IET Quantum Communication最新文献_第5页

Wireless quantum key distribution at terahertz frequencies: Opportunities and challenges 太赫兹频率下的无线量子密钥分发：机遇与挑战

IF 2.5

IET Quantum Communication Pub Date : 2024-01-13 DOI: 10.1049/qtc2.12085

Neel Kanth Kundu, Matthew R. McKay, Ranjan K. Mallik

{"title":"Wireless quantum key distribution at terahertz frequencies: Opportunities and challenges","authors":"Neel Kanth Kundu, Matthew R. McKay, Ranjan K. Mallik","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12085","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12085","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum key distribution (QKD) is one of the major applications of quantum information technology. It can provide ultra-secure key distribution with security guaranteed by the laws of quantum physics. Quantum key distribution is necessary to protect data transmission from quantum computing attacks in future communication networks. The laws of quantum mechanics dictate that as opposed to microwave frequencies, quantum coherence is preserved at room temperatures for terahertz (THz) frequencies. This makes the THz band a promising solution for room-temperature QKD implementation in future wireless communication networks. The authors present the principles of continuous variable QKD (CV-QKD) systems and review the latest developments in the design and analysis of CV-QKD systems operating at microwave and THz frequencies. The authors also discuss how multiple-input multiple-output transmission can be incorporated into the quantum communications framework to improve the secret key rates and increase the coverage distances of the THz CV-QKD system. Furthermore, major hardware challenges that must be surmounted to practically realise THz CV-QKD systems are highlighted.","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"5 4","pages":"450-461"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139530935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of fragmentation in quantum signal channel of quantum key distribution enabled optical networks 启用量子密钥分发的光网络中量子信号信道碎片的影响

IET Quantum Communication Pub Date : 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.1049/qtc2.12083

Purva Sharma, Vimal Bhatia, Shashi Prakash

{"title":"Impact of fragmentation in quantum signal channel of quantum key distribution enabled optical networks","authors":"Purva Sharma, Vimal Bhatia, Shashi Prakash","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12083","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12083","url":null,"abstract":"In QKD-enabled optical networks (QKD-enabled ONs), fragmentation is one of the serious issues which can be mitigated through appropriate management of network resources. Thus, efficient allocation of network resources during routing and resource assignment is important to minimise the impact of time slot fragmentation in the quantum signal channel (QSCh) of QKD-enabled ONs. The authors address the fragmentation problem in the QSCh and propose a new fragmentation-suppressed routing and resource assignment (FS-RRA) approach. To evaluate the performance and to analyse the effect of time slot fragmentation in QSCh of QKD-enabled ONs, the proposed FS-RRA approach is compared with two existing resource assignment approaches, namely, the first-fit (FF) and random-fit (RF) for two different networks. Simulation results show that the proposed approach reduces fragmentation by 2.97% and 6.69% for NSFNET and 1.77% and 5.91% for UBN24 in terms of external fragmentation compared to FF and RF, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed approach reduces blocking by 4.03% and 14.28% for NSFNET and 2.61% and 13.44% for UBN24 and improves resource utilisation up to 3.44% and 5.96% for NSFNET and 3.08% and 7.64% for UBN24 compared to FF and RF, respectively.","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"5 2","pages":"164-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139532928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Gravitoelectric effect in the condensed magnetic sea 凝聚磁海中的引力场效应

IET Quantum Communication Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.1049/qtc2.12082

Jong hoon Lee

{"title":"Gravitoelectric effect in the condensed magnetic sea","authors":"Jong hoon Lee","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12082","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12082","url":null,"abstract":"Trapped graviton in magnetic seas induces magnetic fields as a function of time in the additional space. The Soon Joe generator made the Graviton set behave as free relativistic quantum particles. The current and voltage generated when the LED was turned on and off were measured five times. Measurements were made in units of 1/1000 of a second, and the measured data were summed. In the LED off-state, the average current was −2.87E-03 (A), and the average voltage was −1.44E-01 (V) in VH and 6.83E-01 (V) in VL. The average current in the LED on-stage was −4.28E-03, the VH was 2.14E-01, and the VL was 6.57E-01. The voltage difference was −8.27E-01 in the off-stage and −8.71E-01 in the on-stage. Less current was generated in the off-stage, with less voltage difference. In this experiment, we confirmed that the graviton generates the current, and with the photons, more current is generated. This explains why the interactive induction protocol of gravitons or photons can be used to experiment with the magnetic field's ability to communicate or transfer energy with relativistic quantum particles. The gravitoelectric effect explains the photoelectric effect elements, and graviton has induced electricity as a physical entity in the magnetic sea.","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"5 2","pages":"185-195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139164644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quantum BER estimation modelling and analysis for satellite-based quantum key distribution scenarios 基于卫星的量子密钥分发方案的量子误码率估算建模与分析

IET Quantum Communication Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.1049/qtc2.12081

Abhishek Khanna, Sambuddha Majumder, Adarsh Jain, Dinesh Kumar Singh

{"title":"Quantum BER estimation modelling and analysis for satellite-based quantum key distribution scenarios","authors":"Abhishek Khanna, Sambuddha Majumder, Adarsh Jain, Dinesh Kumar Singh","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12081","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12081","url":null,"abstract":"The quantum communication channel is considered to be eavesdropped when the signal Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) exceeds a defined theoretical limit and is thus considered a figure of merit parameter for assessing the security of a quantum channel. This work presents a general mathematical model considering device imperfections and various sources of errors for estimating signal QBER in polarisation encoded satellite-based QKD systems. QBER performance for satellite-to-ground downlink scenarios has been investigated for multiple sky brightness conditions (day time and night time operations), two operating wavebands: 800 and 1550 nm as well as for different quantum transmitter and quantum receiver architectures. Further, a novel QBER estimation analysis for inter-satellite QKD links has also been presented. The estimation results obtained from the developed model have been validated against and found in good agreement with the measured results of the only reported satellite-to-ground QKD experiments till date. The presented QBER modelling and analysis will aid in system engineering and efficient design of future satellite-based QKD systems.","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"5 2","pages":"157-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138956078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quantum intelligence in medicine: Empowering thyroid disease prediction through advanced machine learning 医学中的量子智能：通过先进的机器学习增强甲状腺疾病预测能力

IET Quantum Communication Pub Date : 2023-12-19 DOI: 10.1049/qtc2.12078

Mohemmed Sha

{"title":"Quantum intelligence in medicine: Empowering thyroid disease prediction through advanced machine learning","authors":"Mohemmed Sha","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12078","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12078","url":null,"abstract":"The medical information system is rich in datasets, but no intelligent systems can easily analyse the disease. Recently, ML (Machine Learning)-based algorithms have acted as a handy diagnostic tool to identify whether a person is affected by thyroid or not. However, they produced classification with low accuracy and led to misclassification. Hence, the proposed system combines quantum computing with ML techniques to enhance computational power and precision. The system employs modified QPSO (Quantum Particle Swarm Optimisation) for feature selection since its searching performance is better than that of conventional PSO for selecting the optimum global position of the particle, thus selecting the relevant feature. Whereas, the QSVM (Quantum Support Vector Machine) is implemented for more accurate classification than classical SVM, as it tends to capture complex patterns in data produced due to high dimensional feature space applied by quantum kernel functions. This combination of modified QPSO and QSVM tends to increase the performance accuracy significantly. The efficiency of the proposed model is measured based on derivative parameters, such as F-1-score, recall, precision and accuracy, with corresponding confusion matrix and ROC. Further, the classification is compared with other traditional approaches to predict the accuracy of the proposed model with traditional methods.","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"5 2","pages":"123-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12078","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138959354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Stochastic performance analysis of a time-of-arrival quantum random number generator 到达时间量子随机数发生器的随机性能分析

IET Quantum Communication Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.1049/qtc2.12080

Ágoston Schranz, Balázs Solymos, Miklós Telek

引用次数: 0

Design-for-testability for reversible logic circuits based on bit-swapping 基于位交换的可逆逻辑电路的可测试性设计

IET Quantum Communication Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1049/qtc2.12077

Joyati Mondal, Debesh Kumar Das, Bhargab B. Bhattacharya

{"title":"Design-for-testability for reversible logic circuits based on bit-swapping","authors":"Joyati Mondal, Debesh Kumar Das, Bhargab B. Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12077","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12077","url":null,"abstract":"The emerging technology of reversible circuits offers a potential solution to the synthesis of ultra low-power quantum computing systems. A reversible circuit can be envisaged as a cascade of reversible gates only, such as Toffoli gate, which has two components: k control bits and a target bit (k-CNOT), k ≥ 1. While analysing testability issues in a reversible circuit, the missing-gate fault model is often used for modelling physical defects in k-CNOT gates. A new design-for-testability (DFT) technique is proposed for reversible circuits that deploys bit-swapping using Fredkin reversible gates. It is shown that in an (n × n) circuit implemented with k-CNOT gates, addition of only two extra inputs along with a few Fredkin gates yields easy testability in the circuit. The modified design admits a universal test set of maximum size 2n + 1 that detects all detectable missing gate faults in the original circuit, where n is the number of input/output lines in the circuit. The DFT overhead in terms of quantum cost is much less compared to that of previous approaches. The method is more advantageous for large circuits.","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"5 2","pages":"113-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139205519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quantum computing applications for Internet of Things 量子计算在物联网中的应用

IET Quantum Communication Pub Date : 2023-11-28 DOI: 10.1049/qtc2.12079

Mritunjay Shall Peelam, Anjaney Asreet Rout, Vinay Chamola

引用次数: 0

Analysis of Atom against quantum attacks 针对量子攻击的 Atom 分析

IET Quantum Communication Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1049/qtc2.12076

Ravi Anand, Rimpa Nandi, Takanori Isobe

{"title":"Analysis of Atom against quantum attacks","authors":"Ravi Anand, Rimpa Nandi, Takanori Isobe","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12076","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12076","url":null,"abstract":"A significant amount of study is being done to review the security promises made for the various ciphers now in use as a result of the development of quantum computing technology. A general attack against symmetric key cryptography primitives that can reduce search costs to the square root is Grover's search algorithm. To implement Grover's algorithm, it is necessary that the target cipher be implemented as a quantum circuit. Despite being relatively new, this area of study has received significant attention from the research community. The authors have estimated the cost of Grover's key search attack against the stream cipher Atom, for the first time, under circuit depth restrictions defined in National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) PQC standardisation process. The authors implement the quantum circuit of Atom in QISKIT, (open-source software development kit for working with quantum computers running on IBM Quantum Experience). The results are also compared with other existing literature on LFSR-based stream ciphers, such as Grain-v1, Grain-128-AEAD, and Lizard. The authors also find that, to the best of their knowledge, in the existing literature on estimating the cost of Grover's attack on symmetric ciphers, Atom is the only 128-bit key cipher that meets the threshold of ≈2170 set by NIST for quantum security of 128-bit key ciphers. The authors also analyse the security of Atom against quantum TMDTO attacks.","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"5 1","pages":"88-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12076","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135243087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Integrated semi-quantum layered communication 集成半量子分层通信

IET Quantum Communication Pub Date : 2023-11-07 DOI: 10.1049/qtc2.12075

Rajni Bala, Sooryansh Asthana, V. Ravishankar

{"title":"Integrated semi-quantum layered communication","authors":"Rajni Bala, Sooryansh Asthana, V. Ravishankar","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.12075","DOIUrl":"10.1049/qtc2.12075","url":null,"abstract":"In recent times, secure quantum communication in layered networks has emerged as an important area of study. The authors harness the potential offered by multidimensional states in secure quantum communication with only one quantum participant and all the other classical participants. Three protocols are proposed for—(i) entanglement-based layered semi-quantum key distribution, (ii) layered semi-quantum secret sharing, and (iii) integrated layered semi-quantum key distribution and secret sharing to share secret information in arbitrarily layered networks. These protocols integrate the features of semi-quantum communication in layered networks. All three protocols allow for simultaneous distribution of secure information in all the layers of a network, thanks to the employment of multidimensional states. These protocols are presented for a small network of at most five participants and three layers and show the robustness of the same against various eavesdropping strategies. Finally, a detailed procedure is provided for generalisations of the proposed protocols to distribute keys/secrets in any arbitrarily structured quantum network.","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"5 1","pages":"72-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.12075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135430945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0