Green Analytical Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Preconcentration of selected cephalosporins using waste PET-derived UIO-66 as an adsorbent before HPLC-DAD quantification","authors":"Andisiwe Bangani ,&nbsp;Mthokozisi Mnguni ,&nbsp;Thollwana Andretta Makhetha ,&nbsp;Elisabete Oliveira ,&nbsp;José Luis Capelo-Martínez ,&nbsp;Carlos Lodeiro ,&nbsp;Philiswa Nosizo Nomngongo","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, a method for the extraction, preconcentration and determination of five different cephalosporin antibiotics in various water samples using ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase extraction (UA-DSPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) was developed. The waste PET-derived UIO-66 was prepared and used as an adsorbent. The prepared adsorbent was characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The large surface area, pore volume, and microporous nature of the material were necessary to ensure there were abundant active sorption sites for the cephalosporin antibiotics (cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, cefaclor and cefoxitin). The factors affecting the UA-DSPE method were optimised using a central composite design. Under optimised conditions, wide linearity ranging from 0.1–700 µg/L with the determination coefficients greater than 0.99. The limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.026–0.096 μg/L and 0.09–0.32 μg/L, respectively. The intraday and interday spiked recoveries were 71.4–99.3 % and 72.6–99.1 %, respectively, with the relative standard deviation values less than 6 %. The UA-DSPE/HPLC-DAD method was successfully applied to real environmental samples such as wastewater and surface water. The adsorptive performance of the waste PET-derived UIO-66 material was investigated using a series of adsorption experiments. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics indicated that the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models explained the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacities for the target analytes using waste PET-derived UIO-66 ranged from 68.3–106 mg/g. These results demonstrated that the waste PET-derived UIO-66 material could be used as a sustainable adsorbent for the adsorptive removal of cephalosporin antibiotics from waster.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in cannabidiol (CBD) extraction: a review of potential eco-friendly solvents and advanced technologies","authors":"Saranya Selvaraj ,&nbsp;Nazeefa Nawfer ,&nbsp;K.V. Surangi Dharmawansa ,&nbsp;Ali Ali Redha ,&nbsp;H.P. Vasantha Rupasinghe","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol (CBD), have been gaining attention for their numerous potential health benefits and are employed in various industries. However, there are unresolved challenges in CBD extraction including low yields, impurity issues, and environmental concerns, suggesting the requirement for green methods. Hence, our review objectives are to assess the efficacy, and the impact of novel solvents used for CBD extraction, considering green and sustainable techniques. The traditional extraction methods such as maceration and Soxhlet extraction used for CBD extraction have limitations such as low efficiency, long extraction times, high energy consumption, and substantial CO₂ emissions, raising environmental concerns. Emerging green extraction techniques, such as supercritical fluid extraction, deep eutectic solvents, and microwave-assisted extraction, offer promising alternatives by reducing solvent use, minimizing processing time, and enhancing extraction yields. Supercritical CO₂ extraction, utilizing supercritical fluids' unique properties offers efficient and safe CBD extraction. Emerging green solvents such as ionic solvents and deep eutectic solvents provide promising alternatives for CBD extraction due to their properties such as no or low toxicity compared to the traditionally used solvents. Pressurized liquid extraction, such as subcritical water extraction, and techniques like microwave-assisted and ultrasonic-assisted extraction provide rapid and efficient alternatives for CBD extraction. To fulfill the growing demand for CBD extracts, future research can aim at developing efficient and sustainable extraction techniques while reducing the potential degradation of CBD, removing impurities produced during extraction, and considering concepts of sustainability and the One Health approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring ongoing chemical reactions using eco-friendly miniature ambient ionization mass spectrometry","authors":"Min-Zong Huang ,&nbsp;Chi-Yang Lee ,&nbsp;Kuan-Lun Chen ,&nbsp;Shu-Yao Lin ,&nbsp;Chun-Mei Wu ,&nbsp;Jentaie Shiea","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An analytical technique that combined probe sampling with thermal desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (TD-ESI/MS) was developed to monitor ongoing chemical reactions. For each sample analysis, two microliters of sample solution were applied onto a metal wire. A direct current (DC) was applied to the wire, rapidly heating the sample solution and generating numerous small droplets and analyte molecules. The desorbed analytes were subsequently delivered into an ESI plume, interacting with charged solvent species to form analyte ions. A miniature ion trap mass analyzer was attached to the ion source to detect analyte ions. The entire analysis takes less than 15 s. Due to its capability for fast sampling and detection of chemical compounds, TD-ESI/MS was used to monitor a condensation reaction and formation of Tröger's base by detecting the respective reactant, product, and intermediate ion signals at different reaction times. In addition, the compact design and low power consumption of the TD-ESI/MS system makes it a highly suitable technique for on-site and decentralized applications like monitoring ongoing chemical reactions in general and organic chemistry laboratories for undergraduate students.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spider diagram with greenness assessment criteria for mathematical UV spectrophotometric methodologies for separating overlaid spectrum signals of diclofenac sodium and lidocaine hydrochloride","authors":"Hani M Hafez ,&nbsp;Alaa Ahmed Mostafa ,&nbsp;Omar M El-Abassy","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicine (NSAID) used to alleviate pain and inflammation in different circumstances. Lidocaine HCl is a local anesthetic that blocks the formation and transmission of impulses from the nerves along nerve fibers and endings. This paper describes the creation and verification of four spectrophotometric methods that are reliable, exact, and selective for quantifying the concentration of these medications in both their powdered and pharmaceutical form. The concentration of diclofenac sodium was directly estimated at a wavelength of 286 nm. The available techniques for the determinatin of lidocaine HCl include Method I, which is based on first derivative analysis; Method II, which uses first derivative ratio analysis; and Method III, which uses dual wavelength analysis. The techniques parameters were verified in compliance with ICH guidelines. These included the direct determination of diclofenac sodium in the range of 5-35 µg/mL and 60–600 µg/mL concentration range for the first derivative, first derivative ratio, and dual wavelength for the determination of lidocaine HCl. These techniques are highly environmentally friendly, according to the Analytical GREEnness Metric approach (AGREE), Modified Green Analytical Procedure Index (MOGAPI), spider diagram, and Green Solvents Selecting tool.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probe-screened carbon nanotube field-effect transistor biosensor to enhance breast cancer-related gene assay","authors":"Pei Liu ,&nbsp;Yiwei Liu ,&nbsp;Bingjie Cai ,&nbsp;Jiahao Li ,&nbsp;Guo-Jun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>BRCA1 gene testing is a trump card for liquid biopsy and early diagnosis in breast cancer, which has been limited, however, by the fact that the current mainstream methods such as gene sequencing are expensive, time-consuming and complex. In this study, a semiconductor carbon nanotube (CNT)-based field-effect transistor (FET) DNA sensor, with a floating gate (FG) structure and Y₂O₃ / HfO₂ high κ bilayer gate dielectric, was constructed. A key advance here is that the detection performance of three nucleic acid probes, DNA, phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligos (PMO) and peptide nucleic acid (PNA), was systematically investigated for the first time to define the optimal BRCA1 sensor configuration. The PNA-functionalized FG CNT-FET sensor stood out with an excellent sensitivity (LOD: 1.38 aM) and good specificity. What is more, the developed sensor also exhibited good anti-interference capability in serum BRCA1 testing, owing to the passivation of the bilayer dielectric. Importantly, the breast cancer patients and healthy individuals were successfully distinguished by our method, which is fully consistent with the gene sequencing results. This work represents a desirable analytical platform for the simple, sensitive, and accurate liquid biopsy of breast cancer. And we envision that the developed method will provide ideas for the construction of future DNA sensors and the selection of their recognition elements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative approaches to safe and sustainable material synthesis: Optimizing Ti3C2 MXene properties via design of experiments and chemometric analysis","authors":"Agnese Primieri ,&nbsp;Rosangela Santalucia ,&nbsp;Eugenio Alladio ,&nbsp;Elena Corrao ,&nbsp;Mattia Isola ,&nbsp;Francesco Pellegrino ,&nbsp;Valter Maurino","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100264","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100264","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>MXenes are 2D materials that have received increasing attention since their first synthesis in 2011. They attracted attention due to their unique mechanical, electronic, optical and chemical properties, which make them suitable for multi-sectorial applications. These properties are strictly related to the physico-chemical characteristics of the materials that, in turn, depend on the synthesis conditions. Since some synthesis parameters may be more or less important than others and/or act specifically on a characteristic, in this paper we investigated the impact of the synthesis conditions on the structure and, therefore, the properties of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene, synthetized through the “classic” method, i.e., etching of Ti₃AlC₂ using hydrofluoric acid. We followed an approach combining design of experiment and chemometric analysis; in this way, we could understand and quantify the impact of each synthetic parameter with only 8 experiments. We found that the HF concentration is fundamental for obtaining a complete conversion to MXene. However, higher concentration can be detrimental for the specific capacitance of the materials. This approach is interesting because it allows savings time and costs, entering a logic of Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) that is crucial for such kind of materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trivalent chromium adsorption efficiency on thermic waste mosquito coil adsorbent from tannery wastewater","authors":"Md. Abul Hashem ,&nbsp;Jannatul Nime Tabassum ,&nbsp;Md. Shahriar Shahadat ,&nbsp;Modinatul Maoya ,&nbsp;Al Mizan ,&nbsp;Md. Mukimujjaman Miem ,&nbsp;Md. Enamul Hasan Zahin","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emitted tannery wastewater containing trivalent chromium, Cr(III) is a significant environmental issue. Thus, performance evaluation of highly available and low-cost adsorbents has been investigated. There is much scope remaining to utilize alternative waste (adsorbent) for their availability and removal efficiency. This study is focused on the Cr(III) adsorption on the thermic waste mosquito coil adsorbent (TWMCA) from tannery wastewater. The TWMCA was characterized by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and pH point of zero charge (pHpzc). The Cr adsorption was achieved at 99.97 % with optimum condition (dose 1.0 g/50 mL wastewater, stirring time 30 min, settling time 6 h, and at 40 °C temperature with a relative solution pH 6.3) which showed a reduction of biochemical oxygen demand, chloride, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity by 81.17 %, 68.85 %, 50.00 %, 53.77 %, and 45.43 %, respectively. The Freundlich isotherm (R²=0.9893) and pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R²=0.9999) well-explained the Cr adsorption on TWMCA. The well-fitted adsorption mechanism was described with the help of pHpzc. The desorption study suggests the reusability of TWMCA. Hence, using TWMCA for Cr adsorption from tannery wastewater is an effective technique to save the environment. A sustainable and efficient adsorption technique utilizing another waste drives industries toward environmentally conscious waste management practices that satisfy the Sustainable Development Goal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-emitting carbon dots as a self-ratiometric fluorescent probe for the determination of pantoprazole in pharmaceutical dosage forms","authors":"Amira H. Kamal ,&nbsp;Reham E. Kannouma ,&nbsp;Mohamed A. Hammad ,&nbsp;Fotouh R. Mansour","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dual-emission carbon dots provide an efficient and straightforward approach for constructing ratiometric fluorescent probes using carbon dots alone. This approach exploits the two distinct emission bands of dual-emission carbon dots, eliminating the need for additional luminescent components. In this study, we introduce nitrogen and phosphorus-doped carbon dots synthesized from glucose and diammonium hydrogen phosphate as a novel and environmentally friendly ratiometric fluorometric probe for quantifying pantoprazole in pharmaceutical formulations. The nitrogen and phosphorus-doped carbon dots were synthesized via a rapid, one-step microwave process completed in 1.5 min. When excited at 300 nanometers, these carbon dots produced dual fluorescence emissions at 355 nanometers and 425 nanometers. Pantoprazole effectively quenched the fluorescence of these carbon dots due to the inner filter effect and static quenching via complex formation. Utilizing these dual emissions as reference peaks, this spectrofluorometric approach was validated according to International Council for Harmonization standards. The sensor displayed a strong linear response over a concentration range of 0.50 to 35.00 ^µg per milliliter, with a detection limit of 0.16 µg/mL and recoveries between 99.91 and 100.36 % (relative standard deviation &lt;0.2 percent). Demonstrating greater environmental friendliness than traditional high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet methods, this approach received favorable environmental ratings through MoGAPI and AGREE, presenting a sustainable, economical, and time-efficient analytical method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The efficiency of new univariate spectroscopic approaches for the sustainable estimation of a newly invented antihypertension-antihyperlipidemic quaternary combination: Assessing the ecological profile","authors":"Duaa AL Zakri,&nbsp;Amir Alhaj Sakur","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Contemporary researches underscore the efficacy of a novel single-pill blend comprising Losartan (LOS), Rosuvastatin (ROS), Ezetimibe (EZE), together with Amlodipine (AML) for managing hypertension and hyperlipidemia. This work displays the utilization of effective and eco-friendly approaches for the synchronous estimation of LOS, ROS, EZE, and AML in their combined forms and tablet preparations with critical ratios. The technique of integrating constant multiplication with spectrum subtraction is key in disentangling the complex quaternary mixture. It does so by analyzing the extended spectral region of AML and ROS to ascertain their concentrations and segregate their influence from the composite, thus isolating the LOS/EZE duo. The interference between LOS and EZE is subsequently deciphered either through the direct application of continuous wavelet transformation on the original spectra using the Daubechies wavelets or by manipulating the ratio spectra using either of two strategies: advanced amplitude difference or mean-centering transformations. These approaches have successfully quantified AML, LOS, ROS, and EZE within the ranges of 7-40 μg/ml, 4-35 μg/ml, 5-35 μg/ml, and 4-35 μg/ml, respectively. Moreover, we validated these methods for precision, accuracy, and specificity following the directions of ICH. A statistical comparison with HPLC-reported approaches revealed no significant differences. The ecological profile of the presented approaches was also evaluated, considering three aspects: greenness (using the modified eco-scale Green Certificate, AGREE, AGP, and Green Solvent Selection Tool), whiteness (using RGP12), and practicality (using the Blue Applicability Grade Index - BAGI). This ecological assessment confirms the sustainability, economic viability, and safety of the suggested approaches for daily analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks for constructing multi-functional green sensors","authors":"Xinran Dong ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoxue Kou ,&nbsp;Linjing Tong ,&nbsp;Yanbin Xu ,&nbsp;Anlian Huang ,&nbsp;Guosheng Chen ,&nbsp;Wei Yi ,&nbsp;Siming Huang ,&nbsp;Gangfeng Ouyang","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are an emerging class of porous crystalline materials which are mainly assembled of discrete organic tectons through hydrogen bonding while with assistance of electrostatic, π-π stacking, van der Waals force etc. Owing to the advantages of mild synthesis conditions, metal-free biocompatibility, excellent recyclability and renewability, HOFs present as ideal candidates to construct sensors for the fast and on-demand detection of target analytes in a green and convenient manner. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the development, building blocks and assembly principles of stable HOFs, especially focusing on the design concepts of HOF sensors in terms of signal responsive strategy and signal output modality. Diverse sensing signal output modes including fluorescence, optoelectronic and resistance are summarized and discussed, underlying the insightful sensing mechanisms. Furthermore, the advantages of HOFs as green sensors, including their recyclability and renewability, are discussed. Finally, the limitations and potential of current HOF-based sensors are addressed, and future perspectives are also outlined.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}