Huiyue Qiao, Hong Guan, Huaizhong Li, Adam Barbosa, Yong Zhu
{"title":"Developing a synchronised LoRa wireless sensor network for cost-effective footbridge vibration monitoring","authors":"Huiyue Qiao, Hong Guan, Huaizhong Li, Adam Barbosa, Yong Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100187","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100187","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Excessive vibrations in footbridges can cause pedestrian discomfort and accelerate structural degradation. Despite this, footbridges are monitored far less frequently than vehicle bridges, as conventional monitoring methods for large bridges are often too costly for smaller structures. Recent advances in the Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have enabled more affordable structural health monitoring (SHM) by eliminating the need for wired systems and reducing labour costs. However, existing WSN-based SHM systems typically rely on high data-rate protocols to transmit large volumes of raw data for centralised processing and modal analysis, resulting in high energy consumption at the sensor nodes. To address this limitation, this research proposes a cost-effective WSN tailored for footbridge monitoring and modal identification, integrating edge computing and low-power LoRa communication. The proposed WSN uses four synchronised LoRa slave sensor nodes to sample raw acceleration data and perform onboard processing periodically. Each node extracts peak frequency and phase information locally and transmits only the processed results to a master node connected to a laptop. Node synchronisation via peer-to-peer communication enables the identification of modal shapes based on phase differences between nodes. The proposed LoRa WSN was validated on both a laboratory-scale planar frame and an actual cable-stayed footbridge, successfully distinguishing in-phase and out-of-phase vibrations and enabling real-time monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infrastructure Intelligence and Resilience","volume":"5 1","pages":"Article 100187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A demonstration of a digital twin framework for structural health monitoring: Application to bridge infrastructures","authors":"Maryam Nasim , Abbas Rajabifard , Yiqun Chen , Bijan Samali","doi":"10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a novel, multi-layered Digital Twin (DT) framework designed to enhance the resilience of ageing bridge infrastructure through real-time structural health monitoring (SHM) and data-driven decision support. The proposed framework integrates physics-based Finite Element Modelling (FEM), drone-based photogrammetry, and wireless sensor networks to construct a dynamic digital representation of the physical asset. By continuously synchronising sensor data with virtual models, the system establishes a foundation for predictive maintenance and lifecycle optimisation. Key innovations include a modular architecture that supports the seamless integration of diverse data sources, a closed-loop feedback mechanism for iterative model updating, and functionality for real-time anomaly detection. The proposed system supports proactive monitoring by enabling dynamic condition tracking, structural behaviour analysis, and long-term trend forecasting. The framework has been demonstrated on an operational railway truss bridge, where live vibration and environmental data were used to calibrate and validate the DT in a real-world setting. The results underscore the system's potential as a robust and scalable monitoring solution for historically significant and ageing transport assets. This work addresses critical limitations of conventional SHM approaches by offering a unified, data-centric strategy for infrastructure management. Beyond operational awareness, the proposed DT platform provides a strategic pathway toward more intelligent, more sustainable infrastructure systems prioritising resilience, informed maintenance planning, and future adaptability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infrastructure Intelligence and Resilience","volume":"5 1","pages":"Article 100184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tai Ikumi , Ignasi Cairó , David Boix-Cots , Carlos Herrera-Mesén , Antonio Aguado , Albert de la Fuente
{"title":"Evaluating data transmission performance of a UHF sensor for wireless temperature monitoring in mass concrete","authors":"Tai Ikumi , Ignasi Cairó , David Boix-Cots , Carlos Herrera-Mesén , Antonio Aguado , Albert de la Fuente","doi":"10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Embedded wireless sensors for mass concrete temperature monitoring face challenges in operating at representative depths due to signal attenuation, particularly before the concrete sets. This study evaluates a novel ultra-high frequency (UHF) wireless sensor for real-time temperature monitoring in mass concrete. Five large-scale concrete cubes with various mix designs were cast to assess the operational capabilities of the sensors at depths of up to 500 mm from the external surface and at distances of up to 30 m from the receiving antenna. The sensors effectively operated at depths up to 500 mm and distances up to 20 m, outperforming conventional Bluetooth sensors. Data transmission improved as the concrete hardened, with minimal long-term data loss after setting. Concrete consistency within tested ranges did not significantly impact performance. These results confirm that UHF-based sensors are a viable solution for thermal monitoring in mass concrete, eliminating the need for external probes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infrastructure Intelligence and Resilience","volume":"4 4","pages":"Article 100172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145332588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhihao Lin , Hai Liu , Xin Deng , Xu Meng , Jie Cui , Erol Tutumluer
{"title":"A combined approach for detection and localization of subsurface pipe leaks using ground microphone and GPR","authors":"Zhihao Lin , Hai Liu , Xin Deng , Xu Meng , Jie Cui , Erol Tutumluer","doi":"10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leaks in underground water pipelines not only lead to water wastage but can also cause serious public safety issues such as road collapse in urban areas. To address the low efficiency and accuracy of traditional pipeline leak monitoring and detection methods, this paper proposes a combined approach for detection and localization of subsurface pipeline leaks using ground microphones and ground penetrating radar (GPR). In the ground microphone method, loudness units referenced to digital full scale is used to identify leaky range along a pipeline. A GPR investigation is performed in the suspected area to detect the water-rich area and localize the leakage point. According to the depth and leakage volume of the pipeline, two strategies using the two methods are proposed for efficient and accurate detection and localization of buried pipeline leaks. Two case studies are conducted to validate the proposed approaches. The results indicate that the combined approach effectively leverages the advantages of ground microphones and GPR, enabling efficient and accurate detection and localization of buried pipeline leaks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infrastructure Intelligence and Resilience","volume":"4 4","pages":"Article 100169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144924962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rahul Kumar , Mahipal Kulariya , Sandip Kumar Saha
{"title":"Methodologies for functional recovery assessment of hilly roads situated in the Indian Himalayan region","authors":"Rahul Kumar , Mahipal Kulariya , Sandip Kumar Saha","doi":"10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Road networks are a critical component of the built environment and play a vital role in enhancing overall community resilience. Ensuring the safety and functionality of these networks is essential, especially in hilly regions such as the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), which is highly vulnerable to multiple hazards such as earthquakes and earthquake-induced landslides. Past events in this region have demonstrated that the disruptions in road connectivity during such events lead to significant socio-economic losses by restricting access to essential services, impeding trade, and affecting tourism-based livelihoods. Therefore, this study proposes methodologies to identify critical road segments and systematically estimate the expected functional recovery of hilly roads in the IHR. The approach integrates a rapid visual screening-based technique to preliminarily assess potentially vulnerable buildings, hill cuts, and slopes that may obstruct roads. In addition, it provides a framework for incorporating detailed probabilistic methods to enable a more refined estimation of road functionality recovery. The applicability of the proposed methodologies is illustrated through a detailed case study. The insights gained from this work can support the development of effective mitigation strategies and guide resource allocation to restore the functionality of roads affected by earthquakes and earthquake-induced landslides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infrastructure Intelligence and Resilience","volume":"4 4","pages":"Article 100181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145528172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Shahzad , Joseph H.M. Tah , Muhammad Younas , Avar Almukhtar
{"title":"Technologies and techniques in digital twins for real-time data visualisation in building maintenance: A state-of-the-art review","authors":"Muhammad Shahzad , Joseph H.M. Tah , Muhammad Younas , Avar Almukhtar","doi":"10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Digital Twins (DT) and Mixed Reality (MR) technologies are emerging as transformative solutions for automating processes and visualising real-time IoT sensor data in building operations and maintenance (O&M). However, current implementations predominantly rely on 2D or static 3D interfaces, limiting visualisation, immersion and data interaction. Though MR can improve data visualisation, its integration with DT technologies is still in its infancy in building maintenance. A systematic review of 55 academic studies provides a critical and in-depth analysis of existing research on DT applications for real-time monitoring and maintenance, visualisation tools, platforms and techniques, MR applications, and related challenges in building O&M. The review identifies a key gap: existing DT-MR frameworks lack sufficient scalability and standardisation required for broader adoption in building O&M. The paper proposes future research directions toward developing immersive DT-MR frameworks that enhance understanding of these technologies in enabling automated, interactive, and visually enriched building maintenance workflows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infrastructure Intelligence and Resilience","volume":"4 4","pages":"Article 100185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145623008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yihong Ou , Liang Su , Lujia Zhu , Qianli Ma , Haijian He , Fengwei Wu
{"title":"Laser rangefinder and vision-based 3D structural displacement monitoring","authors":"Yihong Ou , Liang Su , Lujia Zhu , Qianli Ma , Haijian He , Fengwei Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although the structural displacement monitoring methods based on computer vision and laser projection have been raised, they still suffer from drawbacks including that the relative orientation between the laser and the receiving board must be known and the out-of-plane displacement is lost. This paper proposes a laser rangefinder and vision-based method for monitoring 3D structural displacement. The method uses computer vision techniques to extract pixel coordinates of the laser spot and utilizes the circular grid pattern on the receiving board to recover its coordinates in physical domain. Several known displacements are applied to the laser rangefinder to solve for the unknown system parameters using numerical optimization. Two laboratory experiments were conducted to prove the accuracy of the method, in which the maximum error of estimated displacements was less than 1 mm. A low-cost prototype was also developed and validated, showing the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method in practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infrastructure Intelligence and Resilience","volume":"4 4","pages":"Article 100158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yanfu Zeng , Xinyi Liu , Yifei Ding , Zhe Zheng , Tianhang Zhang , Xinyan Huang , Xinzheng Lu
{"title":"AI-powered automatic design of fire sprinkler layout for random building floorplans","authors":"Yanfu Zeng , Xinyi Liu , Yifei Ding , Zhe Zheng , Tianhang Zhang , Xinyan Huang , Xinzheng Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fire sprinkler system is a commonly designed safety provision in modern buildings, yet the current manual drawing preparation process is burdened by time-consuming tasks, heavy workloads, and human errors. This study introduces an intelligent framework aimed at automating the drawing preparation process for fire sprinkler layout. A database of 120 sprinkler design drawings was compiled to train a pix2pixHD generative adversarial network (GAN). After training, the GAN model can generate sprinkler placement with a protection coverage of 99.5% for new and random architectural floorplans. Apart from ensuring code-compliant design, the total number of sprinklers designed by GAN is 13% lower than those arranged by professional engineers. By adopting this intelligent method, the time needed for design drawing preparation can be saved by 76%, and the cost-benefit of the sprinkler design can be improved by using reasonable fewer sprinklers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infrastructure Intelligence and Resilience","volume":"4 4","pages":"Article 100167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144826045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Iterative building condition assessment and prediction using unified 3D point clouds and a BIM model: A case study","authors":"Sajith Wettewa, Ping Chai, Nilmini Weerasinghe, Lei Hou, Ruwini Edirisinghe, Guomin (Kevin) Zhang, Sujeeva Setunge","doi":"10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Visual building condition assessment is resource-intensive, particularly when inspections are repeated across large areas. This study seeks to reduce this burden by predicting the visual condition of surface-level architectural and structural elements and the latent risk in underlying elements using condition graphs. The proposed Scan-to-Condition prediction workflow builds on Scan-to-BIM and extends it to support ongoing inspection and prediction. This is demonstrated in a case study of an 818 m<sup>2</sup> mixed-use building in Melbourne that lacked prior BIM documentation. The workflow consisted of 4 components: (1) an optimised terrestrial laser scanning protocol for repeatable documentation and manageable data volumes, (2) a Scan-to-BIM modelling schema enriched with element-level confidence metrics and hidden-profile inference (3) a unified, multimodal condition documenting platform, and (4) an automated BIM-to-Graph Markup Language (GraphML) conversion method that generated graph representations for condition prediction using a custom Graph Attention Network (GAT) model. The workflow was designed as an iterative cycle in which baseline and follow-up point clouds, a semantically enriched BIM, and inspector reports were progressively integrated to form a longitudinal dataset. Future predictions are proposed to drive inspections and maintenance, progressively reducing manual human inspections over time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infrastructure Intelligence and Resilience","volume":"4 4","pages":"Article 100180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145416147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tianyu Ma , Yanjie Zhu , Wen Xiong , Beiyang Zhang , Kaiwen Hu
{"title":"Bridge post-disaster rapid inspection using 3D point cloud: a case study on vehicle-bridge collision","authors":"Tianyu Ma , Yanjie Zhu , Wen Xiong , Beiyang Zhang , Kaiwen Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increase in traffic volume, vehicle-bridge collision accidents have been more frequent, creating significant threats to the safe operation of bridges. In the face of sudden vehicle collision accidents, bridge management agencies urgently require fast and accurate damage inspection methods to assess the service performance of the damaged bridge and provide support for post-disaster recovery. However, the service performance of a bridge is related to its overall structure and localized damage morphology. It is challenging for traditional measurement methods to obtain the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the bridge and damaged areas. They can only obtain limited data points, which cannot provide adequate data for bridge damage assessment. Recently developed 3D laser scanning technology has guaranteed an accurate and timely 3D morphology inspection for the damaged bridge. Based on 3D laser scanning technology, this research proposed a post-disaster emergency inspection solution using a vehicle-bridge collision accident as a practical case, which provides a basis for emergency response decisions. This study focused on the rapid acquisition of the bridge digital model, spatial morphology identification of bridge components, and refined assessment of collision damage. The inspecting results revealed anomalies in the elevation of the damaged main girder and main cable, which necessitated urgent reinforcement measures. Additionally, the damaged hanger was found to have exhibited a lateral deflection angle of 17.12°, with a maximum cable clamp damage depth of 33.06 mm, requiring immediate replacement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Infrastructure Intelligence and Resilience","volume":"4 3","pages":"Article 100153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}