Strategies for enhancing sustainable and economic utilization of almond waste through a comprehensive multi-stage systematic approach to pathogen control

Abstract

Almonds are one of the healthiest, most nutritious and economically valuable species of edible nuts, and in 2023/2024, global Almond production was 1.51 million metric tons. However, about 5.03 million metric tons of waste, which was mainly hulls was also generated in the production process, and this high waste level threatens the industry’s sustainability. Almond hulls are rich in crude protein and dietary fibre, making them a valuable livestock feed option. Unfortunately, the pesticides used in Almond production can be a limitation when using these hull as feed for dairy and beef cows, due to the potential for pesticide residues enter the food chain and emerge in dairy and beef products. This study suggests an alternative Systematic Approach Model to pathogen could help reduce chemical residues in Almond production. This approach involves a three-step process based on sustainable and less harmful substances to provide effective pathogen control. First, caffeine is used for its pest-repellent and insecticidal properties, which is followed by a silicon formulation to strengthen the bark and cuticle layers of the almond trees to provide natural physical barriers to pathogens. Finally, applying Vitamins B, C, and E will increase the tree’s internal immunity, improving its natural resistance to pathogens. Multiple research studies support each of these approaches.