IET Quantum Communication最新文献

{"title":"The quantum internet: A synergy of quantum information technologies and 6G networks","authors":"Georgi Gary Rozenman,&nbsp;Neel Kanth Kundu,&nbsp;Ruiqi Liu,&nbsp;Leyi Zhang,&nbsp;Alona Maslennikov,&nbsp;Yuval Reches,&nbsp;Heung Youl Youm","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12069","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The quantum internet is a cutting-edge paradigm that uses the unique characteristics of quantum technology to radically alter communication networks. This new network type is expected to collaborate with 6G networks, creating a synergy that will fundamentally alter how we communicate, engage, and trade information. The improved security, increased speed, and increased network capacity of the quantum internet will lead to the emergence of a broad variety of new applications and services. The current state of quantum technology and its integration with 6G networks are summarised in this study, with an emphasis on the key challenges and untapped possibilities. The main goal is to get knowledge about how the quantum internet might impact communication in the future and alter several economic and societal sectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"4 4","pages":"147-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135462350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards quantum-secure software defined networks","authors":"Mohammad Reza Nosouhi,&nbsp;Keshav Sood,&nbsp;Vinay Chamola,&nbsp;Jongkil Jay Jeong,&nbsp;Anuroop Gaddam","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12073","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12073","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The evolution of quantum computers is considered a serious threat to public-key cryptosystems (e.g. RSA, ECDSA, ECDH, etc.). This is indeed a big concern for security of the Internet and other data communication and storage systems. The reason is that public-key schemes are the basis in the generation of shared symmetric keys that are used to perform data encryption/decryption in communication and data transfer protocols. One possible approach to address this issue is to use Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) (instead of public-key schemes) for the ultra-secure generation of symmetric keys. QKD is a physical layer technology that allows two parties (equipped with optical communication interfaces) to generate secure random keys over a quantum channel that is immune to eavesdropping threats. The keys are then used by symmetric encryption schemes (e.g. AES) to encrypt data over classical channels. This allows us to have data encryption/decryption without needing a public-key scheme. However, due to its inherent characteristics, the implementation of QKD has mostly been considered in particular contexts only (e.g. backhaul networks, point-to-point connections, optical networks, etc.). This indeed limits the utility of QKD technology to only some particular applications while it has the potential to be used in a wide range of used cases. Motivated by this (increasing the usability of QKD technology), in this study, the authors propose a model that enables SDN-based networks to utilise QKD technology and provide QKD security service (i.e., random key generation service) to network applications and security protocols in a practical and efficient way. In the proposed approach, secret keys are generated based on the distribution of quantum entanglement between QKD nodes deployed in the network. The significant characteristic of our proposed model is that it does not rely on quantum repeaters to operate. This also improves the efficiency of the employed QKD mechanisms in terms of the key generation rate.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"5 1","pages":"66-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134911801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building a quantum-ready ecosystem","authors":"Abhishek Purohit,&nbsp;Maninder Kaur,&nbsp;Zeki Can Seskir,&nbsp;Matthew T. Posner,&nbsp;Araceli Venegas-Gomez","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12072","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12072","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The emergence of quantum technologies has led to groundbreaking advancements in computing, sensing, secure communications, and simulation of advanced materials with practical applications in every industry sector. The rapid advancement of the quantum technologies ecosystem has made it imperative to assess the maturity of these technologies and their imminent acceleration towards commercial viability. The current status of quantum technologies is presented and the need for a quantum-ready ecosystem is emphasised. Standard Quantum Technology Readiness Levels (QTRLs) are formulated and innovative models and tools are defined to evaluate the readiness of specific quantum technology. In addition to QTRLs, Quantum Commercial Readiness Levels (QCRLs) is introduced to provide a robust framework for evaluating the commercial viability and market readiness of quantum technologies. Furthermore, relevant indicators concerning key stakeholders, including government, industry, and academia are discussed and ethics and protocols implications are described, to deepen the understanding of the readiness for quantum technology and to support the development of a robust and effective quantum ecosystem.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12072","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135981379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of Italian industry 4.0 quantum testbed in Turin","authors":"Nicola Corrias,&nbsp;Ilaria Vagniluca,&nbsp;Saverio Francesconi,&nbsp;Claudia De Lazzari,&nbsp;Nicola Biagi,&nbsp;Marco Menchetti,&nbsp;Giovanni Lombardi,&nbsp;Antonino Scordato,&nbsp;Valerio Gionco,&nbsp;Roberto Mercinelli,&nbsp;Annachiara Pagano,&nbsp;Maurizio Valvo,&nbsp;Orlando Tovar,&nbsp;Giorgio Giacalone,&nbsp;Paolo Brizzi,&nbsp;Tommaso Occhipinti,&nbsp;Alessandro Zavatta,&nbsp;Davide Bacco","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12074","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12074","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The security of data communications is one of the crucial challenges that our society is facing today. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is one of the most prominent methods for guaranteeing ultimate security based on the laws of quantum physics. In this work, the results obtained during the Italian Industry 4.0 Quantum Testbed (II4QuTe) project are reported where the authors realised a QKD testbed securely connecting the Competence Industry Manufacturing 4.0 (CIM4.0) located in Torino and a TIM edge node located 10 km away from the testbed. The edge node accommodates the server providing computation capabilities for managing the real-time data generated by the machines within the CIM4.0 digital factory pilot line, thus gracefully integrating QKD with the MEC (Multi-access Edge Computing) paradigm. The experiment was conducted for more than 69 h, establishing an average key generation rate of 5.125 keys/s (AES-256 keys) and demonstrating the stability of the entire end-to-end encryption system.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"5 1","pages":"46-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81185510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling and experimental testing of an optical synchronisation beacon designed for high-loss satellite quantum communication","authors":"Peide Zhang,&nbsp;David Lowndes,&nbsp;Milan Stefko,&nbsp;Daniel Oi,&nbsp;John Rarity","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12071","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12071","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Long-distance free space quantum key distribution based on CubeSats can be used to establish global quantum secure communication networks, with potential commercial applications benefitting from the low cost of its design and launch. Detecting single-photon level optical pulses sent from space requires highly accurate and robust timing systems to pick out signals from the noise. For such high-loss applications, we envisage a low-repetition (sub-MHz) beacon laser emitting short (ns) high-peak-power pulses from which interpolated quantum signal arrival windows can be derived. We firstly study theoretically the effects of jitter on the efficiency of gating quantum signals including all important jitter sources, and then experimentally investigated it by changing the clock jitter, and the result shows that the greater jitter will reduce the gating rate of the signal. The experimental interpolation error is tested against loss under laboratory conditions giving results close to our model. We also found that the jitter introduced by the Doppler effect can be ignored with a repetition rate larger than 1 kHz. This model can be directly used for the performance analysis and optimisation of all quantum and non-quantum systems using similar synchronisation schemes over terrestrial free space or fibre.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"5 1","pages":"52-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88640198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum Key Distribution for V2I communications with software-defined networking","authors":"Alexandros Stavdas,&nbsp;Evangelos Kosmatos,&nbsp;Carsten Maple,&nbsp;Emilio Hugues-Salas,&nbsp;Gregory Epiphaniou,&nbsp;Daniel S. Fowler,&nbsp;Shadi A. Razak,&nbsp;Chris Matrakidis,&nbsp;Hu Yuan,&nbsp;Andrew Lord","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12070","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12070","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The evolution of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) promises improvements in our travel experience and the potential to enhance road safety and reduce environmental impact. This will be utilising highly diverse traffic environments that enable several advanced mobility applications. A secure, efficient, reliable, and resilient communications infrastructure is required to support developments in these CAV systems. Next generation of telecommunication networks will seamlessly integrate terrestrial, satellite, and airborne networks into a single wireless system satisfying the requirements of trustworthy future transport systems. Given the increasing importance of CAVs, coupled with their attractiveness as a cyber-attack for threat agents (e.g., disruption of transportation systems by nation states), security is paramount. Future communications systems offer an opportunity to integrate Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) into vehicular environments, protecting against advances in quantum computation that render many of the classical algorithms that underpin Public Key Infrastructure obsolete. This paper proposes a method for the integration of QKD in V2I networks to enable secure data communication. Quantum Key Distribution is used in the end-to-end path of vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) networks. Furthermore, an overarching Software-Defined Network, with integrated QKD, is introduced. We have investigated the security performance of QKD in a V2I network over an urban environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"5 1","pages":"38-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12070","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90179257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid-quantum approach for the optimal lockdown to stop the SARS-CoV-2 community spread subject to maximising nation economy globally","authors":"Kunal Das,&nbsp;Sahil Zaman,&nbsp;Alex Khan,&nbsp;Arindam Sadhu,&nbsp;Subhasree Bhattacharjee,&nbsp;Faisal Shah Khan,&nbsp;Bikramjit Sarkar","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12068","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12068","url":null,"abstract":"<p>SARS-CoV-2 epidemic (severe acute respiratory corona virus 2 syndromes) has caused major impacts on a global scale. Several countries, including India, Europe, U.S.A., introduced a full state/nation lockdown to minimise the disease transmission through human interaction after the virus entered the population and to minimise the loss of human life. Millions of people have gone unemployed due to lockdown implementation, resulting in business and industry closure and leading to a national economic slowdown. Therefore, preventing the spread of the COVID-19 virus in the world while also preserving the global economy is an essential problem requiring an effective and immediate solution. Using the compartmental epidemiology S, E, I, R or D (Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, Recovery or Death) model extended to multiple population regions, the authors predict the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 disease and construct an optimally scheduled lockdown calendar to execute lockdown over phases, using the well-known Knapsack problem. A comparative analysis of both classical and quantum models shows that our model decreases SARS-CoV-2 active cases while retaining the average global economic factor, Gross Domestic Product, in contrast to the scenario with no lockdown.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"5 1","pages":"19-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85571773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of outage performance in a 6G-V2X communications system utilising free-space optical quantum key distribution","authors":"Hu Yuan,&nbsp;Daniel S. Fowler,&nbsp;Carsten Maple,&nbsp;Gregory Epiphaniou","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12067","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12067","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Quantum-based technologies will provide system engineers with new capabilities for securing data communications. The UK AirQKD project has implemented a Free-Space Optical Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) system to enable the continuous generation of symmetric encryption keys. One of the use cases for the generated keys is to secure Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications. V2X applications would benefit from the certificate-free security provided by QKD for a post-quantum society. How FSO-QKD could integrate into a V2X architecture is examined. An overview of V2X is provided with the role that FSO-QKD could secure V2X data though some obstacles exist. One of the issues with 6G communications is the potential line-of-sight (LOS) considerations between the V2X devices. The modelling required for LOS is examined to analyse the outage performance of the building to infrastructure links in the 6G architecture. The results from the model show that further work is required if 6G LOS communications are going to be relied upon for future safety-critical V2X applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"4 4","pages":"191-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83122047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum protocol for decision making and verifying truthfulness among N-quantum parties: Solution and extension of the quantum coin flipping game","authors":"Kazuki Ikeda,&nbsp;Adam Lowe","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12066","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12066","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The authors devised a protocol that allows two parties, who may malfunction or intentionally convey incorrect information in communication through a quantum channel, to verify each other's measurements and agree on each other's results. This has particular relevance in a modified version of the quantum coin flipping game. The key innovation of the authors’ work includes the new design of a quantum coin that excludes any advantage of cheating, by which the long-standing problem of the fair design of the game is, affirmatively, solved. Furthermore, the analysis is extended to <i>N</i>-parties communicating with each other, where multiple solutions for the verification of each player's measurement is proposed. The results in the <i>N</i>-party scenario could have particular relevance for the implementation of future quantum networks, where verification of quantum information is a necessity.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"4 4","pages":"218-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90710334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modular quantum circuits for secure communication","authors":"Andrea Ceschini,&nbsp;Antonello Rosato,&nbsp;Massimo Panella","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12065","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12065","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Quasi-chaotic generators are used for producing a pseudorandom behaviour that can be used for encryption/decryption and secure communications, introducing an implementation of them based on quantum technology. Namely, the authors propose a quasi-chaotic generator based on quantum modular addition and quantum modular multiplication and they prove that quantum computing allows the parallel processing of data, paving the way for a fast and robust multi-channel encryption/decryption scheme. The resulting structure is validated by means of several experiments, which assessed the performance with respect to the original VLSI solution and ascertained the desired noise-like behaviour.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"4 4","pages":"208-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87576074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}