Gas Science and Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Predicting in-situ CO2 solubility in formation brines using Raman spectroscopy and machine learning: Implications for offshore geological carbon storage","authors":"Ying Teng ,&nbsp;Yiqi Chen ,&nbsp;Xiran Lin ,&nbsp;Mingkun Bai ,&nbsp;Senyou An ,&nbsp;Shuyang Liu ,&nbsp;Pengfei Wang ,&nbsp;Tao Zhang ,&nbsp;Songbai Han ,&nbsp;Jinlong Zhu ,&nbsp;Jianbo Zhu ,&nbsp;Heping Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate estimation of in-situ CO₂ solubility in brine is essential for predicting dissolution trapping efficiency and ensuring the long-term security of geological carbon storage, particularly in deep saline aquifers and offshore reservoirs. Existing experimental and thermodynamic approaches often suffer from limited applicability under high salinity, multi-ion conditions, and diverse reservoir environments, leading to substantial prediction uncertainties. To address this gap, we experimentally determined CO₂ solubility using Raman spectroscopy in both formation brines and synthetic brines under reservoir-relevant conditions (313.15–363.15 K, 7.5–17 MPa) and compiled a comprehensive dataset of 2733 literature entries covering wide salinity and ionic composition ranges. Six machine learning algorithms—LightGBM, XGBoost, CatBoost, SVR, ELM, and KNN—were trained and benchmarked, with LightGBM achieving the highest predictive accuracy. SHAP analysis revealed that pressure, total salinity, and temperature were the dominant factors governing solubility. Model applicability and reliability were confirmed through leverage statistics and Williams plots. Compared with a thermodynamic model, LightGBM delivered superior performance, especially under high-salinity conditions where conventional models often underpredict solubility. The resulting data-driven framework can be readily integrated into reservoir simulation workflows to enable rapid, accurate solubility predictions, optimize injection strategies, and enhance risk assessment for CCS projects in complex geological settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100568,"journal":{"name":"Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 205794"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Particle size tuning of Ni/CeO2 catalysts and their performance in methane dry reforming reaction","authors":"Yuxuan Niu,&nbsp;Xianrong Zheng,&nbsp;Baihe Guo,&nbsp;Haiyu Liu,&nbsp;Yan Jin,&nbsp;Juntian Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205790","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205790","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nickel-based catalysts are prone to sintering and carbon deposition during methane dry reforming (DRM), which limits their industrial application. This study addresses these challenges by designing Ni/CeO₂ catalysts with controlled Ni nanoparticle sizes. By varying calcination temperatures, selecting different calcination atmospheres, and comparing preparation methods (equal-volume impregnation vs. combustion method), a series of Ni-based catalysts with different particle sizes were synthesized. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were elucidated through various characterization techniques. ICP-OES confirmed that the actual Ni loading closely matched the nominal value. XRD and TEM analyses verified that the combustion method yielded smaller NiO nanoparticles with higher dispersion compared to the impregnation method. This advantage stems from the rapid, self-sustaining redox reaction in the combustion process, which effectively inhibits NiO nuclei migration and agglomeration. Consequently, catalysts prepared by the combustion method exhibited superior catalytic activity and stability in DRM. The enhanced performance is directly linked to the smaller Ni particle size, which provides a greater number of active sites and promotes stronger metal-support interactions, thereby improving resistance to sintering and carbon deposition. Furthermore, kinetic studies showed that the smaller Ni nanoparticles were more active, possessing a lower apparent activation energy for methane reforming than the larger particles. These findings provide a clear strategy for the rational design of coke- and sintering-resistant Ni/CeO₂ catalysts for carbon-based energy conversion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100568,"journal":{"name":"Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 205790"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of equilibrated geochemical systems using extended Debye-Huckel and Pitzer activity models for enhanced CO2 storage modelling","authors":"Shahryar Rashidi ,&nbsp;Seyed Shariatipour ,&nbsp;Masoud Ahmadinia","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon capture and storage is a critical technology for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change. Ensuring the safe, long-term CO₂ storage in geological formations requires accurate modelling of geochemical reactions between CO₂-saturated water and rock-forming minerals. Reactive-transport simulators represent these processes over extended timescales, but geochemical equilibrium must first be established, analogous to gravitational equilibrium in pressure initialization. This study presents a practical workflow for synthesizing equilibrated CO₂-rock-water systems, demonstrated for the Bunter Sandstone Formation. To ensure realistic initial pressure distributions that govern pressure-dependent trapping processes, gravitational equilibrium was first established. The mineralogy was then engineered to maintain a non-negative degree of freedom for chemically consistent equilibrium calculations. Long-term batch simulations using ideal, extended Debye-Huckel, and Pitzer activity models revealed significant discrepancies between activity-model-based equilibrium concentrations and short-term laboratory values, even though predictions of salinity and pH were consistent. These discrepancies highlight the importance of deriving equilibrium concentrations from long-term simulations for chemical initialization, as short-term laboratory measurements may not reflect true equilibrium conditions. The Pitzer model provided the most accurate predictions under high salinity but increased simulation time by over 100%, whereas the extended Debye-Huckel model required only 30% additional time but neglected short-range ionic interactions. The reduced-salinity scenario decreased equilibrium concentrations by approximately 20–100%, enhancing CO₂ dissolution and promoting mineral dissolution, thereby influencing structural, solubility, and mineral trapping mechanisms. These findings underscore the importance of careful activity model selection and accurate salinity characterization to balance computational efficiency with predictive accuracy and improve confidence in equilibrium predictions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100568,"journal":{"name":"Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 205792"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of heterogeneity, rock-fluid interactions, and cyclic loading on reservoir rock mechanical integrity during underground hydrogen storage","authors":"C.J. Nanayakkara ,&nbsp;M.S.A. Perera ,&nbsp;Z.F. Islam ,&nbsp;J. Shang","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205789","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205789","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Green hydrogen production from renewable energy sources and its subsequent storage in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs is considered a sustainable solution to carbon emission-based environmental issues. Among many challenges associated with this process, multi-scale heterogeneity in the reservoir rocks, ranging from microscopic grains to macroscopic faults, emerges as a pressing concern. Heterogeneities are weak zones, and their presence reduces the reservoir rock's strength while intensifying its mechanical degradation from biogeochemical reactions and cyclic loading during underground hydrogen storage (UHS). Different accessory minerals introduce mineralogical heterogeneity to the reservoir rock. Their geochemical reactions with injected hydrogen cause mineral dissolution/precipitation, altering the rock structure and affecting its mechanical integrity. Concurrently, cyclic hydrogen injection and production periodically vary the reservoir rock's effective stress, creating local stress concentrations in its heterogeneous structures and accelerating rock failure. Faults, a key structural heterogeneity in the reservoirs, can be reactivated by increased pore pressure from hydrogen injection, inducing seismicity. Fault slip risk is also increased by water from microbial reactions in UHS, which lubricates the faults, reducing the fault's friction and shear strength. Beyond amplifying the mechanical weakening, heterogeneities make the reservoir rock's mechanical response complex and unpredictable. The mechanical integrity of the reservoir rock during UHS, concerning its heterogeneous nature, remains under-explored. Even the related studies present limited replication of the subsurface storage conditions. Considering this knowledge gap, the review aims to synthesize existing knowledge on the mechanical integrity of heterogeneous reservoir rocks during UHS in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs with recommendations for improving future experimental studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100568,"journal":{"name":"Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 205789"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of large-scale Ranque-Hilsch vortex tubes for enhanced CO2 separation in carbon capture and storage","authors":"Vahid Gholami,&nbsp;Seyyed Majid Malek Jafarian","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the direct relationship between the global warming phenomenon and the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, scientists are working on new gas purification methods for carbon capture and storage devices (CCS). Direct mass separation of this gas from the air is hard in the typical methods, due to the need to reduce the temperature of the <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>O</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> to the freezing point, and not suitable for large-scale use. <em>Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube (RHVT)</em> has the potential to reduce the air temperature near the freezing point of carbon dioxide. Most optimization is done on commercial ones that are smaller than the size needed to provide the air volume for large-scale direct mass separation of <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>O</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>. The optimized geometric and operating conditions of the device change with size, the present work aims to optimize the larger vortex tubes for this purpose. The genetic algorithm (GA) coupled with an artificial neural network (ANN) was used to perform the optimization from the numerical simulation data. After validating the result with experimental works, the effective parameters on the thermal separation of the vortex tubes, including inlet pressure, cold mass fraction, length to diameter, and cold outlet orifice diameter to the tube diameter, were optimized to achieve the temperature separation about <span><math><mrow><mn>60.5</mn><mo>°C</mo></mrow></math></span>. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of mass separation phenomenon in vortex tubes and the feasibility, scalability of mass separation by RHVTs in CCS methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100568,"journal":{"name":"Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 205788"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen production via in-situ combustion gasification: Insights from lab-scale modeling assisted by machine learning","authors":"Ping Song ,&nbsp;Yunan Li ,&nbsp;Mohamed Amine Ifticene ,&nbsp;Qingwang Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205787","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205787","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In-situ combustion gasification (ISCG) of heavy oil reservoirs has recently emerged as a promising approach for carbon-zero hydrogen (H₂) production. While combustion tube experiments report low H₂ production, field-scale projects recorded relatively high H₂ yields. To investigate this discrepancy, we conducted 2000 simulations via CMG-STARS assisted by machine learning and identified the combination of parameters that leads to the optimal scenarios. We found that, under the condition of co-injection of water and air, the temperature with the highest H₂ production is around 400 °C where gasification dominates H₂ generation, while cumulative CO₂ is lower than that of H₂. The optimized cases revealed up to 57.7 kg/m³ H₂ per unit of consumed oil and 0.0125 kg total H₂ produced. Our ML models achieved high predictive accuracy (training score &gt;96 %, testing score &gt;88 %), enabling fast evaluation of optimal input conditions. The limited availability of reactants and the inability to sustain high temperatures in combustion tube likely account for the low H₂ production. Machine learning promoted the preliminary validation of the feasibility of ISCG process. This paper also provides insights that can guide future research on H₂ generation via ISCG, thereby supporting the development of this promising technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100568,"journal":{"name":"Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 205787"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pore-scale modeling of multiphase reactive transport in porous media during geological carbon storage in saline aquifers: Mechanisms, progress, and challenges","authors":"Jinlei Wang ,&nbsp;Yongfei Yang ,&nbsp;Gloire Imani ,&nbsp;Jie Liu ,&nbsp;Huaisen Song ,&nbsp;Hai Sun ,&nbsp;Lei Zhang ,&nbsp;Junjie Zhong ,&nbsp;Kai Zhang ,&nbsp;Jun Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205784","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205784","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geological carbon storage (GCS) represents a promising strategy for atmospheric CO₂ reduction and climate change mitigation, with deep saline aquifers standing out as suitable storage sites due to their wide distribution and large storage capacity. The intricate CO₂-brine-rock interactions during GCS in saline aquifers encompass coupled multiphase flow dynamics, multi-component reactive transport, aqueous-phase homogeneous reactions, and fluid/mineral heterogeneous reactions processes. These processes underpin four primary trapping mechanisms: structural trapping, capillary trapping, dissolution trapping, and mineral trapping. Pore-scale modeling bridges the microscopic and macroscopic scales by providing detailed three-dimensional distributions of physical fields within pore spaces while capturing the evolution of porous media due to geochemical reactions. This comprehensive review not only examines the mechanisms and physicochemical processes underlying CO₂ trapping, but also discusses recent advancements in GCS research within saline aquifers from a pore-scale modeling perspective. Furthermore, challenges and future research directions are discussed. This review provides fundamental insights into multiphase reactive transport at pore scale, supporting the development of predictive models that can enhance the safety and efficiency of long-term CO₂ storage in deep saline aquifers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100568,"journal":{"name":"Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 205784"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular simulation of CH4 replacement and coal structure by CO2 foam injection in slit pores","authors":"Hongyu Pan ,&nbsp;Bingnan Ji ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Zhou ,&nbsp;Tianjun Zhang ,&nbsp;Mingyue Pan ,&nbsp;Hongjiao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205783","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205783","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CO₂ foam fracturing technology in the coal seam offers the dual benefits of enhancing coalbed methane extraction and promoting carbon neutrality. However, the water lock effect and structural response mechanism following CO₂ foam injection into coal remain unclear. The occurrence and interaction mechanisms among CH₄, CO₂, and H₂O in coal slit pores were analyzed following CO₂ foam injection using molecular dynamics approach. The mechanism by which CO₂ foam injection influences CH₄ desorption, diffusion, and coal structure deformation was elucidated. The results indicate that with 25 % quality foam injection, water clusters nearly filled the coal slit pores, forming a water film that inhibited CH₄ desorption, and adsorbed CH₄ increased to 77 n/cell. At 85 % quality, the co-adsorption displacement effect of smaller clusters with CO₂ was significant, adsorbed CH₄ was sharply reduced to 26 n/cell, and CO₂ adsorption weakened the water film effect; The adsorption and occurrence of H₂O molecules induced shrinkage deformation of coal, whereas adsorption and diffusion collisions of CO₂ led to expansion deformation. High-quality CO₂ foam injection increased the coal matrix's pore volume and surface area but reduced the stability, facilitating CO₂ and H₂O adsorption and CH₄ displacement; The water clusters presence after CO₂ foam injection significantly altered the gas diffusion form, and the H₂O molecule diffusion coefficient was mainly correlated with volume and aggregation of clusters; As foam quality enhanced, the diffusion coefficients of adsorbed CO₂, free CH₄, and CO₂ rose gradually, while those for adsorbed CH₄ initially increased, then declined, and ultimately increased due to displacement effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100568,"journal":{"name":"Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 205783"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic mechanical property and flow performance of ball valve for hydrogen-blended natural gas pipeline","authors":"Yi Ma ,&nbsp;Qingyang Sun ,&nbsp;Ziang Li ,&nbsp;Xudong Peng ,&nbsp;Xiangkai Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The blending of hydrogen into natural gas (NG) transmission networks holds significant importance for addressing the challenges of long-distance hydrogen transportation and large-scale renewable energy integration. This study focuses on the hydrogen-blended applicability of key ball valve components in existing long-distance NG pipelines. By comprehensively considering the physical characteristics of hydrogen-blended natural gas (HBNG) and material characteristics, a dynamic thermal-fluid-mechanical coupling numerical model of the ball valve was developed, integrating the multiphysics fields. The mechanical property, flow performance, and dynamic behavior of the ball valve under the NG and HBNG environments were intuitively compared. The influences of operating parameters and rotational modes on the ball valve's sealing specific pressure, thermal gradient, and flow coefficient in the HBNG environment were studied further. The findings indicate that HBNG induces greater flow instability within and downstream of the valve compared to NG. During valve closure, the dynamic sealing specific pressure and flow coefficient of the ball valve in the HBNG environment are generally smaller than those in the NG environment, while simultaneously increasing sealing surface failure risks. The slow-to-fast rotational motion of the valve ball is more conducive to maintaining the dynamic flow performance and seat sealing performance of the ball valve. This research provides fundamental insights for evaluating the feasibility of hydrogen blending in the ball valve of long-distance NG pipelines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100568,"journal":{"name":"Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 205785"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coreflooding with sub-core scale characterization for analysis of water encroachment in a gas reservoir","authors":"Yanjing Wei ,&nbsp;David DiCarlo ,&nbsp;Avinoam Rabinovich","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding gas-brine two-phase flow and residual gas is essential for evaluating and optimizing reservoir gas recovery and storage. Coreflooding experiments and simulations offer insight into multiphase flow behavior, yet most studies focus on core-scale characterization, often overlooking smaller, sub-core scale phenomenon. This work investigates drainage and imbibition gas-brine flow and residual gas trapping in a core sample, focusing on the sub-core effects that influence fluid distribution. We conduct vertical coreflooding experiments on a sample from a gas reservoir, with the application of water encroachment in mind. Experimental and simulation results are presented considering multiple scales: voxel, slice, and core, using X-ray computed tomography (CT) to reveal the distribution of porosity and steady-state gas saturation inside the rock sample. It is shown that residual gas saturation is controlled by sub-core scale capillary heterogeneity, even within a core that appears homogeneous. Capillary pressure is immaterial in homogeneous models but becomes significantly impactful at the sub-core scale, where heterogeneities influence fluid behavior. A one-dimensional heterogeneous model incorporating spatial relationship between capillary pressure and permeability is used to estimate permeability distribution and found to be able to capture some of the gas variations in the core, which indicates that the presence of capillary heterogeneity effects are responsible for the sub-core saturation variations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100568,"journal":{"name":"Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 205781"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145121061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}