for more critical analyses of crowdfunding as it continues to evolve, alongside research into alternative approaches to charitable giving.</p>","PeriodicalId":100823,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing","volume":"30 S1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/nvsm.70041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145479927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Consensus Against False Dichotomies in Crowdfunding? 众筹中反对错误二分法的共识?
IF 1.4
Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing Pub Date : 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1002/nvsm.70035
Martin Lukk, Nora Kenworthy, Erik Schneiderhan, Jeremy Snyder
{"title":"A Consensus Against False Dichotomies in Crowdfunding?","authors":"Martin Lukk,&nbsp;Nora Kenworthy,&nbsp;Erik Schneiderhan,&nbsp;Jeremy Snyder","doi":"10.1002/nvsm.70035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our opening pillar article for this special issue argued that the disruptive benefits of digital crowdfunding have been overstated. Responses to our piece draw on diverse cases and perspectives, inviting the field to both broaden its theoretical scope and expand its appreciation of crowdfunding's wide-ranging empirical manifestations. The exchange also surfaces valuable insights about the current state of crowdfunding scholarship, suggesting a consensus against understanding crowdfunding in terms of simple dichotomies, like good versus bad or oppressive versus liberating, while revealing generative frictions among scholars' approaches. We identify three unresolved questions about the nature of crowdfunding that emerge from the responses: What is crowdfunding? What does crowdfunding do? How is crowdfunding actually practiced? Answering these questions requires confronting essential debates in the literature, including about crowdfunding's relationship to autonomy, resistance, and structural change. In search of these answers, the responses highlight the need for expanded empirical research into additional aspects of the phenomenon across different contexts, including the elite networks shaping crowdfunding platforms and ordinary users' perspectives on agency and resistance. Overall, the dialog calls for future research that develops the field's critical edge while appreciating the diversity of practices that crowdfunding involves.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100823,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing","volume":"30 S1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145479925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
“Connect Me to the Customer Service”: Neoliberal Welfare Management and the Making of the Customer-Beneficiary in Turkey's Institutionalized Charity Regime “把我和客户服务联系起来”:新自由主义福利管理和土耳其制度化慈善制度中客户-受益人的形成
IF 1.4
Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing Pub Date : 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1002/nvsm.70044
Zeynep Atalay
{"title":"“Connect Me to the Customer Service”: Neoliberal Welfare Management and the Making of the Customer-Beneficiary in Turkey's Institutionalized Charity Regime","authors":"Zeynep Atalay","doi":"10.1002/nvsm.70044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article examines the shift in beneficiary roles within Turkey's charitable aid sector from passive recipients to active ‘customer-beneficiaries’ within a clientelist welfare regime and weak transparency. Using interviews and user-generated online reviews (consumer complaint sites and social media), it shows how beneficiaries proactively demand transparency and improved services from local charities. The findings illustrate that aid users challenge distribution practices and appeal directly to donors. This proactive engagement has started to impact how aid organizations manage their reputational accountability to enhance credibility. The analysis contributes to debates on nonprofit accountability by showing how beneficiaries pursue accountability from below in hybrid and authoritarian regimes where formal channels are limited, and by applying insights from research on online consumer reviews to the underexplored field of charitable aid.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100823,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing","volume":"30 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145470113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Revolution Will Not be Crowdfunded: Alternative Philanthropy's Politics 革命不会是众筹:另类慈善的政治
IF 1.4
Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing Pub Date : 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1002/nvsm.70040
Martha Lincoln
{"title":"The Revolution Will Not be Crowdfunded: Alternative Philanthropy's Politics","authors":"Martha Lincoln","doi":"10.1002/nvsm.70040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.70040","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This commentary on “Disrupting Philanthropy?: A Reality Check for Digital Crowdfunding” examines the self-contradictory moral economy of crowdfunding, noting its misleading characterization of its own politics. It discusses the limits of crowdfunding as continuous with the limits of philanthropy and charity. Noting the typically patrician inflection of the term “philanthropy,” it suggests the class conflicts that the project of “disrupting philanthropy” engenders (or pretends to). Extending the authors' close reading of discourse about crowdfunding, the essay offers a complementary critique of this new form of finance. It suggests that in trading on rhetoric about disruption, democratization, revolution, and the power of “crowds,” crowdfunding justifies its de facto status as a substitute for social entitlements. Finally, it suggests opportunities for further research that examines the utility of crowdfunding's material failures and its actual accomplishments.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100823,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing","volume":"30 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145224156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dedicated Donors With “Donordruppels?” Effects of an Online Loyalty Program on Plasma Donor Perception and Behavior 专门的捐赠者有“捐赠或核桃仁?”在线忠诚计划对血浆捐献者认知和行为的影响
IF 1.4
Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1002/nvsm.70030
Marloes L. C. Spekman, Eva-Maria Merz
{"title":"Dedicated Donors With “Donordruppels?” Effects of an Online Loyalty Program on Plasma Donor Perception and Behavior","authors":"Marloes L. C. Spekman,&nbsp;Eva-Maria Merz","doi":"10.1002/nvsm.70030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Donation of plasma, a blood component used to produce medicines, is not well known among the general population. This unfamiliarity, combined with considerable personal costs of plasma donation, that is, time and effort, and restrictive policies around donor compensation, poses a significant threat to plasma availability worldwide. Retention of existing plasma donors in particular poses challenges for plasma collection agencies. Loyalty programs, which reward returning donors, may contribute to donor retention. This study evaluates how plasma donors perceive and use a loyalty program and its effect on donation behavior. A total of 360 plasma donors participated in an online survey, and their answers were linked to their use of the loyalty program and donation behavior. Ten percent of survey participants had not registered for the program, mainly because they found it unnecessary to save for and receive rewards for donating. For users, we ran a Structural Equation Model (SEM) to estimate paths between perceptions (e.g., attitudes, expectations), use intention, actual use, and donation behavior. Results regarding perceptions were somewhat mixed, yet clear effects were observed for the path from intention to use the loyalty program to actual use of the program and to actual donation behavior. In conclusion, we find that online, easy-to-use loyalty programs give donors more control over whether to use their loyalty points and how and what to save for (as compared to the smaller gifts they would receive in standard milestone-based appreciation programs) and can have a positive impact on their donation behavior and ultimately, on plasma availability.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100823,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing","volume":"30 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Co-Creation With Marginalized Communities: Marketing Lessons From a Grassroots Health Campaign 与边缘化群体共同创造:来自基层健康运动的营销经验
IF 1.4
Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1002/nvsm.70034
Altug Ocak
{"title":"Co-Creation With Marginalized Communities: Marketing Lessons From a Grassroots Health Campaign","authors":"Altug Ocak","doi":"10.1002/nvsm.70034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This practice paper describes a health marketing campaign at the community level that shifted towards co-creation in an effort to reach an excluded urban population with little to no access to formal healthcare. The campaign's early attempts to employ traditional, top-down messages were unsuccessful at providing meaningful participation because of cultural incongruence, distrust, and linguistic barriers. The campaign subsequently shifted towards a participatory strategy by engaging members of the target population in message creation, imagery, and delivery strategy. Based on inclusive marketing and participatory communication principles, the co-creation process resulted in culturally appropriate metaphors, localized images, oral forms of messages like WhatsApp voice notes and street theatre at the grassroots level. Major lessons learned were: the need to transform the role of the marketer from an expert to a facilitator, valuing cultural translation more than linear messaging, and understanding informal media as effective outreach tools. The article concludes with practical implications for philanthropic organizations seeking to enhance message legitimacy and local trust in health interventions. The article highlights that co-creation is not only a moral imperative but also a strategic imperative when operating in underserved settings. By prioritizing local voices and pursuing a flexible, iterative design approach, marketers can develop more efficacious and inclusive campaigns. The findings provide a transferrable framework for other non-profits seeking to develop authentic engagement with vulnerable communities.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100823,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing","volume":"30 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Correction to “Online Fundraising for Nonprofit Organizations via Social Media Marketing: A Critical Success Factors Analysis in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland” Harken, S., V. Mertins and M. Urselmann 2025. “ Online Fundraising for Nonprofit Organizations via Social Media Marketing: A Critical Success Factors Analysis in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland.” Journal of Philanthropy 30, no. 3: e70028. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.70028. 对“通过社交媒体营销为非营利组织进行在线筹款:德国、奥地利和瑞士的关键成功因素分析”的更正,S. Harken, V. mertin and M. Urselmann 2025。“通过社会媒体营销为非营利组织进行在线筹款:德国、奥地利和瑞士的关键成功因素分析。”《慈善杂志》第30期,第2期。3: e70028。https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.70028。
IF 1.4
Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/nvsm.70033
{"title":"Correction to “Online Fundraising for Nonprofit Organizations via Social Media Marketing: A Critical Success Factors Analysis in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland” Harken, S., V. Mertins and M. Urselmann 2025. “ Online Fundraising for Nonprofit Organizations via Social Media Marketing: A Critical Success Factors Analysis in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland.” Journal of Philanthropy 30, no. 3: e70028. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.70028.","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/nvsm.70033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We sincerely apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":100823,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing","volume":"30 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/nvsm.70033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Accept or Reject: Factors Influencing Nonprofit Responses to Cannabis Industry Philanthropy 接受或拒绝:影响非营利组织对大麻产业慈善事业回应的因素
IF 1.4
Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing Pub Date : 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1002/nvsm.70032
Jessica L. Berrett, Kate Quintana, Elisabeth C. McLane
{"title":"Accept or Reject: Factors Influencing Nonprofit Responses to Cannabis Industry Philanthropy","authors":"Jessica L. Berrett,&nbsp;Kate Quintana,&nbsp;Elisabeth C. McLane","doi":"10.1002/nvsm.70032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As the cannabis industry engages in philanthropy, nonprofits face complex decisions about whether to accept such donations. Although prior research has focused on the motivations behind corporate giving in stigmatized industries, much less is known about how potential recipients evaluate these contributions. This study explores the organizational and contextual characteristics that shape nonprofit openness to cannabis philanthropy, drawing on institutional, stakeholder, and legitimacy theories. Using survey data from over 300 Colorado nonprofits, we examine how factors such as size, age, mission, population served, federal funding, and local political context influence both attitudes toward and actual acceptance of cannabis-related funding. Results show that smaller and younger organizations appear to exhibit greater openness to cannabis-related donation acceptance. Additionally, mission alignment and the beneficiary population—particularly organizations serving youth—are the strongest predictors of rejection, whereas federal funding is also associated with reluctance. Contrary to expectations, political context does not significantly influence decisions. The findings highlight the normative and resource-dependence pressures through which nonprofits assess and legitimize emerging sources of controversial funding.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100823,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing","volume":"30 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145013011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
相关产品
×
本文献相关产品
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:604180095
Book学术官方微信
小红书