Multi-criteria sustainability assessment of deep eutectic solvent-based liquid-liquid microextraction for prostate cancer therapeutics: Green, practical, and innovative approach

IF 6.2

Green Analytical Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-08-25 DOI:10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100294

Maha Mohammad Abdel-Monem , Mohamed I. Walash , Asmaa Kamal El-Deen

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Abstract

This study presents the first application of a terpene-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) in liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) of flutamide (FTM) and finasteride (FSR) prior to HPLC-DAD analysis. The extraction efficacy was optimized through systematic evaluation of key parameters, including DES type and volume, vortex time, ionic strength, and pH. Under the optimal conditions, the method demonstrated acceptable linearity over the concentration range of 0.05–15 and 0.10–10 µg/mL with limits of detection (LODs) of 0.016 and 0.033 µg/mL for FTM and FSR, respectively. The precision, expressed as %RSDs, was <3.5 %, demonstrating high repeatability and reproducibility. Furthermore, the method was successfully applied to spiked human plasma and river water samples, yielding recovery rates between 97 and 102 %, confirming its reliability in complex matrices. Finally, a comprehensive multi-criteria sustainability assessment using eight metrics highlighted the method's outstanding greenness, practicality, performance, and innovation. This study explores the potential of terpene-based DESs as sustainable extraction solvents for enhanced pharmaceutical and environmental analysis.

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深共晶溶剂基液-液微萃取用于前列腺癌治疗的多标准可持续性评估：绿色、实用和创新的方法

本研究首次将萜烯基深度共熔溶剂（DES）应用于氟他胺（FTM）和非那雄胺（FSR）的液液微萃取（LLME），然后进行HPLC-DAD分析。通过对DES类型和体积、漩涡时间、离子强度、ph等关键参数进行系统评价，优化提取效果。在最佳条件下，该方法在0.05 ~ 15µg/mL和0.10 ~ 10µg/mL范围内具有良好的线性关系，FSR和FTM的检出限分别为0.016µg/mL和0.033µg/mL。精密度（以% rsd表示）为3.5%，具有较高的重复性和再现性。此外，该方法成功地应用于加标人血浆和河水样品，回收率在97% ~ 102%之间，证实了其在复杂基质中的可靠性。最后，综合多标准可持续性评估使用八个指标突出了该方法的突出的绿色，实用性，性能和创新。本研究探讨了萜烯基DESs作为可持续萃取溶剂的潜力，以增强药物和环境分析。

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来源期刊

Green Analytical Chemistry

CiteScore

3.00

自引率

0.00%

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