IET Quantum Communication最新文献

{"title":"Negative controlled Fredkin gate circuits with mirrors","authors":"Tanay Chattopadhyay","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12030","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12030","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Data loss is a major problem in conventional circuits. But it cannot happen in reversible circuits. So energy dissipation per bit loss does not happen in this circuit. Also, recovery of input data can be possible in this circuit. Negative controlled Fredkin gate (NCF) is a self-invertible reversible gate. It performs SWAP operation if its control input is logic zero. In this paper, a mechanically controlled mirror-based NCF gate is designed, where the operation is based on the movement of mirrors. To move the mirror from its position electrical signal can be used. Optical signals are used in computational operations. Some complex reversible circuits viz. some logical operations (XOR-XNOR, AND-NAND, OR-NOR), DE-MUX/MUX, switching, and data shifting circuits are also shown in this paper. Quantum realization of the circuit was performed. Also, the matrix calculation was done to find out the operation of the circuit. Optical delay, optical cost, quantum delay, and quantum cost of every proposed design were calculated.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"3 1","pages":"60-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131922725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classical benchmarking for microwave quantum illumination","authors":"Athena Karsa,&nbsp;Stefano Pirandola","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12025","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Quantum illumination theoretically promises up to a 6 dB error-exponent advantage in target detection over the best classical protocol. The advantage is maximised by a regime that includes a very high background, which occurs naturally when one considers microwave operation. Such a regime has well-known practical limitations, though it is clear that, theoretically, knowledge of the associated classical benchmark in the microwave is lacking. The requirement of amplifiers for signal detection necessarily renders the optimal classical protocol here different to that which is traditionally used, and only applicable in the optical domain. This work outlines what is the true classical benchmark for the microwave Quantum illumination using coherent states, providing new bounds on error probability and closed formulae for the receiver operating characteristic, for both optimal (based on quantum relative entropy) and homodyne detection schemes. An alternative source generation procedure based on coherent states is also proposed, which demonstrates the potential to make classically optimal performances achievable in optical applications. The same bounds and measures for the performance of such a source are provided, and its potential utility in the future of room temperature quantum detection schemes in the microwave is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"2 4","pages":"246-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126725778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimisation of the routing protocol for quantum wireless Ad Hoc network","authors":"Ling Zhang,&nbsp;Qin Liu","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12028","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12028","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study addresses the optimisation of on-demand routing protocols for quantum wireless Ad Hoc network. The study improves the route discovery protocol by proposing a ‘reverse synchronisation method’, which means after the route request is completed, the quantum channel establishment process can be carried out simultaneously with the route reply process. This method is better than the general method which builds quantum channels after the forward path establishment, reduces the time and the number of messages for quantum channel establishment, thus improving the efficiency. Accordingly, this study elaborates the specific methods, procedures and related upgrading message formats involved in quantum route discovery, quantum channel establishment and qubit information transmission of on-demand routing protocol for quantum wireless Ad Hoc network.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"3 1","pages":"5-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122534999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrieval of exudate-affected retinal image patches using Siamese quantum classical neural network","authors":"Mahua Nandy Pal,&nbsp;Minakshi Banerjee,&nbsp;Ankit Sarkar","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12026","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12026","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Deep neural networks were previously used in the arena of image retrieval. Siamese network architecture is also used for image similarity comparison. Recently, the application of quantum computing in different fields has gained research interest. Researchers are keen to explore the prospect of quantum circuit implementation in terms of supervised learning, resource utilization, and energy-efficient reversible computing. In this study, the authors propose an application of quantum circuit in Siamese architecture and explored its efficiency in the field of exudate-affected retinal image patch retrieval. Quantum computing applied within Siamese network architecture may be effective for image patch characteristic comparison and retrieval work. Although there is a restriction of managing high-dimensional inner product space, the circuit with a limited number of qubits represents exudate-affected retinal image patches and retrieves similar patches from the patch database. Parameterized quantum circuit (PQC) is implemented using a quantum machine learning library on Google Cirq framework. PQC model is composed of classical pre/post-processing and parameterized quantum circuit. System efficiency is evaluated with the most widely used retrieval evaluation metrics: mean average precision (MAP) and mean reciprocal rank (MRR). The system achieved an encouraging and promising result of 98.1336% MAP and 100% MRR. Image pixels are implicitly converted to rectangular grid qubits in this experiment. The experimentation was further extended to IBM Qiskit framework also. In Qiskit, individual pixels are explicitly encoded using novel enhanced quantum representation (NEQR) image encoding algorithm. The probability distributions of both query and database patches are compared through Jeffreys distance to retrieve similar patches.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"3 1","pages":"85-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131192454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geometry of distributive multiparty entanglement in 4 − qubit hypergraph states","authors":"Ramita Sarkar,&nbsp;Shreya Banerjee,&nbsp;Subhasish Bag,&nbsp;Prasanta K. Panigrahi","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12027","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12027","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A detailed investigation of the multiparty entanglement present in the 4 − qubit quantum hypergraph states is presented, following a measurement-based geometrical approach. Considering a classification of the 4 − party quantum system represented by a mathematical hypergraph based on the connections between its vertices, the genuine 4 − party entanglement present in each bi-partition of the states have been measured. A strong correlation between the connectivity of the vertices of the hypergraphs and the genuine 4 − party entanglement has been found. The equivalence of the genuine 4 − party entanglement present in each bi-partition is shown considering similar connectivity of the vertices. This explicates the cyclic permutation symmetry of the multiparty entanglement present in the 4 − qubit hypergraph states. Physically, one may expect the quantum systems with superposition of many states to behave in this symmetric manner while mapped into a network-type picture, which the authors have quantified, as well as classified in this work.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"3 1","pages":"72-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125536082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel quantum algorithm for ant colony optimisation","authors":"Mrityunjay Ghosh,&nbsp;Nivedita Dey,&nbsp;Debdeep Mitra,&nbsp;Amlan Chakrabarti","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12023","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12023","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ant colony optimisation (ACO) is a commonly used meta-heuristic to solve complex combinatorial optimisation problems like the travelling salesman problem (TSP), vehicle routing problem (VRP) etc. However, classical ACO algorithms provide better optimal solutions but do not reduce computation time overhead to a significant extent. Algorithmic speed-up can be achieved by using parallelism offered by quantum computing. Existing quantum algorithms to solve ACO are either quantum-inspired classical algorithms or hybrid quantum-classical algorithms. Since all these algorithms need the intervention of classical computing, leveraging the true potential of quantum computing on real quantum hardware remains a challenge. This study's main contribution is to propose a fully quantum algorithm to solve ACO, enhancing the quantum information processing toolbox in the fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) era. We have solved the single source single destination (SSSD) shortest-path problem using our proposed adaptive quantum circuit for representing the dynamic pheromone-updating strategy in real IBMQ devices. Our quantum ACO technique can be further used as a quantum ORACLE to solve complex optimisation problems in a fully quantum setup with significant speed up upon the availability of more qubits.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"3 1","pages":"13-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131351126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"QuaSiMo: A composable library to program hybrid workflows for quantum simulation","authors":"Thien Nguyen,&nbsp;Lindsay Bassman Oftelie,&nbsp;Phillip C. Lotshaw,&nbsp;Dmitry Lyakh,&nbsp;Alexander McCaskey,&nbsp;Vicente Leyton-Ortega,&nbsp;Raphael Pooser,&nbsp;Wael Elwasif,&nbsp;Travis S. Humble,&nbsp;Wibe A. de Jong","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12024","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12024","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A composable design scheme is presented for the development of hybrid quantum/classical algorithms and workflows for applications of quantum simulation. The proposed object-oriented approach is based on constructing an expressive set of common data structures and methods that enables programming of a broad variety of complex hybrid quantum simulation applications. The abstract core of the scheme is distilled from the analysis of the current quantum simulation algorithms. Subsequently, it allows synthesis of new hybrid algorithms and workflows via the extension, specialisation, and dynamic customisation of the abstract core classes defined by the proposed design. The design scheme is implemented using the hardware-agnostic programming language QCOR into the QuaSiMo library. To validate the implementation, the authors test and show its utility on commercial quantum processors from IBM and Rigetti, running some prototypical quantum simulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"2 4","pages":"160-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122576578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guest editorial for special issue on selected extended papers from QCrypt 2020","authors":"Stanislav Maslovski,&nbsp;Ahmed Farouk,&nbsp;Xian-Min Jin","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/qtc2.12022","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Cryptography is essential for security of communications. While the traditional public key cryptography still ensures confidentiality and authenticity of communicating parties for many applications, it is under threat from emerging quantum computing techniques. As an alternative to the traditional cryptography, in recent decades, quantum cryptography has been under active investigation and development. These efforts resulted in establishing a growing worldwide community working on these tasks, which is attracting researchers from other fields of theoretical and applied sciences.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This Special Issue of Selected Extended Papers from QCrypt 2020 is based on the research presented at QCrypt 2020 (10–14 August 2020), a conference for students and researchers who work on quantum cryptography, which welcomed research contributions on the possibilities and limitations of quantum methods for secure communications and computation. The conference enabled scientists, researchers and engineers to discuss and summarise the latest achievements in quantum cryptography and to publish their current theoretical and practical results, engineering innovations and other achievements, as well as to discuss some of the state-of-the-art approaches to the mentioned problems.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This Special Issue contains four papers presented at the conference covers areas relating to quantum and secure communications, such as the quantum key distribution (QKD) and generation, the secure random number generation and the fault-tolerant synchronization coding and decoding schemes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the article entitled ‘Using QKD in MACsec for secure Ethernet networks’, Joo Yeon Cho and Andrew Sergeev investigate a QKD-integrated Media Access Control security (MACsec) protocol for a quantum-secure Ethernet, assuming that a QKD infrastructure has been already deployed and is available for MACsec key rollover. The authors develop a new key exchange protocol based on the QKD that is applicable for such networks. Furthermore, an experiment is conducted that verifies that QKD can be integrated into MACsec without any performance degradation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the article entitled ‘Certification of the efficient random number generation technique based on single-photon detector arrays and time-to- digital converters’ by Andrea Stanco et al.&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt; a quantum random number generator (QRNG) capable of producing certified random numbers is analysed and tested. The combination of a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor single-photon avalanche diode array, a high-resolution time-to-digital converter implemented on a field programmable gate array enables generation of true random bits with a high bitrate in a compact and easy-to-calibrate device. The QRNG proposed in this article uses environmental light as the photon source. According to the authors, the generated bitstring has passed all the National Institute of Standards and Technology suite tests showing feasibility of such high-performance QRNGs with","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"2 3","pages":"63-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92296489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An overview of quantum computing and quantum communication systems","authors":"Shahid Mumtaz,&nbsp;Mohsen Guizani","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/qtc2.12021","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;While the commercial deployment of 5G networks and beyond is a reality, the first work for the definition and study of 6G networks has started. The scientific community agrees that these networks will be characterised by a very high spatial density of access points, heterogeneity of access technologies, an increased number of users per access point, and demand for ubiquitous connectivity that must combine ultra-low latency, very high bandwidth, and high energy efficiency [&lt;span&gt;1, 2&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Among the emerging challenges, holographic communications, high-precision manufacturing, the ubiquitous introduction of intelligence, and the incorporation of new technologies based on sub-terahertz (THz) or Visible Light Communications (VLC) are real issues. These are taking place in a truly three-dimensional coverage framework, integrating terrestrial and aerial radio to meet the needs with cloud-based capabilities where and when needed (on-demand). Radio frequencies are used in wireless telecommunications, but the need for very high throughput requires wider bandwidths, hence very high frequencies, in particular THz bands.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Moving to a higher frequency range—from 100 GHz to 10 THz—is expected to significantly increase the bandwidth of the radio channel, which will make it possible to serve a significant number of users. In this case, we are not talking about the connection of cell phones, tablets, or computers (and even smart cars)—we are considering the use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, which within one base station can be quite a lot. Therefore, the technologies for beamforming, device location, etc., developed for the 5G generation that is just being implemented now should also remain but will be used at higher frequencies [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;For which 6G is primarily intended, IoT solutions have been given a particular name: ‘human-machine-things’. They involve three elements in the system: a person as a physical carrier; an intelligent device with which the person interacts; collects data and executes commands from an application running on the person's device [&lt;span&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The 6G radio networks will provide the means of communication and data gathering necessary to accumulate information. Still, a system's approach will be required for the 6G technology market as a whole involving data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and next-generation computation capabilities via HPC and quantum computing [&lt;span&gt;3, 5&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This tremendous amount of data may be harnessed, with strong processing and learning capabilities, to manage the network at different levels. To this end, quantum computing methods can play a significant enabling role and can provide a guaranteed security platform.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Towards provisioning this massive connectivity and efficiently processing the voluminous data available at the user and network sides, quantum-powered computing methods have a strong potential in realising the ambitions of a se","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"2 3","pages":"136-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92295810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Key generation schemes for channel authentication in quantum key distribution protocol","authors":"Mikhail Borodin,&nbsp;Andrey Zhilyaev,&nbsp;Alexey Urivskiy","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/qtc2.12020","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Quantum key distribution (QKD) systems enable secure key generation between two parties. Such systems require an authenticated classical channel for QKD protocols to work. Usually, the initial authentication key for this channel is pre-shared. In this work, methods that are used to renew the pre-shared keys ensuring a high level of security and performance for the subsequent quantum key generation are discussed. The model of QKD systems in terms of the lifecycle of the keys is formalised and a full set of parameters that can be used for key renewal functions is described. A detailed adversary model allows us to compare key renewal schemes by the probabilities of successful attacks and their consequences. As a result, it is shown that a hybrid key renewal scheme, which uses both the auxiliary pre-shared key and a part of the quantum sequence, has the higher security properties among considered schemes and is recommended to be used in QKD systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"2 3","pages":"90-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92291481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}