Gas Science and Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Modelling tortuous pathways of H2 and CO2 in organic microstructures for improved gas migration prediction","authors":"Saad Alafnan","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the crucial challenge of precisely modeling how hydrogen and carbon dioxide move and spread within the tight confinement of organic-rich rock formations. This is especially important for understanding potential gas distribution and ensuring the secure containment of these gases during geo-storage operations, where injected gases like hydrogen or carbon dioxide could migrate through the complex network of organic microstructures in source rocks. By combining Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations for sorption analysis and molecular dynamics for diffusion assessment, this research offers a comprehensive approach to understanding gas behavior in these complex systems. The study involved constructing kerogen models with varying microporosity (13.7%–32.9%) to delineate the impact of pore structure on gas diffusivity and establish tortuosity-porosity relationships for hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Results demonstrate significantly higher sorption capacity for carbon dioxide (2.5–6 times) compared to hydrogen due to stronger gas-kerogen interactions. Consequently, carbon dioxide exhibits markedly lower diffusivity (20–52 times) compared to hydrogen. Moreover, the study reveals distinct tortuosity values, within the same structures, for hydrogen (ranging from 1.1 to 2.29) and carbon dioxide (ranging from 2.92 to 4.15), emphasizing the influence of gas-specific properties on transport behavior within organic-rich formations. These findings contribute to a more accurate representation of gas transport processes in these complex environments and provide valuable insights for optimizing geo-storage strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100568,"journal":{"name":"Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 205582"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143480289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of conventional and simplified heterogeneous modeling frameworks for simulation of sulfur poisoning in methane reforming catalyst","authors":"Michael Fabrik,&nbsp;Amgad Salama,&nbsp;Hussameldin Ibrahim","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen production from methane and carbon dioxide offers a promising route to add value and mitigate climate change. These gases often contain hydrogen sulfide, a well-known catalyst poison, driving the development of sulfur-tolerant catalysts. However, sulfur poisoning has received limited attention in fixed-bed reactor modeling. In this study, two modeling frameworks—simplified and conventional heterogeneous—are developed and compared. The conventional model explicitly accounts for reaction and heat and mass transfer within the catalyst pellet, while the simplified model represents these effects using a catalyst effectiveness factor. Both models are discretized using the finite volume method and programmed in MATLAB, with predictions validated against experimental data from the literature. Kinetic modeling identifies activation energy corrections of 24.4 <span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>l</mi></mrow></math></span> and 27.0 <span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>l</mi></mrow></math></span> for the simplified and conventional models, respectively. Transport limitations appear above 1173 <span><math><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow></math></span>. The order of deactivation was determined to be <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1.0</mn></mrow></math></span>, with an average absolute error of 27.2% and 26.2% for methane conversion predictions in simplified and conventional models, respectively, contrasting the more commonly assumed <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3.0</mn></mrow></math></span>. Under industrial conditions, both models performed similarly when unpoisoned. However, the conventional model showed an increase in catalyst effectiveness as poisoning occurred, reflecting the slower reaction kinetics relative to mass transport. When the effectiveness in the simplified model was adjusted to match the conventional model, their results realigned. While conventional modeling is more robust, it has a higher computational cost. Simplified modeling remains desirable for assessing catalyst poisoning, but further research is needed to determine how it can account for changes in catalyst effectiveness during poisoning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100568,"journal":{"name":"Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 205581"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143473937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing hydrogen generation from petroleum reservoirs: A dual-perspective approach for enhancing efficiency and cleaner production","authors":"Chinedu J. Okere,&nbsp;James J. Sheng","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the pursuit for sustainable energy, hydrogen plays a pivotal role in realizing a carbon-neutral future. Despite the growing emphasis on clean energy, a significant research gap persists in optimizing hydrogen generation from petroleum reservoirs. These reservoirs presents a promising avenue due to their vast energy potential, existing infrastructure, and compatibility with in-situ processes for efficient and eco-friendly hydrogen production. To address this gap, this study employs sensitivity and optimization analyses to explore key reservoir and injection parameters: porosity, permeability, temperature, injection pressure, and the CO₂-O₂ ratio's impact on hydrogen and syngas production.</div><div>The optimization analysis identifies crucial conditions: higher porosity, optimal temperature, and CO₂ concentration for maximizing hydrogen yield and aligning with cleaner production objectives. Results show a twofold increase in hydrogen generation, reduced syngas yield, and an improved hydrogen-to-syngas ratio. This not only substantially lowers hydrogen production costs, ensuring cost-competitiveness, but also achieves a notable 98% increase in energy efficiency.</div><div>Despite the inherent energy potential in consumed crude oil surpassing that of the produced hydrogen, the preference for hydrogen lies in its cleaner nature and cost advantages. This study positions petroleum reservoirs as clean energy hubs, offering insights into efficient, eco-friendly, and economically viable hydrogen production. The findings guide reservoir selection for investment and large-scale implementation, contributing substantially to knowledge in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100568,"journal":{"name":"Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 205576"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-driven analysis and insights into sorption-induced kerogen deformation in shale","authors":"Baixi Chen ,&nbsp;Jian Wu ,&nbsp;Yuyao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Kerogen is a nanoporous material present in the organic matrix of shale reservoirs. Its swelling can cause the closure of pores and microfractures in the rock matrix. As kerogen is the main gas production and storage site in shales, this may hinder gas extraction in reservoirs and, in the case of CO₂ injection, leads to decreased reservoir permeability and gas injectivity. This study presents a data-driven model aiming at efficiently predicting sorption-induced kerogen deformation. A diversely featured dataset comprising 306 entries gathered from different sources was utilized for training. Following holdout validation and testing, the optimal data-driven model was developed and identified among four prominent machine learning algorithms: regression tree (RT), support vector machine (SVM), Gaussian process regression (GPR), and artificial neural network (ANN), with multiple configurations. The data-driven model constructed using the GPR algorithm with the exponential kernel function demonstrates exceptional performance (<em>R</em>^<em>2</em> = 0.999 on the test dataset) as it adapts effectively to the limited dataset size and captures the deformation trend in different scenarios. This data-driven model exhibits greater accuracy and versatility than the two theoretical models derived from poromechanics and surface energy change, as impacted by large parameter uncertainties. Furthermore, the interpretability analysis of the data-driven model reveals that geological conditions, kerogen porosity, and absorbate molecule kinetic diameter play key roles in kerogen deformation. By incorporating additional data involving new kerogen and adsorbate types or geological conditions, this data-driven model can be retrained to address a broader range of shale reservoirs more accurately.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100568,"journal":{"name":"Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 205579"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143471339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity analysis of multi-factors on the mechanical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments at different axial strain","authors":"Zhaoyuan Zeng ,&nbsp;Songkui Sang ,&nbsp;Liang Kong ,&nbsp;Yapeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Xinrui Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The storage of hydrate-bearing sediments (HBS) in the seafloor environment is influenced by several factors. It is crucial to understand the effect of the interactions between the factors on the mechanical properties of HBS. This study examines the impact of effective confining pressure, pore pressure, saturation, fine content, and clay content on the mechanical properties of HBS by using an orthogonal test (L₂₅(5⁶)) with 5 factors and 5 levels. The variation patterns of HBS mechanical properties under different conditions were investigated. The subsequent analysis further studied the influence of the sensitivity of the factors at different axial strain stages on mechanical parameters and evaluated their significance through different analytical methods. The results show that the effective confining pressure has the greatest influence on the strength, while the influence of other factors such as pore pressure, hydrate saturation, and clay content changes as the shear process. Furthermore, the degree of influence factors on secant modulus <em>E</em>₅₀ is ranked in order of significance as hydrate saturation, clay content, effective confining pressure, fine content, and pore pressure in the order of significance. A positive correlation was found between effective confining pressure and strength, whereas hydrate saturation and clay content showed an inverse relationship with secant modulus <em>E</em>₅₀. This study highlights the complex interactions between influencing factors and HBS mechanical properties, offering valuable insights for further research and practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100568,"journal":{"name":"Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 205577"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic investigation of kinetic promoters in seawater hydrate-based technology: Optimizing formation kinetics and storage capacity","authors":"Chakorn Viriyakul ,&nbsp;Phuwadej Pornaroontham ,&nbsp;Katipot Inkong ,&nbsp;Santi Kulprathipanja ,&nbsp;Praveen Linga ,&nbsp;Pramoch Rangsunvigit","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Addressing the practical constraints of using deionized water for large-scale methane storage, this study explores the use of a 2.5 wt% NaCl solution to simulate seawater conditions at 8.2 MPa and 277.2 K in a quiescent system. The incorporation of NaCl, however, impedes the hydrate formation kinetics. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is employed as a kinetic hydrate promoter (KHP). While SDS partially improves hydrate formation kinetics, its application is hindered by foam formation, which poses significant challenges for scaling up the technology. This research further examines the effects of hydrophobic amino acids—valine, leucine, methionine, and tryptophan—as alternative kinetic hydrate promoters. Among the amino acids studied, the ranking of effectiveness under optimal conditions is as follows: tryptophan &gt; methionine &gt; leucine &gt; valine. Tryptophan at its optimal concentration of 1.5 wt% demonstrates the shortest induction time (less than 2 min), the highest gas uptake (approximately 100 mmol gas/mol water), and superior water-to-hydrate conversion (55%). Morphological observations confirm that amino acids promote uniform hydrate growth without foam formation during dissociation, leaving a clear memory solution. These findings underscore the potential of amino acids, particularly hydrophobic ones like tryptophan, as sustainable alternatives to SDS for methane hydrate formation, offering significant advancements in Solidified Natural Gas (SNG) technology with promising applications in gas storage and enhancing energy security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100568,"journal":{"name":"Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 205575"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening of amino acids for enhanced CO2 dissolution in saline aquifers: Molecular dynamics simulation study","authors":"Rubaya Tasnin Mim ,&nbsp;Berihun Mamo Negash ,&nbsp;Shiferaw Regassa Jufar ,&nbsp;Ahmed Abdulla Elryes","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research on storing CO₂ in deep saline aquifers with extremely high salinity poses numerous challenges in experimental setup. A key tool for addressing these challenges is molecular dynamic simulation to predict the solubility of CO₂ in brine. This study explores the dissolution behavior of supercritical CO₂ in formation brine, with and without the presence of amino acids. The main focus is to identify a suitable amino acid and find its optimal concentration to enhance dissolution and density. As such, a brine model is developed with a salt concentration of 15 wt%. The model was designed such that it mimics the properties and behavior of an actual brine commonly found in saline aquifers. The density and viscosity of the brine model are compared against actual. The results revealed that the simulated model mimics the density and viscosity of actual brine from saline aquifers. To further ensure accuracy and dependability, the density of CO₂-saturated brine was calculated at a temperature of 338 K and a pressure of 20.5 MPa using solubility model. The result indicates a notable increase in brine density of 0.76% attributed to the dissolution of CO₂, which is also in good agreement with the literature. Next, the performances of six amino acids at concentrations of 0.2%, 1.2%, 2.5%, and 5% are studied in terms of their ability to increase the density of the CO₂-saturated brine to improve CO₂ dissolution. The amino acids considered in this study are L-arginine, L-glycine, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-tryptophan, and L-tyrosine. The simulation findings reveal that each amino acid has the potential to enhance both the dissolution and density of the CO₂-saturated phase. Notably, among the selected amino acids, tyrosine exhibits the highest dissolution rate of −33436.52 kcal/mol and density of 1.088 g/cc at a concentration of 0.2%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100568,"journal":{"name":"Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 205574"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental evaluation of gas production from hydrate-bearing sediments via combined hydraulic fracturing and depressurization method","authors":"Peng Wang ,&nbsp;Lujun Wang ,&nbsp;Deqiong Kong ,&nbsp;Zijie Tang ,&nbsp;Zhigang Ye ,&nbsp;Bin Zhu ,&nbsp;Yunmin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine hydrate-bearing sediments (HBS) in the Nankai Trough and the South China Sea, characterized by high fines content and high hydrate saturation, are typically associated with very low porosity and permeability, which greatly undermines the hydrate exploitation efficiency. Inspired by the exploitation techniques of coals and shale gases, hydraulic fracturing could potentially be an effective way to improve the overall permeability of HBS and accordingly its gas production efficiency. This paper introduces a novel experimental study on the enhancement of gas production from HBS via combined hydraulic fracturing and depressurization method. The main properties examined are the viscosity of fracturing fluid and the perforated length of production well. Substantial improvement in gas production by hydraulic fracturing was observed, in terms of both the peak and long-term production rates. The most remarkable increase in peak production rate can be up to 90.4% and only half the time was required to achieve a total gas production of 70%. The optimal fluid viscosity of 500 mPa·s was identified in the present experiments. Fracturing fluids with lower viscosities would lead to only small fractures and limited increase in the overall permeability, while that with higher viscosities somewhat inhibit gas flow along fractures, both against the achievement of high gas production efficiency. In particular, sediment subsidence and sand production would be exacerbated at the presence of hydraulic fractures. Furthermore, a greater well perforated length was conductive to fracturing fluid discharge and thus facilitating gas production efficiency, in terms of not only shortening the fluid flow path but also alleviating the sand production. This study on hydraulic fracturing for HBS offers novel insights into enhancing the gas production efficiency and revealing potential engineering risks in practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100568,"journal":{"name":"Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 205566"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis, modification of Cu-BTC by graphene oxide and deep eutectic solvents for in situ IR chemisorption and physisorption of CO2","authors":"Manal Yahya Mahzari ,&nbsp;Sami Ullah ,&nbsp;Mohammed Ali Assiri","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cu-BTC is a copper-based metal-organic framework that has undergone thorough examination because of its effective capacity to adsorb CO₂ and its strong structural stability. This study focused on the synthesis of the Cu-BTC structure, followed by pre-modification using Graphene Oxide (GO). Additionally, three Deep-Eutectic Solvents (DESs) were prepared by separately dissolving choline chloride, tetraethylammonium bromide, and tetrabutylphosphonium bromide in formic acid, which were utilized for Post-Synthetic Modification (PSM). The synthesized and modified MOFs were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and N₂-adsorption-desorption analysis. In-situ IR analysis was used to examine the chemical adsorption of CO₂ with MOFs at temperatures of 25, 100, and 150 °C. In situ IR investigation demonstrated the interaction between CO₂ and Cu-BTC were observed following a duration of 10 min at 25°C. The physisorption behaviors of Cu-BTC, Cu-BTC@GO, Cu-BTC@1A, Cu-BTC@2A, and Cu-BTC@3A were investigated using a column breakthrough test. The most favorable findings were obtained for Cu-BTC@1A, with an adsorption breakthrough time of 89 s, at 25 °C and 1 bar. The modified Cu-BTC, coupled with GO and DESs, aimed at improving CO₂ adsorption in this study, holds significant potential for application in future research endeavors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100568,"journal":{"name":"Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 205564"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143387551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low carbon methanol production through electrification and decarbonization","authors":"Abdullah F. Al-Aboosi ,&nbsp;Fadhil Y. Al-Aboosi ,&nbsp;Mahmoud El-Halwagi ,&nbsp;Wei Zhan","doi":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgsce.2025.205562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrifying and decarbonizing the industrial sectors are important candidate strategies towards enhancing sustainability. This work introduces a novel superstructure-based framework of an integrated system to produce low-carbon methanol via electrification and decarbonization. The building blocks include a methanol plant, CO₂ capture and recycle process, solar photovoltaics (PV) modules, wind turbines, reverse osmosis, and electric boilers. The hybrid renewable energy sources of solar and wind are included to provide electric power to the entire system units while connecting to a power grid to address the diurnal fluctuations of solar and wind energy. Stranded natural gas (SNG) is used as a raw material since it is an abundant resource that is not effectively useable due to physical and economic constraints. An industrial electric boiler is considered to supply steam, heating, and cooling requirements to the methanol process. CO₂ released from methanol production process is captured and recycled to reduce the environmental impact of the methanol production process. A reverse osmosis plant (RO) is employed to treat local wastewater from the SNG production and provide clean water for methanol production. An Eagle Ford site in Texas is selected as a case study. A comprehensive techno-economic analysis (TEA) and an environmental evaluation demonstrate the capability of the proposed system to produce low-carbon methanol. A multi-period mixed integer nonlinear program (MINLP) is solved to find the optimal mix of solar energy, wind energy, and local power grid to attain the maximum net annual profit. The Optimal solution was found at solar at 87.65% and wind at 12.35% with a return on investment (ROI) of 11.07%, and the payback period (PBP) is 7.6 years.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100568,"journal":{"name":"Gas Science and Engineering","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 205562"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}