{"title":"A Method for Extracting Plausible Images From EM Leakage Measured at Low Sampling Rates","authors":"Taiki Kitazawa;Hiroyuki Kubo;Yuichi Hayashi","doi":"10.1109/LEMCPA.2023.3301431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LEMCPA.2023.3301431","url":null,"abstract":"Threats of compromising emanations, which allow malicious eavesdroppers to screen information through electromagnetic (EM) waves that have leaked from video display units (VDUs), are expanding their target devices with the development of low-cost and portable measurement setups. On the other hand, such low-cost instruments have a lower sampling rate than the pixel clock in VDUs; pixel information is lost in the image reconstructed from the measured EM waves, and the quality of the image is also degraded. In this letter, we propose a novel method to reconstruct high-quality images from lower sampling rate observations by a nonnegative linear optimization. Our method can recover clear images even when measuring EM leakage at low sampling rates and fluctuating sampling clocks. To obtain a stable and plausible solution to the optimization problem, we focus on fluctuations in sample points caused by clock jitter in devices and instruments and use pixel information obtained by observing multiple frames. To verify the proposed method, we generated simulated data from leaked EM waves, including screen information, and evaluated the visibility of the reconstructed images. Consequently, the images reconstructed using the proposed method were of the same quality as those reconstructed by applying conventional methods to data measured at a high sampling rate sufficient for information recovery. Moreover, we confirmed that even if the image quality is degraded by a decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio of the observed signal and an increase in the clock jitter, the proposed method can still be used to obtain high-quality reconstructed images by increasing the number of observed frames.","PeriodicalId":100625,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Letters on Electromagnetic Compatibility Practice and Applications","volume":"5 3","pages":"87-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/8566057/10260712/10201909.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67868215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis of Stair-Like 3-D-Printed Layers for Suppression of Conduction Noise on Microstrip Line","authors":"Chung-Yen Hsu;Lih-Shan Chen","doi":"10.1109/LEMCPA.2023.3300896","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LEMCPA.2023.3300896","url":null,"abstract":"Unwanted high-frequency electromagnetic interference from signal transmission lines or electromagnetic waves adversely affects the performance of electronic systems. Due to electromagnetic wave interference, filters and shields need to be designed to reduce noise and avoid damage to electronic devices. In this letter, 3-D printing is used to create stair-like layers on a microstrip line, which is utilized as a high-frequency power noise attenuator. Polylactic acid with added carbon is used in 3-D printing to prepare the conduction noise suppression layers. The effect of the stair-like 3-D-printed layers on power absorption, which enables high-frequency devices to function correctly, is discussed. The experimental results reveal that the power absorption range of the stair-like 3-D-printed layers is 80%–95% in the frequency range of 1.3–4.5 GHz for 1.21/3.23 mm specimens.","PeriodicalId":100625,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Letters on Electromagnetic Compatibility Practice and Applications","volume":"5 4","pages":"137-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76916590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"EMC Uncertainty Simulation Method Based on Improved Kriging Model","authors":"Jinjun Bai;Bing Hu;Zhengyu Xue","doi":"10.1109/LEMCPA.2023.3299244","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LEMCPA.2023.3299244","url":null,"abstract":"These days, uncertainty analysis methods have become a hot research topic in the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) field. The uncertainty analysis method based on the Kriging surrogate model has the unique advantage of not being affected by “dimensional disasters,” and has gradually attracted the attention of researchers. However, the traditional Kriging surrogate model uses a Latin hypercube sampling strategy to select training sets, which is a relatively passive sampling method, and the computational efficiency and accuracy in the practical application process are uncontrollable. This letter proposes an active sampling strategy based on stochastic reduced-order models (SROMs). By improving the fitness function of the genetic algorithm when complete clustering, a new Kriging model is constructed to complete the EMC uncertainty simulation. In the example of parallel cable crosstalk prediction in the published reference, the mean equivalent area method and feature selection verification methods were used to quantitatively evaluate the results, verifying the accuracy improvement of the proposed improvement strategy.","PeriodicalId":100625,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Letters on Electromagnetic Compatibility Practice and Applications","volume":"5 4","pages":"127-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91248202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design of Cost-Effective Power Quality and EMI Sensor for Multinode Network","authors":"Roelof Grootjans;Niek Moonen","doi":"10.1109/LEMCPA.2023.3294129","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LEMCPA.2023.3294129","url":null,"abstract":"Multinode measurement systems are required to evaluate electromagnetic interference (EMI) propagation and power-quality (PQ) issues in microgrids or large buildings. PQ issues are a subset of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), and identifying them can help track down problems in large networks. Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) sensors range from cheap smart plugs, with limited functionality and accuracy, to high-end measurement devices. For large-scale deployment and future research, a cost-effective solution is needed for distributed measurements. This letter discusses designing and evaluating a cost-effective PQ sensor that fits the gap between cheap smart plugs and high-end measurement devices. It is designed with expandability in mind while keeping the cost down. This allows the device to log other EMI parameters in the future by adding sensors without redesigning the device. An energy measurement accuracy of smaller than 1% is achieved, comparable to a class B energy meter of the EN-50470 standard. It can measure all the elementary electrical parameters so deviations to the EN-50160 can be logged in a (sub)second scale.","PeriodicalId":100625,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Letters on Electromagnetic Compatibility Practice and Applications","volume":"5 4","pages":"131-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76876609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis of Electrified Systems and Electromagnetic Interference on the Railways","authors":"Tetiana Serdiuk;Kseniia Serdiuk;Volodymyr Profatylov;Hafte Hayelom Adhena;David Thomas;Steve Greedy","doi":"10.1109/LEMCPA.2023.3290101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LEMCPA.2023.3290101","url":null,"abstract":"This letter deals with the research and comparative analyses of the traction power system and electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the return traction current on the railways of Ukraine, Europe, and the U.K. The spectral compositions of return traction current were evaluated experimentally. The main ideas of this letter are to determine possible EMI in the return traction current at the different traction systems of world railways and evaluate their influence on railway automatics. The following tasks were decided: comparing world power traction systems of railways and their automatics devices, estimating EMIs in the return traction current, and making conclusions for the future. The sources of external EMIs in the automatics and telecommunication circuits are very diverse: traction networks with harmonics and pulses, high-voltage power lines; lightning discharges, which have both dangerous and interfering effects under various conditions; and various industrial sources of electromagnetic fields (motors, generators, and welding units).","PeriodicalId":100625,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Letters on Electromagnetic Compatibility Practice and Applications","volume":"5 3","pages":"67-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67867182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu-Ying Wu;Yan-Zhao Xie;Han Cao;Ning Dong;Yan-Peng Ge
{"title":"Test Methods for Performance of Protective Devices Excited by Conducted Transient Electromagnetic Disturbance","authors":"Yu-Ying Wu;Yan-Zhao Xie;Han Cao;Ning Dong;Yan-Peng Ge","doi":"10.1109/LEMCPA.2023.3290384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LEMCPA.2023.3290384","url":null,"abstract":"This letter summarizes the existing test methods for protective devices and the waveforms of conducted transient electromagnetic disturbance in different standards. However, they mainly focus on the testing methods for the residual current of the protective devices or the response behaviors of the coaxial protector. To quantify the response performance of protection devices used in the power distribution system excited by electromagnetic transients, an optimal test method is then proposed. The test setup consists of a pulse generator, an absorption resistor, transmission lines, and the measurement system. The test results and simulation results of the 10-kV nongapped metal–oxide arrester verify the validation of the proposed method. By using the proposed method, the applied current and the current flowing through protective devices can be calculated so that the response time can be evaluated. Besides, this method can also be used to study the response of protective devices under other different disturbances.","PeriodicalId":100625,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Letters on Electromagnetic Compatibility Practice and Applications","volume":"5 3","pages":"72-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67868212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of the FSV Method in EMC Uncertainty Simulation Results","authors":"Jinjun Bai;Xiaolong Li;Xiaobing Niu","doi":"10.1109/LEMCPA.2023.3288974","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LEMCPA.2023.3288974","url":null,"abstract":"The uncertainty analysis method has been a research hotspot in the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) field in recent years, and its results are presented in the form of a probability density curve. Currently, there is no reasonable method to evaluate the validity of uncertain results. It is not conducive to the improvement and popularization of new uncertainty analysis methods or models. The feature selective validation method is a mature validity evaluation method for deterministic electromagnetic simulation results, and this letter extends it to EMC uncertainty simulation results. On this basis, the convergence determination of the partial uncertainty analysis method is realized. The purpose is to further promote the application of the uncertainty analysis method in the EMC field.","PeriodicalId":100625,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Letters on Electromagnetic Compatibility Practice and Applications","volume":"5 4","pages":"122-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73488525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"FPC Design Guidelines for Enabling High-Speed Intrapanel Interface in Large-Size LCD TVs","authors":"Jinho Kim;Sungwook Moon;Jihyun Lee;Seonha Lee","doi":"10.1109/LEMCPA.2023.3288421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LEMCPA.2023.3288421","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we propose flexible printed circuit (FPC) design guidelines for high-speed signal implementation in large-size and high-resolution liquid crystal display (LCD) TV modules by analyzing signal integrity (SI) characteristics through simulation and measurement. We observed that designing an FPC for LCD TV modules that can minimize insertion loss (IL) and crosstalk in the channel is critical to successfully implementing multi-Gb/s signal characteristics in large-size and high-resolution LCD TV modules. To prove this experimentally, we investigated the trends of IL, impedance, and crosstalk, which are design parameters of simulation-based FPCs, and designed four FPC samples assuming their application to the intrapanel interface module of a real 75-in LCD TV. Then, based on the measured S-parameter model, the SI performance was verified and compared by measurement and simulation to demonstrate the validity of the proposed design guidelines. In conclusion, to achieve the SI characteristics of FPCs in LCD TV modules, it is necessary to consider minimizing IL and mitigating crosstalk more than any other electrical performance by enabling the differential P/N pairs to have a strong coupling relationship.","PeriodicalId":100625,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Letters on Electromagnetic Compatibility Practice and Applications","volume":"5 3","pages":"97-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67868216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influences of Wiring Inside Ready-Made Connecting Devices on EMI in Medical Electronic Systems","authors":"Zhao Chen;Tim Claeys;Ronny Deseine;Johan Catrysse;Davy Pissoort","doi":"10.1109/LEMCPA.2023.3286727","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LEMCPA.2023.3286727","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, electromagnetic interference (EMI) in medical electronic systems related to the use of ready-made connecting devices is investigated. It has been observed that under some conditions, an inadequate number of shielding pins and their distribution in connectors and plugs may cause unacceptable EMI, especially when it occurs in, e.g., a surgery room. In real-life situations, installers are often deciding on how to arrange the shielding connections, while not being trained in electromagnetic compatibility-aware design. To get more insight and reveal the influence of some parameters of the shielding wiring, a lab measurement setup has been derived from a real environment, showing the impact of using imperfectly shielded connectors with different number and distributions of shielding wires. Suggestions for reducing the EMI of systems are proposed and can be applied to support installation practices and/or debugging in practical situations and various user environments.","PeriodicalId":100625,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Letters on Electromagnetic Compatibility Practice and Applications","volume":"5 4","pages":"142-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79934996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Applying the Goal Structuring Notation (GSN) to Argue Compliance of Equipment With the European EMC Directive","authors":"Vikas Ghatge;Laure Buysse;Dries Vanoost;Johan Catrysse;Davy Pissoort","doi":"10.1109/LEMCPA.2023.3284229","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LEMCPA.2023.3284229","url":null,"abstract":"This letter illustrates the use of a graphical argumentation notation, more specifically, the goal structuring notation, to document and represent the different elements in the overall argumentation of why a piece of equipment is deemed to comply with the essential requirements of the EMC directive (EMCD). Such a graphical argumentation notation helps to overcome the significant bottlenecks of a pure-text-based approach by presenting the different elements of the argumentation in a clear and easy-to-understand visual format. This letter proposes several patterns to argue compliance with the EMCD corresponding to various argumentation strategies. Manufacturers can easily reuse and adapt the proposed patterns to the specifics of their equipment. Together, the different patterns provide a detailed overview of the steps to be followed in the progress toward the equipment’s declaration of conformity. As a practical example, the proposed patterns are applied to the use case of a power drive system inside an air compressor.","PeriodicalId":100625,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Letters on Electromagnetic Compatibility Practice and Applications","volume":"5 4","pages":"113-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84668270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}