IET Quantum Communication最新文献

{"title":"Y00 quantum noise randomised cipher; theoretical and experimental background","authors":"Talehisa Iwakoshi","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12064","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12064","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As past works have shown, information-theoretically secure implementations transmitters of Y00 quantum noise randomised cypher are possible. An advance to the provably secure Y00 protocol by bridging gaps between experimental results and theoretical analyses under so-called quantum collective measurement attacks with known plaintexts is aimed. It would be the strongest attack on the Y00 protocol in the context of quantum key distribution protocols. However, recently proposed security evaluations under the attacks were too abstract to apply to experiments. Therefore, security analyses directly evaluable with the equipped Y00 transmitters under attack are offered. Thus, new security indices are proposed instead of ordinary security measures, such as the bit-error-rate guarantee between optical signals or a masking size. Contrarily, unsolved problems are also listed.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"4 4","pages":"181-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78730976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep reinforcement learning-based routing and resource assignment in quantum key distribution-secured optical networks","authors":"Purva Sharma,&nbsp;Shubham Gupta,&nbsp;Vimal Bhatia,&nbsp;Shashi Prakash","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/qtc2.12063","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In quantum key distribution-secured optical networks (QKD-ONs), constrained network resources limit the success probability of QKD lightpath requests (QLRs). Thus, the selection of an appropriate route and the efficient utilisation of network resources for establishment of QLRs are the essential and challenging problems. This work addresses the routing and resource assignment (RRA) problem in the quantum signal channel of QKD-ONs. The RRA problem of QKD-ONs is a complex decision making problem, where appropriate solutions depend on understanding the networking environment. Motivated by the recent advances in deep reinforcement learning (DRL) for complex problems and also because of its capability to learn directly from experiences, DRL is exploited to solve the RRA problem and a DRL-based RRA scheme is proposed. The proposed scheme learns the optimal policy to select an appropriate route and assigns suitable network resources for establishment of QLRs by using deep neural networks. The performance of the proposed scheme is compared with the deep-Q network (DQN) method and two baseline schemes, namely, first-fit (FF) and random-fit (RF) for two different networks, namely The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) and UBN24. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme reduces blocking by 7.19%, 10.11%, and 33.50% for NSFNET and 2.47%, 3.20%, and 19.60% for UBN24 and improves resource utilisation up to 3.40%, 4.33%, and 7.18% for NSFNET and 1.34%, 1.96%, and 6.44% for UBN24 as compared with DQN, FF, and RF, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"4 3","pages":"136-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50154635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on information lossless teleportation via the W states","authors":"Ao Wang,&nbsp;Yu-Zhen Wei,&nbsp;Zong-Yi Li,&nbsp;Min Jiang","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12062","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12062","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this article, a protocol for information lossless teleportation using W states is proposed. Firstly, the information lossless teleportation of an unknown state with a maximally entangled W-state channel, which protects the original unknown state information even in case of teleportation failure is investigated. Next, we generalise our scheme to non-maximally entangled W-state channels. Finally, the principle of the proposed scheme is validated by performing experiments on the quantum circuit simulator Quirk. Our study shows that W states can be used to teleport any quantum state without information loss through single-qubit measurements and local unitary operations.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"4 4","pages":"200-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89561254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"User trajectory prediction in mobile wireless networks using quantum reservoir computing","authors":"Zoubeir Mlika,&nbsp;Soumaya Cherkaoui,&nbsp;Jean Frédéric Laprade,&nbsp;Simon Corbeil-Letourneau","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/qtc2.12061","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper applies a quantum machine learning technique to predict mobile users' trajectories in mobile wireless networks by using an approach called quantum reservoir computing (QRC). Mobile users' trajectories prediction belongs to the task of temporal information processing, and it is a mobility management problem that is essential for self-organising and autonomous 6G networks. Our aim is to accurately predict the future positions of mobile users in wireless networks using QRC. To do so, the authors use a real-world time series dataset to model mobile users' trajectories. The QRC approach has two components: reservoir computing (RC) and quantum computing (QC). In RC, the training is more computational-efficient than the training of simple recurrent neural networks since, in RC, only the weights of the output layer are trainable. The internal part of RC is what is called the reservoir. For the RC to perform well, the weights of the reservoir should be chosen carefully to create highly complex and non-linear dynamics. The QC is used to create such dynamical reservoir that maps the input time series into higher dimensional computational space composed of dynamical states. After obtaining the high-dimensional dynamical states, a simple linear regression is performed to train the output weights and, thus, the prediction of the mobile users' trajectories can be performed efficiently. In this study, we apply a QRC approach based on the Hamiltonian time evolution of a quantum system. The authors simulate the time evolution using IBM gate-based quantum computers, and they show in the experimental results that the use of QRC to predict the mobile users' trajectories with only a few qubits is efficient and can outperform the classical approaches such as the long short-term memory approach and the echo-state networks approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"4 3","pages":"125-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12061","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50150729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum for 6G communication: A perspective","authors":"Muhammad Zulfiqar Ali,&nbsp;Abdoalbaset Abohmra,&nbsp;Muhammad Usman,&nbsp;Adnan Zahid,&nbsp;Hadi Heidari,&nbsp;Muhammad Ali Imran,&nbsp;Qammer H. Abbasi","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/qtc2.12060","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the technologically changing world, the demand for ultra-reliable, faster, low power, and secure communication has significantly risen in recent years. Researchers have shown immense interest in emerging quantum computing (QC) due to its potentials of solving the computing complexity in the robust and efficient manner. It is envisioned that QC can act as critical enablers and strong catalysts to considerably reduce the computing complexities and boost the future of sixth generation (6G) and beyond communication systems in terms of their security. In this study, the fundamentals of QC, the evolution of quantum communication that encompasses a wide spectrum of technologies and applications and quantum key distribution, which is one of the most promising applications of quantum security, have been presented. Furthermore, various parameters and important techniques are also investigated to optimise the performance of 6G communication in terms of their security, computing, and communication efficiency. Towards the end, potential challenges that QC and quantum communication may face in 6G have been highlighted along with future directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"4 3","pages":"112-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50149317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum privacy-preserving service for secure lane change in vehicular networks","authors":"Zeinab Rahmani,&nbsp;Luis S. Barbosa,&nbsp;Armando N. Pinto","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/qtc2.12059","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Secure Multiparty Computation (SMC) enables multiple parties to cooperate securely without compromising their privacy. SMC has the potential to offer solutions for privacy obstacles in vehicular networks. However, classical SMC implementations suffer from efficiency and security challenges. To address this problem, two quantum communication technologies, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Quantum Oblivious Key Distribution were utilised. These technologies supply symmetric and oblivious keys respectively, allowing fast and secure inter-vehicular communications. These quantum technologies are integrated with the Faster Malicious Arithmetic Secure Computation with Oblivious Transfer (MASCOT) protocol to form a Quantum Secure Multiparty Computation (QSMC) platform. A lane change service is implemented in which vehicles broadcast private information about their intention to exit the highway. The proposed QSMC approach provides unconditional security even against quantum computer attacks. Moreover, the communication cost of the quantum approach for the lane change use case has decreased by 97% when compared to the classical implementation. However, the computation cost has increased by 42%. For open space scenarios, the reduction in communication cost is especially important, because it conserves bandwidth in the free-space radio channel, outweighing the increase in computation cost.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"4 3","pages":"103-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50147996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"QuDiet: A classical simulation platform for qubit-qudit hybrid quantum systems","authors":"Turbasu Chatterjee,&nbsp;Arnav Das,&nbsp;Subhayu Kumar Bala,&nbsp;Amit Saha,&nbsp;Anupam Chattopadhyay,&nbsp;Amlan Chakrabarti","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12058","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12058","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years, numerous research advancements have extended the limit of classical simulation of quantum algorithms. Although, most of the state-of-the-art classical simulators are only limited to binary quantum systems, which restrict the classical simulation of higher-dimensional quantum computing systems. Through recent developments in higher-dimensional quantum computing systems, it is realised that implementing qudits improves the overall performance of a quantum algorithm by increasing memory space and reducing the asymptotic complexity of a quantum circuit. Hence, in this article, <b>QuDiet</b>, a state-of-the-art user-friendly python-based higher-dimensional quantum computing simulator is introduced. <b>QuDiet</b> offers multi-valued logic operations by utilising generalised quantum gates with an abstraction so that any naive user can simulate qudit systems with ease as compared to the existing ones. Various benchmark quantum circuits is simulated in <b>QuDiet</b> and show the considerable speedup in simulation time as compared to the other simulators without loss in precision. Finally, <b>QuDiet</b> provides a full qubit-qudit hybrid quantum simulator package with quantum circuit templates of well-known quantum algorithms for fast prototyping and simulation. Comprehensive simulation up to 20 qutrits circuit on depth 80 on <b>QuDiet</b> was successfully achieved. The complete code and packages of <b>QuDiet</b> is available at https://github.com/LegacYFTw/QuDiet.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"4 4","pages":"167-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85121249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why should and how can quantum technologies be leveraged at national levels?","authors":"AbdulMalek Baitulmal,&nbsp;Nadia Adem","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/qtc2.12057","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum technologies (QT) promise to change the landscape of technologies disruptively in diverse industries. For this reason, many nations around the globe are investing to emerge within the global quantum ecosystem through initiating national programs and international partnerships. Nonetheless, some other countries are still running behind and yet their governments need to take series actions to help their private and public sectors adapt to the looming changes, considering the new regulations required and the huge influence that QT will present in the near future. In this opinion piece, we provide, for the best of our knowledge, the first generally applicable, yet comprehensive and brief, framework for leveraging the emerging quantum technologies to facilitate the establishment of national initiatives properly. The insights presented in this article were driven based on investigating various approaches, initiatives, and roadmaps adopted globally and meeting with local and regional leaders, professionals, and governmental officials. Furthermore, taken into account socioeconomic and institutional dimensions of the Libyan society, we project the framework for the Libyan nation. This opinion piece is intended to inspire researchers, technical industrial experts, stakeholders, and governmental bodies to find roles they need to play to bring QT forward.","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"4 2","pages":"96-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50140062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum computing in India: Recent developments and future","authors":"Varun G. Menon,&nbsp;Mainak Adhikari","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/qtc2.12056","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Quantum computing combines mathematics, quantum physics, and computer science to optimise, learn, and simulate chemical, physical, and biological systems. It offers the ability to solve problems in a unique method and to speed up solutions compared to standard procedures. This computing may solve issues with intractable inputs. With the capabilities of quantum computers and the availability of quantum development kits, quantum computing is expected to become ubiquitous, and the demand for trained people is expected to rise significantly. Quantum technologies are rapidly developing globally with substantial disruptive potential. Quantum technology is opening up new frontiers in computing, communications, and cyber security with widespread applications. The range of quantum technologies is expected to be one of the significant technology disruptions that will change the entire paradigm of computation, communication, and encryption. It is perceived that the countries that achieve an edge in this emerging field will have a more significant advantage in garnering multifold economic growth and dominant leadership roles. It is expected that lots of commercial applications will emerge from the developing theoretical constructs in this area. In India, there is a growing interest in quantum computing and communication with active participation from students, developers, industry, and academia, leading to many recent initiatives and developments. This article provides an overview of some of the recent developments of quantum computing in India and the future ahead.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In its 2020 budget, the Indian government announced the National Mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications, which will be run by the Department of Science and Technology with a budget of 80 billion INR over five years [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;]. Among the next-generation technologies that will be pushed by this mission are quantum computers and computing, quantum communication, quantum key distribution, cryptanalysis, quantum devices, quantum sensing, quantum materials, quantum clocks, and so on. The mission will focus on basic science, technology development, building up human and infrastructure resources, innovation, and new businesses to solve problems that are important to the country. By putting the mission into action, India would be able to develop and use quantum computers, secure communications through fibre and free space, quantum encryption and cryptanalysis, and other related technologies. It would also be able to deal with national and regional problems that are unique to India.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;International Business Machines (IBM) and the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IIT-Madras) joined forces in September 2022 to help India learn more about quantum computing and accelerate research [&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;]. With this partnership, IIT Madras becomes one of the more than 180 members of the IBM Quantum Network around the world. IIT Madras is also the \"first Indian institution\" to join t","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"4 2","pages":"93-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50140061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rotational abstractions for verification of quantum Fourier transform circuits","authors":"Arun Govindankutty,&nbsp;Sudarshan K. Srinivasan,&nbsp;Nimish Mathure","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/qtc2.12055","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the race to build large-scale quantum computers and efforts to exploit quantum algorithms for efficient problem solving in science and engineering disciplines, the requirement to have efficient and scalable verification methods are of vital importance. A novel formal verification method that is targeted at Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) circuits is proposed. Quantum Fourier Transform is a fundamental quantum algorithm that forms the basis of many quantum computing applications. The verification method employs abstractions of quantum gates used in QFT that leads to a reduction of the verification problem from Hilbert space to the quantifier free logic of bit-vectors. Very efficient decision procedures are available to reason about bit-vectors. Therefore, this method is able to scale up to the verification of QFT circuits with 10,000 qubits and 50 million quantum gates, providing a meteoric advance in the size of QFT circuits thus far verified using formal verification methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"4 2","pages":"84-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50132030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}