Journal of Natural Pesticide Research最新文献

{"title":"The role of biopesticides in the management of Thaumatotibia leucotreta in avocado and other widely produced fruits in Africa","authors":"Juliana G. Shikoshi ,&nbsp;Patrick A. Ndakidemi ,&nbsp;Ernest R. Mbega ,&nbsp;Kelvin M. Mtei ,&nbsp;Angela G. Mkindi","doi":"10.1016/j.napere.2025.100127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.napere.2025.100127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biopesticides (BPs) are gaining popularity worldwide as a means of managing crop pests. This is largely driven by the negative effects associated with synthetic pesticide use on human health, the environment, and the growing concerns regarding chemical residues in food. This review explored the magnitude of BPs use in managing <em>T. leucotreta</em> in different fruit host plants from the year 2014–2024. SCOPUS journal papers were retrieved through Google Scholar and categorized by pesticide type, including nematodes, botanicals, fungi, and viruses. The information searching was done using related terms and synonyms of the major keywords of interest (“False codling moth”, “<em>Thaumatotibia leucotreta</em>”, “Biopesticides” and “Management”) together with other terms used in previous studies concerning the formulated study question. A total of 136 articles were identified in the Scopus database of which only 13 (10 %) articles specifically lay strong evidence that BPs can effectively manage <em>T. leucotreta</em> thereby significantly reducing fruits infestation. The findings revealed that among the studied interventions, entomopathogenic nematodes were the most extensively researched biopesticide agent, particularly in citrus. Mean while research on entomopathogenic fungi and viruses received some attention. Drawing on published datasets no study has been documented on the use of plant-derived pesticides (botanical pesticides) against <em>T. leucotreta</em> on fruits. Therefore, further research is needed to generate information on use and promote the popularity of the BPs in managing the <em>T. leucotreta</em>, particularly in fruit production in Africa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100809,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Pesticide Research","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies for enhancing sustainable and economic utilization of almond waste through a comprehensive multi-stage systematic approach to pathogen control","authors":"Manjula Nishantha Udagepolage Don ,&nbsp;Singarayer Florentine ,&nbsp;Chris Turville ,&nbsp;Kithsiri Dassanayake","doi":"10.1016/j.napere.2025.100126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.napere.2025.100126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Almonds are one of the healthiest, most nutritious and economically valuable species of edible nuts, and in 2023/2024, global Almond production was 1.51 million metric tons. However, about 5.03 million metric tons of waste, which was mainly hulls was also generated in the production process, and this high waste level threatens the industry’s sustainability. Almond hulls are rich in crude protein and dietary fibre, making them a valuable livestock feed option. Unfortunately, the pesticides used in Almond production can be a limitation when using these hull as feed for dairy and beef cows, due to the potential for pesticide residues enter the food chain and emerge in dairy and beef products. This study suggests an alternative Systematic Approach Model to pathogen could help reduce chemical residues in Almond production. This approach involves a three-step process based on sustainable and less harmful substances to provide effective pathogen control. First, caffeine is used for its pest-repellent and insecticidal properties, which is followed by a silicon formulation to strengthen the bark and cuticle layers of the almond trees to provide natural physical barriers to pathogens. Finally, applying Vitamins B, C, and E will increase the tree’s internal immunity, improving its natural resistance to pathogens. Multiple research studies support each of these approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100809,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Pesticide Research","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143627812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Secamone emetica leaf extract: Biological and environmental applications","authors":"Madhavan Sowmiya ,&nbsp;Kuppusamy Selvam ,&nbsp;Muthugounder Subaramanian Shivakumar","doi":"10.1016/j.napere.2025.100122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.napere.2025.100122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the synthesis of nanoparticles using plant-based protocols has received great attention. The present work concerns the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using aqueous leaf extract of <em>Secamone emetica</em> (Retz.) R. Br. ex Sm. and investigates their biological applications and photocatalytic activity. UV, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) with EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray) analysis were used for characterization of ZnO NPs. In UV analysis, the biosynthesized ZnO NPs demonstrated a peak at 354 nm. FTIR analysis revealed functional groups. The XRD study revealed the presence of hexagonal wurtzite structures consistent with JCPDS (Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards) card no: 89–1397. SEM analysis confirmed the spherical morphology of ZnO NPs, and revealed their size to be 55.38 nm. ZnO NPs efficiently restricted the growth of Gram-negative bacteria (<em>Pseudomonas aureginosa</em>) than Gram-positive bacteria. In DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, exhibited 48.3 % of inhibition, while in ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) assay, was observed 72.65 % of inhibition. The larvicidal efficacy of ZnO NPs was tested against the 4^th instar larvae of <em>Aedes aegypti</em> and <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em>. ZnO NPs showed considerable larval mortality against <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em> (100 %) and <em>Aedes aegypti</em> (93.33 %). The photo-catalytic performance of ZnO NPs was tested for the degradation of methylene blue under direct sunlight exposure. Around 69.76 % of the dye was degraded after 210 min of exposure to sunlight. Therefore, the above results suggest that the biosynthesized ZnO NPs using the eco-friendly method can be applied for a diverse range of biological and environmental applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100809,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Pesticide Research","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioactive principle from Pentanema indicum against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus","authors":"Prince Paul,&nbsp;Kabilan Muralidharan,&nbsp;Duraipandiyan Veeramuthu","doi":"10.1016/j.napere.2025.100125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.napere.2025.100125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mosquitoes wreak havoc in human lives as they are responsible for transmitting several diseases that are both life-threatening and fatal. In spite of all efforts to control the spread of mosquitoes and reducing their population, they are spreading widely and becoming more virulent. Some of the mosquito species have gained resistance to commercially available synthetic and chemical insecticides. Developing alternative natural insecticides is one of the most effective ways to combat vector mosquitoes. Secondary metabolites of plant origin are extensively used and come to the aid of humans. In the present study, the bioefficacy of <em>Pentanema indicum</em> is tested against immature stages of mosquitoes. Four extracts of <em>P. indicum</em> were employed for the larvicidal bioassay. Ethyl acetate extract possessed highest bioefficacy with LC₅₀ values of 24.253 ppm and 26.020 ppm followed by hexane extract with 216.853 ppm and 66.030 ppm, chloroform with 359.611 ppm and 114.793 ppm, methanol extract demonstrated 161.709 ppm and 874.258 ppm against <em>Ae. aegypti</em> and <em>Cx. quinquefasciatus</em> respectively. The chromatogram (GC-MS) of the active ethyl acetate extract contains 23 phyto principles and the major compound is 1,2,3-propanetriol, 1-acetate. This study reveals that <em>P. indicum</em> possesses great larvicidal potency against mosquitoes and it could be a promising plant to control the mosquito population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100809,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Pesticide Research","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143550099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation, characterization and antifungal activity of Bacillus antagonistic bacteria from decomposing solid organic waste against Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum","authors":"Fatima Zahrae Moussaid ,&nbsp;Rachid Lahlali ,&nbsp;Said Ezrari ,&nbsp;Nabil Radouane ,&nbsp;Abdelilah Iraqi Housseini","doi":"10.1016/j.napere.2025.100124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.napere.2025.100124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant diseases and pathogens affect agricultural crop production and sustainable development worldwide. Although chemical tools for controlling the diseases in crops are available, many of them exhibit serious impacts, especially on human and animal health and environmental pollution. Biological control could be an alternative approach towards managing disease in crops that promotes eco-friendly agricultural practices for sustainable environments. <em>Alternaria</em> and <em>Fusarium</em> diseases are a major source of loss to farmers all over the world; they affect many vital vegetable and food crops. This study sought to evaluate the <em>in vitro</em> antifungal properties of bacterial strains isolated from solid organic waste, green household waste and poultry droppings against <em>Alternaria alternata</em> and <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> phytopathogenic fungi. The antagonist <em>Bacillus</em> bacteria were screened based on <em>in vitro</em> direct confrontation with <em>A. alternata</em> and <em>F. oxysporum</em>; among 110 isolates, 9 strains were selected for their antifungal potential against <em>F. oxysporum</em> and <em>A. alternata</em>. Using the 16S rRNA gene, the selected <em>Bacillus</em> bacteria were identified at the species through molecular identification as <em>B. siamensis, B. amyloliquefaciens</em> and <em>B. subtilis</em>. All antagonist strains were characterized for their possible mechanisms of biocontrol traits involved in these antifungal activities. Results showed that all selected <em>Bacillus</em> bacteria were found to be pectinase and amylase producers. However, only eight bacteria were found to produce proteases. Bioassays with the cell-free supernatants (CFSs) produced from <em>B. amyloliquefaciens, B. siamensis</em> and <em>B. subtilis</em> showed a significantly inhibited growth of <em>F. oxysporum</em> and <em>A. alternata</em>. Identifying effective biocontrol agents is challenging, especially in resource-limited settings, and their efficacy varies due to environmental and strain-specific factors. The findings indicate that antifungal compounds from <em>B. siamensis, B. amyloliquefaciens</em> and <em>B. subtilis</em> could be an alternative approaches as biocontrol agents to fungal diseases, improving crop yields and sustainable agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100809,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Pesticide Research","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143550098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GC-MS based phytoconstituents profiling, toxicity assessment, and potential of Genipa americana L. leaf extracts as natural insecticides against striped mealybugs Ferrisia sp.","authors":"Mike Vázquez-Torres ,&nbsp;Nilka Rivera-Portalatín ,&nbsp;Irma Cabrera-Asencio","doi":"10.1016/j.napere.2025.100123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.napere.2025.100123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant-based botanical insecticides are emerging as a promising solution for crop protection while minimizing concerns related to environmental pollution and insect resistance due to their natural origin. Leaf extracts from the folkloric medicinal plant <em>Genipa americana</em> L. (Rubiaceae) were obtained through micro-Soxhlet extraction and subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to identify their phytochemical constituents. GC-MS profiling revealed that these extracts were mainly composed of carboxylic acids, esters, steroids, phenols, triterpenes, and other bioactive secondary metabolites. Phytocompounds with different biological activities such as di-isobutyl phthalate, hexadecanoic acid, linoleic acid, squalene, α-tocopherol, and stigmasterol were identified. Toxicity assessment through brine shrimp lethality tests proved the potential pesticidal activity of two of these extracts. The chloroform extract (GAC) was the most toxic against <em>Artemia salina</em> with an LC₅₀ value of 92.85 μg/mL followed by the dichloromethane extract (GAD), which also resulted toxic but less than the positive control, with an LC₅₀ of 485.46 μg/mL. Contact toxicity bioassays with <em>Genipa</em> leaf extracts against the striped mealybugs <em>Ferrisia</em> sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) demonstrated that the GAC extract has the maximum insecticidal response, with an LC₅₀ of 7.89 mg/mL, followed by GAD extract, with an LC₅₀ of 16.42 mg/mL. This is the first study in which <em>Genipa americana</em> leaf extracts are assessed for their insecticidal activity against striped mealybug insects spotlighting the potential of both GAC and GAD leaf extracts as natural insecticides against this pest of negative economic impact on agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100809,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Pesticide Research","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143550101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness, characterization and optimization of botanical extracts: An ecofriendly approach for management of thrips infestation on tea in Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Amjad Patwary ,&nbsp;M.A.K. Azad ,&nbsp;Iftekhar Ahmad ,&nbsp;Md. Kashem Ali ,&nbsp;Jahid Hasan Shourove ,&nbsp;Jenat Yeasmin ,&nbsp;G.M. Rabiul Islam","doi":"10.1016/j.napere.2025.100118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.napere.2025.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the realm of agricultural pest management, the exploration of eco-friendly solutions remains paramount. This study delves into the efficacy of botanical extracts derived from medicinal plants in combating thrips infestation on tea plants (<em>Camellia sinensis</em> L.) in Bangladesh. Through meticulous experimentation, this study found <em>Sapium indicum</em> (Willd.) to be the most effective plant extract, followed by <em>Ipomoea carnea</em> (Jacq.) and <em>Lantana camara</em> where the LC₅₀ values were recorded as 431.28 ppm, 590.83 ppm, and 1329.03 ppm, respectively after 24 h of exposure. Additionally, volatile compounds of <em>S. indicum</em> showed the highest thrips control efficacy, approximately on average 75 % mortality, while having the lowest CV. Notably, under optimized conditions of 24.4 h stirring time, 56.8 °C, and 54.8 % ethanol concentration, <em>S. indicum</em> extract achieved 89.55 % efficacy whereas leaving minimal soil residue (43.4 mg/kg), demonstrating both its potency and low environmental persistence. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to conduct chemotaxonomic analyses, revealing isobutyl tiglate as a particularly potent component, alongside 2-methyl-2propyl-1,3-propanediol, showcasing promising efficacy against tea thrips. These insights underscore the potential of botanical extracts as sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives for thrips management in agricultural ecosystems, while advocating for the integration of chemotaxonomic approaches in shaping effective pest control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100809,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Pesticide Research","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Insecticides and Herbicides on the antioxidant and detoxification enzymes of social spider Stegodyphussarasinorum L., a non-target macroinvertebrate predator","authors":"Kamarshi Yashkamal ,&nbsp;Dolly Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.napere.2025.100115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.napere.2025.100115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chemical insecticides have been the principal method of insect pest management in agroecosystems. Their effects on non-target organisms like beneficial insects and spiders have been varied and may affect the natural control of insect pests in the agroecosystems. In addition to mortality caused by insecticides, there are several subtle sublethal effects which also contribute long term effects on beneficial arthropods. Beneficial arthropods are more susceptible to chemical insecticides as against insect pests. In the present study, a social spider <em>Stegodyphus sarasinorum</em> found along the field margins of intensively managed agroecosystem was tested for novel mechanisms underlying its ability to tolerate high levels of pesticides. AChE activity was very high in topical exposure in all the agrochemicals tested, whereas in vial coating group only Glyphosate and Imidacloprid treatments produced significant AChE activity. GST and GSH activity was significantly high in Methomyl and Endosulfan in topical application and vial coating treatments. LPO levels were significantly lower in the treatments as compared to control. The study shows that this spider produces significantly high levels of metabolic enzymes, which may help in metabolic degradation of insecticide and herbicide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100809,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Pesticide Research","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current and future perspectives on biopesticides analysis in soil","authors":"Milton C. Soto-Barajas ,&nbsp;Denisse Archundia ,&nbsp;Oscar G.R. Martínez ,&nbsp;Esaú López ,&nbsp;Joseph Almazan ,&nbsp;Blanca Prado","doi":"10.1016/j.napere.2025.100120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.napere.2025.100120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biopesticides are composed of natural elements such as microorganisms and their metabolites. Currently, these substances have gained popularity and are used in sustainable production models including organic agriculture and integrated pest management, which are characterized by partially or completely avoiding inputs of synthetic origin. There is a general belief that biopesticides are less harmful than chemical pesticides, due to their natural origin, low persistence, and lower toxicity. Nevertheless, specific biological compounds utilized as biopesticides have been reported to induce unintended effects, including the emergence of resistance in targeted species, disruptions to soil microbiota, and interference with soil enzymatic activity. Although certain aspects of these phenomena have been studied, there are still numerous uncertainties surrounding their interaction with soil, their subsequent destiny, and their environmental impact. Moreover, considering the growing prevalence of substances that have the potential to be used as commercial biopesticides and the worldwide increase in their utilization, it is imperative to conduct additional analyses. This literature review explores the current research on biopesticides, specifically their effects on soil environments and examines current methods of analysis and approaches for their quantification in soil samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100809,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Pesticide Research","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143528716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of horticultural oil(s) thermotherapy towards pear psylla suppression","authors":"M. Jacob Schrader ,&nbsp;Gajanan S. Kothawade ,&nbsp;Basavaraj R. Amogi ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Beers ,&nbsp;Gwen-Alyn Hoheisel ,&nbsp;Lav R. Khot","doi":"10.1016/j.napere.2025.100121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.napere.2025.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated mortality of winterform pear psylla after treatment with four commercially available horticultural oils delivered in both heated and non-heated sprays. The aim was not to compare efficacy of the oil products, rather validate previous studies reported on efficacy of heated oil spray (HO) using various oils. Furthermore, this study aimed to validate fumigation effects of heating oils through additional investigation of the efficacy of a heated water spray (HW) treatment. Four oil products – Cinnerate®, Thyme Guard®, Purely Green Bio-Pesticide and PureSpray™ Green – were tested at minimum label recommended concentrations. For each oil product, the following treatments were conducted: 1) untreated control, 2) HW spray, 3) unheated oil (UO) spray, and 4) HO spray. Each treatment was replicated 5 times against winterform adult pear psylla in a bioassay format. The spray was applied using a single hollow cone nozzle (D8DC45, VMD = 165 μm) at 0.3 and 0.6 m from the target organism. Mortality was evaluated at 24 hours after spray. Regardless of oil product, when applied at 0.3 m from the psylla, the mortality response for HO was not different from HW, but both had significantly higher mortality than the control. At 0.6 m from the nozzle, HW failed to increase psylla mortality relative to the control. However, Purely Green Bio-Pesticide, significantly increased psylla mortality relative to the HW treatment, but heating this specific oil did not alter its efficacy. Similarly, remaining pesticide products failed to show significant difference between HO and UO applications at 0.6 m. Overall, spray distance appears to be a limiting factor for successful delivery of a heated spray, and that tested oils did not improve their efficacy with heating.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100809,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Pesticide Research","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143550100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}