iEnergy最新文献

{"title":"Feasibility Study of Renewable e-Methanol Production: A Substitution Pathway from Blue to Green","authors":"Peiyang Li;Jin Lin;Zhipeng Yu;Yingtian Chi;Kai Zhao","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2024.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2024.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Producing renewable e-methanol from e-hydrogen and diverse carbon sources is an essential way for clean methanol preparation. Despite this, the technical and economic feasibility of different e-methanols has yet to be thoroughly compared, leaving the most promising pathway to achieve commercialization yet evident. This paper reports a preliminary analysis of the lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and costs of four renewable e-methanols with different carbon sources: bio-carbon, direct air capture (DAC), fossil fuel carbon capture (FFCC), and fossil. The results indicate that renewable e-methanol costs (4167–10250 CNY/tonne) 2–4 times the market rate of grey methanol. However, with the carbon tax and the projected decline in e-H\u0000<inf>2</inf>\u0000 costs, blue e-methanol may initially replace diesel in inland navigation, followed by a shift from heavy fuel oil (HFO) to green e-methanol in ocean shipping. Furthermore, the e-H\u0000<inf>2</inf>\u0000 cost and the availability of green carbon are vital factors affecting cost-effectiveness. A reduction in e-H\u0000<inf>2</inf>\u0000 cost from 2.1 CNY/Nm\u0000³\u0000 to 1.1 CNY/Nm\u0000³\u0000 resulting from a transition from an annual to a daily scheduling period, could lower e-methanol costs by 1200 to 2100 CNY. This paper also provides an in-depth discussion on the challenges and opportunities associated with the various green carbon sources.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"3 2","pages":"108-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10587141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141543842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilience-Assuring Hydrogen-Powered Microgrids","authors":"Chaofan Lin;Peng Zhang;Yacov A. Shamash;Zongli Lin;Xiaonan Lu","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2024.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2024.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Green hydrogen has shown great potential to power microgrids as a primary source, whereas the resilient operation methodology under extreme events remains an open area. To fill this gap, this letter establishes an operational optimization strategy towards resilient hydrogen-powered microgrids. The frequency and voltage regulation characteristics of primary hydrogen sources under droop control and their electrical-chemical conversion process with nonlinear stack efficiency are accurately modeled by piecewise linear constraints. A resilience-oriented multi-time-slot stochastic optimization model is then formulated for an economic and robust operation under changing uncertainties. Test results show that the new formulation can leverage the primary hydrogen sources to achieve a resilience and safety-assured operation plan, supplying maximum critical loads while significantly reducing the frequency and voltage variations.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"3 2","pages":"77-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10587145","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141543843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of Semiconductor Devices and Other Power Electronics Components at Cryogenic Temperature","authors":"Yuchuan Liao;Abdelrahman Elwakeel;Yudi Xiao;Rafael Peña Alzola;Min Zhang;Weijia Yuan;Alfonso J. Cruz Feliciano;Lukas Graber","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2024.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2024.0014","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing demand for high power density, and to meet extreme working conditions, research has been focused on investigating the performance of power electronics devices at cryogenic temperatures. The aim of this paper is to review the performance of power semiconductor devices, passive components, gate drivers, sensors, and eventually power electronics converters at cryogenic temperatures. By comparing the physical properties of semiconductor materials and the electrical performance of commercial power semiconductor devices, silicon carbide switches show obvious disadvantages due to the increased on-resistance and switching time at cryogenic temperature. In contrast, silicon and gallium nitride devices exhibit improved performance when temperature is decreased. The performance ceiling of power semiconductor devices can be influenced by gate drivers, within which the commercial alternatives show deteriorated performance at cryogenic temperature compared to room temperature. Moreover, options for voltage and current sense in cryogenic environments are justified. Based on the cryogenic performance of the various components afore-discussed, this paper ends by presenting an overview of the published converter, which are either partially or fully tested in a cryogenic environment.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"3 2","pages":"95-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10587144","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141543872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy Impacts of Autonomous Vehicles - Present and the Future","authors":"Kaushik Rajashekara","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2024.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2024.0012","url":null,"abstract":"A number of research papers including several review papers have reported that autonomous vehicles (AVs) consume a significant amount of power to run the onboard computers that do all the calculations needed to process and analyze the significant amount of data. In addition, there is a substantial amount of power consumption by onboard sensors including radars, cameras, Lidars, etc.\u0000^[1]\u0000 The resulting power consumption results in range reduction in electric autonomous vehicles. This in-turn increases the emissions based on how the electricity is obtained for charging these vehicle batteries. As the degree of automation moves up the ladder of AVs, the complexity of the overall control, management, and the associated tasks grow exponentially, and hence increasing the power consumption. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) defines 6 levels of driving automation ranging from Level 0 (fully manual) to Level 5 (fully autonomous). Level 0 is no driving automation and the driver is responsible for full control of the vehicle. Level 1 is the driver assisted by a support system like adaptive cruise control or lane-changing assistance, but the driver must remain engaged. In Level 2, the vehicle can perform multiple automated functions, such as braking, accelerating, and steering, through advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS), but the driver must actively supervise the vehicle's operation. The Level 3 vehicle can manage all aspects of driving, but the driver still needs to be present in case of an emergency or system failure to override the automation. In Level 4, the vehicle operates autonomously but is limited by speed or to a certain location. The human override is still an option. Level 5 is full driving automation, which can operate autonomously in all driving scenarios and under any conditions, without geographic or speed limitations. At this level, human interaction is reduced to merely setting the destination. The levels of automated vehicles currently in market mostly are Levels 1 and 2. Mercedes-Benz offers Level 3 autonomous driving in its S-Class and EQS models. Few other companies including Audi, BMW, and Tesla are planning to soon market the Level 3 vehicles. Levels 3 and 4 are currently being deployed for testing in a few cities in limited areas. Level 5 will hopefully be someday in the future.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"3 2","pages":"73-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10587143","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141544048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Epoxy Resin with Superior Breakdown Strength: A Review","authors":"Li Shengtao;Li Mingru","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2024.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2024.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Epoxy resin (EP) has been widely utilized in electrical equipment and electronic devices due to its fascinating electric, thermal, and mechanical properties. However, the complex insulation structures of modern power devices in high-voltage direct current systems pose several challenges for EP-based dielectrics. The most significant among these challenges is the need for EP to stably operate under greater electric fields, requiring superior breakdown strength. This paper summarizes the key factors influencing the breakdown strength of EP and reviews reported methods for enhancing this property. Recognizing the limitations of existing approaches, we propose that the emerging technology of molecule design offers a potentially optimal solution for developing EP with enhanced breakdown strength. Furthermore, we anticipate the future development direction of EP with satisfactory insulation properties. We believe that enhancing the breakdown theory of solid dielectrics, exploring new research and development methodologies, and creating environmentally friendly EP with high performance are primary focus areas. We hope that this paper will offer guidance and support for the future development of EP with superior breakdown strength, proving valuable in advancing EP-based dielectrics.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"3 2","pages":"82-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10587146","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141544047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Charging Load Prediction Method for Expressway Electric Vehicles Considering Dynamic Battery State-of-Charge and User Decision","authors":"Jiuding Tan;Shuaibing Li;Yi Cui;Zhixiang Lin;Yufeng Song;Yongqiang Kang;Haiying Dong","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2024.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2024.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate prediction of electric vehicle (EV) charging loads is a foundational step in the establishment of expressway charging infrastructures. This study introduces an approach to enhance the precision of expressway EV charging load predictions. The method considers both the battery dynamic state-of-charge (SOC) and user charging decisions. Expressway network nodes were first extracted using the open Gaode Map API to establish a model that incorporates the expressway network and traffic flow features. A Gaussian mixture model is then employed to construct a SOC distribution model for mixed traffic flow. An innovative SOC dynamic translation model is then introduced to capture the dynamic characteristics of traffic flow SOC values. Based on this foundation, an EV charging decision model was developed which considers expressway node distinctions. EV travel characteristics are extracted from the NHTS2017 datasets to assist in constructing the model. Differentiated decision-making is achieved by utilizing improved Lognormal and Sigmoid functions. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a case study of the Lian-Huo expressway. An analysis of EV charging power converges with historical data and shows that the method accurately predicts the charging loads of EVs on expressways, thus revealing the efficacy of the proposed approach in predicting EV charging dynamics under expressway scenarios.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"3 2","pages":"115-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10587177","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141543841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transitioning from Heterogeneous VSC to Homogeneous VSC Based Power Systems: Leveraging Dual-Port Grid-Forming VSCs","authors":"Shuo Zhang;Wei Qiao;Liyan Qu;Jun Wang","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2024.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2024.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Grid-tie voltage source converters (VSCs) can operate in three distinct modes: AC-dominant, DC-dominant, and balanced, depending on the placement of the stiff voltage sources, as shown in Figure 1. The distinct operation modes of VSCs typically require different synchronization control techniques. For instance, the grid-following (GFL) control, which utilizes a phase-locked loop to track the AC grid phase and frequency, can be employed for VSCs operating in the AC-dominant mode and the balanced mode. On the other hand, the grid-forming (GFM) control is utilized for VSCs operating in the DC-dominant mode and the balanced mode. Therefore, neither GFM control nor GFL control can serve as a universal synchronization control technique for VSCs to operate in all of the three modes. While the combination of the GFL VSCs and the GFM VSCs can handle applications that require the VSCs to operate in all of the three modes, effectively accommodating and coordinating the heterogeneous GFL and GFM VSCs remains challenging for power systems.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"3 2","pages":"75-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10587142","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141544046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"25% - Efficiency flexible perovskite solar cells via controllable growth of SnO2","authors":"Ningyu Ren;Liguo Tan;Minghao Li;Junjie Zhou;Yiran Ye;Boxin Jiao;Liming Ding;Chenyi Yi","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2024.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2024.0001","url":null,"abstract":"High power conversion efficiency (PCE) flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs) are highly desired power sources for aerospace crafts and flexible electronics. However, their PCEs still lag far behind their rigid counterparts. Herein, we report a high PCE FPSC by controllable growth of a SnO2 electron transport layer through constant pH chemical bath deposition (CBD). The application of SnSO4 as tin source enables us to perform CBD without strong acid, which in turn makes it applicable to acid-sensitive flexible indium tin oxide. Furthermore, a mild and controllable growth environment leads to uniform particle growth and dense SnO\u0000<inf>2</inf>\u0000 deposition with full coverage and reproducibility, resulting in a record PCE of up to 25.09% (certified 24.90%) for FPSCs to date. The as-fabricated FPSCs exhibited high durability, maintaining over 90% of their initial PCE after 10000 bending cycles.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"3 1","pages":"39-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10478316","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140339971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis and synchronization controller design of dual-port grid-forming voltage-source converters for different operation modes","authors":"Shuo Zhang;Wei Qiao;Liyan Qu;Jun Wang","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2024.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2024.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Grid-tie voltage source converters (VSCs) can operate in three distinct modes: AC-dominant, DC-dominant, and balanced, depending on the placement of the stiff voltage sources. The distinct operation modes of the VSCs traditionally demand different synchronization control techniques, leading to heterogeneous VSCs. It is challenging for the power system to accommodate and coordinate heterogeneous VSCs. A promising universal synchronization control technique for VSCs is the DC-link voltage synchronization control (DVSC) based on a lead compensator (LC). The LC DVSC stabilizes both the DC and AC voltages of a VSC while achieving synchronization with the AC grid. This results in a dual-port grid-forming (DGFM) characteristic for the VSC. However, there has been very limited study on the stability and synchronization controller design of the VSCs with the LC DVSC operating in various modes. To bridge this gap, the paper presents a quantitative analysis on the stability and steady-state performance of the LC DVSC in all three operation modes of the DGFM VSC. Based on the analysis, the paper provides step-by-step design guidelines for the LC DVSC. Furthermore, the paper uncovers an instability issue related to the LC DVSC when the DGFM VSC operates in the balanced mode. To tackle the instability issue, a virtual resistance control is proposed and integrated with the LC DVSC. Simulation results validate the analysis and demonstrate the effectiveness of the DGFM VSC with the LC DVSC designed using the proposed guidelines in all three operation modes. Overall, the paper demonstrates the feasibility of employing the DGFM VSC with the LC DVSC for all three possible operation modes, which can help overcome the challenges associated with accommodating and coordinating heterogeneous VSCs in the power system.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"3 1","pages":"46-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10488354","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140339972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The UAE consensus: “Beginning of the End” of the fossil fuel era","authors":"Wenjuan Dong;Weirong Zhang;Ershun Du;Zheng Li","doi":"10.23919/IEN.2024.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2024.0006","url":null,"abstract":"From November 30 to December 13, 2023, the 28th Conference of the Parties (COP28) was convened at Dubai Expo City in the United Arab Emirates (UAE)(Figure 1). Sultan AI Jaber, the CEO of the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company, presided over the conference. The primary aims of the conference were to finalize the first global stocktake, facilitate ambitious climate targets, bolster climate financing for developing countries, and expedite investments in climate adaptation efforts.","PeriodicalId":100648,"journal":{"name":"iEnergy","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10488351","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140339934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}