Green Energy and Resources最新文献

{"title":"A Bi-level optimization dispatch for hybrid shipboard microgrid considering electricity-gas-heat coupling","authors":"Xinyu Wang ,&nbsp;Zibin Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoyuan Luo ,&nbsp;Yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinping Guan","doi":"10.1016/j.gerr.2024.100070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerr.2024.100070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the increasingly severe problem of air pollution and energy crisis, new energy power generation technology in ship has quickly become the focus of attention. Compared with traditional ships, hybrid shipboard microgrid systems can achieve pollution-free, renewable and high use value. However, the integration of electricity-gas-heat in hybrid energy shipboard microgrid system also poses challenges to current optimization methods. Therefore, this paper develops a bi-level optimization dispatch model for hybrid shipboard microgrid system based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm. Taking the diesel generators, photovoltaic generation system, energy storage system (ESS) and thermal energy storage equipment into account, a hybrid shipboard microgrid system model considering electricity-gas-heat coupling is constructed. Based on this, a bi-level optimization dispatch model is established to reduce total cost, GHG (GHG) emissions and lifespan loss of ESS. The upper-level model achieves the optimization dispatch of power generation equipment and loads; a lower-level optimization model with the goal of reducing the lifespan loss of ESS is constructed. The improved multi-objective and single-objective particle swarm optimization algorithms are introduced to find the optimal dispatch solutions for bi-level optimization dispatch model. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed optimization method can not only reduce the cost and GHG emissions by 8.7% and 10.9%, but also improve the cycle life of ESS by 9.2%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100597,"journal":{"name":"Green Energy and Resources","volume":"2 2","pages":"Article 100070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949720524000249/pdfft?md5=3e43b231950878a38adba0c92a2a414c&pid=1-s2.0-S2949720524000249-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140559016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High performance all-solid-state Li–Se battery based on selenium loaded on Ti3C2 MXene cathode","authors":"Renbo Liu ,&nbsp;Chongxing Li ,&nbsp;Qingyu Li ,&nbsp;Shuxian Zhang ,&nbsp;Chengxiang Wang ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuanchang Shi ,&nbsp;Lidong Yang ,&nbsp;Longwei Yin ,&nbsp;Rutao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.gerr.2024.100058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerr.2024.100058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Selenium has high theoretical volumetric capacity of 3253 mAh cm⁻³ and acceptable electronic conductivity of 1 × 10⁻⁵ S m⁻¹, which is considered as a potential alternative to sulfur cathode for all-solid-state rechargeable batteries with high energy density. However, the development of all-solid-state Li–Se batteries (ASSLSBs) are hindered by sluggish kinetics and poor cycling life. In this work, trigonal Se nanocrystallines are homogenously distributed in the interspace and on the surface of MXene layers (denoted as Se@MXene composite) by a novel melt-diffusion method. ASSLSBs based on this Se@MXene composite cathode exhibit large specific capacity of 632 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.05 A g⁻¹, high-rate capability over 4 A g⁻¹, and excellent cycling stability over 300 cycles at 1 A g⁻¹. The ex-situ analytical techniques demonstrate that the excellent electrochemical performance of Se@MXene cathode largely arises from structural stability with the assistance of conductive MXene and reversible redox behavior between Li₂Se and Se during the repeating charge/discharge process. Our study points out the potential of material design of Se cathode based on conducting 2D materials with good electrochemical behavior, which may accelerate the practicability of ASSLSBs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100597,"journal":{"name":"Green Energy and Resources","volume":"2 1","pages":"Article 100058"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949720524000122/pdfft?md5=a4fabb0165b50144ff2cfd95ce1cacb8&pid=1-s2.0-S2949720524000122-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140052731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization bio-oil production from Chlorella sp. through microwave-assisted pyrolysis using response surface methodology","authors":"Mahfud Mahfud ,&nbsp;Lailatul Qadariyah ,&nbsp;Haqqyana Haqqyana ,&nbsp;Viqhi Aswie","doi":"10.1016/j.gerr.2024.100057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerr.2024.100057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Optimization can streamline experimental trials by evaluating the parameters and parameter interactions used as the basis for a more optimal downstream process. This study aims to optimize the microwave-assisted pyrolysis process in producing bio-oil from microalgae using response surface methodology (RSM) complemented by an investigation of the reaction mechanisms. A number of key parameters (microwave power, absorbent-to-microalgae ratio, and pyrolysis time) were fine-tuned using a face-centered central composite design. The result showed that microwave technology in slow pyrolysis could produce the bio-oil from microalgae 12 times shorter than conventional heating and quadratic model with a high precision (R² = 0.9832, R²adj = 0.9616) from RSM optimization in predicting experimental values yielded a peak bio-oil yield of 19.11% under specific conditions: 20 min of pyrolysis time, a 0.19 (w/w) microwave absorber to microalgae ratio, and 583 W power. As the complex biomass, the reaction mechanism in <em>chlorella</em> sp. towards this technology including decarboxylation, decarbonylation, dehydration, cracking, deoxygenation, and esterification was proved in GCMS analysis, revealing the presence of key functional groups such as aliphatic, aromatics, alcohols, nitrogenous compounds, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and Polycyclic Aromatics Hydrocarbons (PAHs).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100597,"journal":{"name":"Green Energy and Resources","volume":"2 1","pages":"Article 100057"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949720524000110/pdfft?md5=12d0296f70b7557434f58bd257d4aa14&pid=1-s2.0-S2949720524000110-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140067391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microwave plasma setups for CO2 conversion: A mini-review","authors":"Huacheng Zhu ,&nbsp;Yuqiang Huang ,&nbsp;Shumeng Yin ,&nbsp;Wencong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.gerr.2024.100061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerr.2024.100061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Global warming poses one of the most critical challenges of the 21st century, leading to significant environmental damage. The extraction and combustion of fossil fuels release substantial amounts of greenhouse gases, thereby contributing to climate change. In response to this pressing issue, plasma-based conversion of carbon dioxide has emerged as a prominent and widely explored solution. Among the various plasma technologies, microwave plasma setups have garnered considerable attention due to their exceptional ability to decompose carbon dioxide, facilitate the dry reforming of methane and reverse water gas shift. These setups are renowned for their high degree of ionization and generation of non-equilibrium plasma, making them a clean and highly efficient method for treating greenhouse gases. However, researchers often face challenges in selecting the appropriate microwave plasma reactors. Thus, the primary objective of this paper is to provide guidance on microwave plasma setups. It is achieved by illustrating experimental configurations based on the microwave operating mechanism and presenting a classification of microwave plasma sources according to their operating principles. Moreover, specific experimental operations are discussed within the scope of our analysis, offering valuable insights to researchers in this field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100597,"journal":{"name":"Green Energy and Resources","volume":"2 1","pages":"Article 100061"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949720524000158/pdfft?md5=bc11ec4e987c91029e52bac5fd49662c&pid=1-s2.0-S2949720524000158-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140195805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on fly ash high-value synthesis utilization and its prospect","authors":"Min Wang ,&nbsp;Dong Chen ,&nbsp;Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.gerr.2024.100062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerr.2024.100062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As a common industrial solid waste, fly ash requires proper processing and utilization to alleviate environmental pressure. In contrast to earlier low-value treatment methods for fly ash, such as its use in construction materials, it is more practical to explore the high-value utilization of fly ash, considering its elemental ingredient and morphological characteristics. Herein, this work comprehensively reviews the methods and research progress of extracting and preparing silica, alumina, and zeolite respectively derived from silicon and aluminum elements in fly ash. Specifically, the mechanisms and processes of various methods are elucidated in detail, and the virtues and drawbacks of the production technologies are compared to identify a more economical and environmentally friendly method. Importantly, this work first reviews the utilization of fly ash in energy storage electrode materials. Different synthesis and treatment strategies are thoroughly examined, especially in fully utilizing fly ash as a primary resource, converting it into energy storage materials. Finally, this paper summarizes the opportunities and challenges associated with the high-value utilization of fly ash.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100597,"journal":{"name":"Green Energy and Resources","volume":"2 1","pages":"Article 100062"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S294972052400016X/pdfft?md5=7fe5636df16e746e93fcde00e84c8f7c&pid=1-s2.0-S294972052400016X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140195807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of agitation and non-agitation on microbiota and reactor performance in anaerobic digestion","authors":"A.A. Ajayi-Banji ,&nbsp;S. Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.gerr.2024.100056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerr.2024.100056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Optimizing process conditions in anaerobic digestion could enhance the utilization of organic matter for renewable energy generation. Thus, initial upset substrates with elevated volatile fatty acids were investigated under agitation and non-agitation conditions for optimal bioreactor performance. There were two continuous agitation scenarios for the liquid-state (40 and 100 rpm) with a non-agitated scenario. Similarly, a non-agitated and 40 rpm scenario for the solid-state. The result indicated that the non-agitated liquid-state reactor had the highest methane yield (193 L/kgVS) and lowest retention (51 days) despite delayed microbial adaptation. Of the prominent microbes, the relative abundance of <em>Firmicutes</em> and <em>Archaea_unclassified</em> negatively correlated with VFA at 100 rpm. Contrarily at 40 rpm, <em>Firmicutes</em> correlated positively with VFA, an indication that <em>Firmicutes</em> could withstand acid production at agitation speed ≤40 rpm suggesting that agitation associated with VFA might reduce microbial diversity in an initial upset liquid-state bioreactor. Thus, upset influent could be utilized for energy generation with a non-agitated liquid-state bioreactor.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100597,"journal":{"name":"Green Energy and Resources","volume":"2 1","pages":"Article 100056"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949720524000109/pdfft?md5=c1df4f9b8972a75be943a1316be87b83&pid=1-s2.0-S2949720524000109-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140052730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of nickel doping on magnetic and dielectric properties of orthorhombic calcium ferrite nanoparticles","authors":"R. UmashankaraRaja ,&nbsp;Y.S. Vidya ,&nbsp;H.C. Manjunatha ,&nbsp;M. Priyanka ,&nbsp;R. Munirathnam ,&nbsp;K.M. Rajashekara ,&nbsp;S. Manjunatha ,&nbsp;E. Krishnakanth","doi":"10.1016/j.gerr.2024.100059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerr.2024.100059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nickel (10∼50 mol%) doped calcium ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized by the solution combustion method using lemon juice extract as a reducing agent, followed by calcination at 500<em>°</em>C. The calcined samples are characterized with different techniques. The Bragg reflections of Nickel doping confirm the formation of a single orthorhombic calcium ferrite phase. The crystallite size is estimated using both Scherrer's and the W-H plot method. The surface morphology consists of irregular size and shaped agglomerated NPs along with pores and voids. A blueshift and a broad absorption spectrum is observed with an increase in the direct energy band gap. The direct energy band gap estimated from Wood and Tauc's relationship was found to be 2.91∼2.97 eV with an increase in dopant concentration. The magnetic analysis provided values for saturation magnetization (M_<em>s</em>), remanence (M_<em>r</em>), and coercivity (H_<em>c</em>), while dielectric studies demonstrated a dielectric constant of 2.81, 2.14, and 1.67 with increasing dopant concentration. The variation of dielectric properties of the sample as a function of frequency in the range 0.1∼20 MHz has been studied at room temperature. The dielectric properties of CaFe₂O₄: Ni (1∼9 mol%) NPs clearly indicate that there is a more pronounced dispersion at lower frequencies, gradually reaching saturation as the frequency increases. The dielectric loss was found to decrease from 4.62, 3.22, and 2.32 with an increase in Ni²⁺ substitution (10, 30, and 50 mol%) respectively. These results indicate the suitability of these samples for applications in memory devices and high-frequency applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100597,"journal":{"name":"Green Energy and Resources","volume":"2 1","pages":"Article 100059"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949720524000134/pdfft?md5=4dfecd73665b81392e8242019e04e320&pid=1-s2.0-S2949720524000134-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140067390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of different training algorithms in backpropagation neural networks for generalized biomass higher heating value prediction","authors":"Usman Alhaji Dodo ,&nbsp;Mustapha Alhaji Dodo ,&nbsp;Asia'u Talatu Belgore ,&nbsp;Munir Aminu Husein ,&nbsp;Evans Chinemezu Ashigwuike ,&nbsp;Ahmed Saba Mohammed ,&nbsp;Sani Isah Abba","doi":"10.1016/j.gerr.2024.100060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gerr.2024.100060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>When selecting biomass feedstock for sustainable heat and electricity generation, higher heating value (HHV) is an important consideration. Meanwhile, the laboratory procedures of using an adiabatic oxygen bomb calorimeter to determine the HHV are strenuous, costly, and time-consuming. As a result, researchers have turned to artificial intelligence techniques such as artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict HHV using data from proximate analysis. Notwithstanding, this approach has been hampered by different case-specific techniques and methodologies given the heterogeneous nature of biomass materials and intricate ANN structures. This study, therefore, examined and compared the efficacy of six training algorithms comprising thirteen distinct training functions of feedforward backpropagation neural networks to predict the HHV of a variety of biomass materials as a function of the proximate analysis. In creating the networks, the neurons of the hidden layer were iterated from 1 to 20 leading to 260 investigated scenarios. Compared to other training algorithms, the Bayesian Regularization and Levenberg-Marquardt with 15 and 12 hidden neurons respectively, demonstrated superior prediction performances based on the Nash-Sutcliff's efficiencies of 0.9044 and 0.8877, and mean squared errors of 0.002271 and 0.00267. It is envisaged that this study will create an insightful paradigm for a rapid selection of best-performing ANN algorithms for biomass HHV prediction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100597,"journal":{"name":"Green Energy and Resources","volume":"2 1","pages":"Article 100060"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949720524000146/pdfft?md5=bd519393feabdf1837451ee474baebb7&pid=1-s2.0-S2949720524000146-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140085678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation on the promotion of CO2 hydrate formation for cold thermal energy storage – Effect of gas-inducing stirring under different agitation speeds","authors":"Dacheng Li ,&nbsp;Tiejun Lu ,&nbsp;Zhibin Yu ,&nbsp;Wenji Song ,&nbsp;Yulong Ding ,&nbsp;Yongliang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.gerr.2024.100047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gerr.2024.100047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To promote the formation of CO₂ hydrate for cold energy storage, the influence of gas-inducing agitation at varying operating speeds were studied experimentally. A comparison was made with normal stirring (without gas inducing) from the perspectives of deviation from equilibrium condition, subcooling, agglomeration, and hydrate production. The test results revealed that gas-inducing agitation contributed to a closer shift of the hydrate formation profiles towards equilibrium conditions when compared to normal stirring. However, this advantage became less pronounced as the stirring speed increased. Notably, a substantial improvement in subcooling phenomena was observed when transitioning from 250 rpm normal stirring to 500 rpm, decreasing the induction time to 19.3%. Comparing normal stirring, the incorporation of a gas-inducing stirrer further reduced the induction time by 68.6% at 400 rpm. Nevertheless, further increasing agitation speed for both sets did not yield apparent improvement in the subcooling phenomenon. In contrast to normal stirring, gas-inducing agitation effectively prevented hydrate agglomeration at a lower speed and led to increased hydrate production at the same rotation speed. An ascending trend in hydrate production was achieved as agitation accelerated from a low speed to a specific speed, e.g., 400 rpm for gas-inducing stirring and 500 rpm for normal stirring. However, further elevating the stirring speed did not stimulate greater hydrate production. The findings of this study indicated the existence of double-sided effects in using gas-inducing stirring for hydrate promotion and a crucial speed range (e.g., 400∼450 rpm in this study) essential for the efficient implementation of gas-inducing technology. Operating at this prescribed speed range was recommended to improve the energy Return on Investment, maintaining high hydrate production, and enhancing the controllability of cold storage systems. This study provides practical insights for applying gas-inducing technology in gas hydrate reactors, contributing to the development of green cold energy storage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100597,"journal":{"name":"Green Energy and Resources","volume":"1 4","pages":"Article 100047"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949720524000018/pdfft?md5=3d71ee32939bb4968de3005a578b6436&pid=1-s2.0-S2949720524000018-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139393972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-criteria optimization and thermo-economic analysis of a heat pump-organic Rankine cycle Carnot battery system","authors":"Hongna Qiao ,&nbsp;Xiaohui Yu ,&nbsp;Weiqiang Kong ,&nbsp;Ehsan Baniasadi ,&nbsp;Bin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.gerr.2023.100045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gerr.2023.100045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Energy storage is a crucial solution for the intermittency and instability of renewable energy. Carnot batteries, a novel electrical energy storage technology, promise to address the challenges of renewable electrical energy storage worldwide. Rankine-based Carnot batteries, which are geographically unconstrained and effectively store energy at low temperatures, have attracted considerable attention in recent years. In this study, a mathematical model was developed, and a multi-objective optimization with power-to-power-efficiency, exergy efficiency, and levelized cost of storage was performed. Moreover, the investment cost and exergy loss of the optimized system components were investigated in detail and analyzed. The results showed that the optimal power-to-power-efficiency, exergy efficiency, and levelized cost of the storage system can be achieved at 60.3%, 33%, and 0.373 $/kWh based on single-objective optimization, and the operating parameters of the proposed system are different. Therefore, there is a strong trade-off relationship between the three objective functions mentioned above. Under the same weighting for the two approaches, they are 25.8%, 23%, and 0.437 $/kWh, and 39.3%, 29.1%, and 0.549 $/kWh, respectively. Furthermore, this study observed that the exergy destruction in the charge mode was nearly 95 kW larger than that in the discharge mode, and the exergy destruction of the throttle valve was the largest at 95.83 kW, accounting for 28.32%. The expander was the component with the highest cost (35.84% of the total cost) in the proposed system, followed by the compressor.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100597,"journal":{"name":"Green Energy and Resources","volume":"1 4","pages":"Article 100045"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949720523000425/pdfft?md5=e5187606da7464d4d8e648b87bf34d07&pid=1-s2.0-S2949720523000425-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138986523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}