Future BatteriesPub Date : 2025-04-29DOI: 10.1016/j.fub.2025.100074
Jiang Wu , Zelong Liu , YiXuan Zhang , Dong Lei , Yan Zhang
{"title":"A model to estimate the state of health of lithium-ion batteries for different charging rates","authors":"Jiang Wu , Zelong Liu , YiXuan Zhang , Dong Lei , Yan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fub.2025.100074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fub.2025.100074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, there has been significant research interest in the fast charging of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the estimation of the State of Health (SOH) for LIBs under fast charging conditions has received relatively little attention. Therefore, a data-driven and improved incremental capacity analysis-based SOH estimation model for LIBs is proposed in this paper, which can estimate the SOH at different charging rates. Firstly, a revised Lorentz voltage capacity (RL-VC) model is constructed using the constant current charging data. Further, the revised Lorentz incremental capacity (RL-IC) curve of the battery is calculated and decomposed according to the RL-VC model. Then, the health features (HFs) are extracted from the original and the decomposed RL-IC curves. The HFs with high correlation are selected through Pearson correlation analysis as inputs to the back-propagation neural network to build the SOH estimation model. Validation of the model is performed on NASA datasets containing one charging rate and experimental datasets with three charging rates. The results indicate that the proposed model can estimate the SOH of LIBs more accurately than the estimation models in the recent literature. The SOH estimation errors are all less than 1 %, and the coefficients of determination are all higher than 0.98 in Hold-out cross validation. It also shows excellent generalization ability under different charging rates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100560,"journal":{"name":"Future Batteries","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100074"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143894880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Future BatteriesPub Date : 2025-04-22DOI: 10.1016/j.fub.2025.100071
K.M. Girish , R. Lavanya , N. Sowmyshree , Kushi D. Jain , K. Gurushantha , T. Ramakrishnappa
{"title":"Preparation and electrochemical properties of Co3O4 as potential electrode materials for supercapacitor and battery applications","authors":"K.M. Girish , R. Lavanya , N. Sowmyshree , Kushi D. Jain , K. Gurushantha , T. Ramakrishnappa","doi":"10.1016/j.fub.2025.100071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fub.2025.100071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing economy and population require sustainable and high-performance electrical energy storage solutions. Green synthesis routes are preferred for nanoparticle production due to their low toxicity, cost-effectiveness, and environmentally friendly nature. This study focuses on the green synthesis of cobalt oxide (Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) nanoparticles using bougainvillea flower extract. PXRD (Powder X-ray diffractometry) analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, representing a face-centered cubic structure with a crystallite size between 20 and 28 nm, SEM (Scanning electron microscopy) indicates a spherical morphology. Electrochemical performance was evaluated, with Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> as an electrode material for supercapacitor and battery applications. redox peaks, electrochemical interactions, and charge/discharge cycles were explored using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The prepared Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> electrode demonstrated a superior specific capacity of 1317 F/g at a scan rate of 20 mV/s. All the results suggest that the prepared material has potential for energy storage applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100560,"journal":{"name":"Future Batteries","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100071"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Future BatteriesPub Date : 2025-04-17DOI: 10.1016/j.fub.2025.100068
Qianqian Liang , Hongrui Huang , Xinhai Li , Zhixing Wang , Guangchao Li , Jiexi Wang
{"title":"A first-principle study of an alloy-supported single-atom catalyst for oxygen reduction reactions","authors":"Qianqian Liang , Hongrui Huang , Xinhai Li , Zhixing Wang , Guangchao Li , Jiexi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fub.2025.100068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fub.2025.100068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rational design of single atom catalysts with high activity is essential to improve the slow kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction in metal-air batteries and proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Here, using the first-principles methods based on density functional theory (DFT), the oxygen reduction reactions of single-atom catalysts Co-N-C and Fe-N-C supported on Co<sub>3</sub>Fe alloys were further suggested as efficient ORR catalysts. The results indicate that the positions of the non-metallic atoms in the nitrogen-doped carbon are well adapted to the surface layer of the alloy. The overpotentials of the alloy-loaded catalysts are reduced from 0.63 V for Co-N-C and 0.81 V for Fe-N-C to 0.40 V and 0.31 V, respectively, compared with the 2D single atom catalysts. The origin of the activity stems from suitable coordination environments for cobalt and iron, crucially affecting the rate-determining step. This study identifies a new specific link between the alloy coordination environment and catalytic activity, with implications for catalyst design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100560,"journal":{"name":"Future Batteries","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Future BatteriesPub Date : 2025-04-14DOI: 10.1016/j.fub.2025.100069
Maziar Ashuri, Qianran He, Leon Shaw
{"title":"Sodium chloride template-assisted synthesis of silicon/carbon anode nanocomposites for lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Maziar Ashuri, Qianran He, Leon Shaw","doi":"10.1016/j.fub.2025.100069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fub.2025.100069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid capacity decay of silicon anodes is a significant challenge in the effort to replace graphite in lithium-ion batteries. To address this issue, it is crucial to integrate sufficient engineered void space within the silicon composites and to effectively and uniformly coat the particles with carbon. Herein, we propose a straightforward method to address both concerns. The template synthesis approach, utilizing sodium chloride as a sacrificial template, creates an internal void network, while a double carbon coating with pyrrole enhances electrical conductivity and stabilizes the microstructure. A single pyrrole carbon coating on the silicon anode yields a delithiation capacity of 480 mAh g<sup>−1</sup>. However, when an additional carbon layer is applied, the delithiation capacity increases significantly, reaching up to 670 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> after 180 cycles. This indicates that the additional carbon layer not only enhances the electrical properties but also provides structural support, resulting in improved performance and longevity of the silicon anode. The synthesis strategy presented here has the potential to significantly improve the performance of silicon-based anodes, paving the way for the development of advanced silicon materials for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries. This method offers a promising solution to one of the major challenges in battery technology, providing a pathway towards higher capacity and more stable battery systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100560,"journal":{"name":"Future Batteries","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100069"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Future BatteriesPub Date : 2025-04-10DOI: 10.1016/j.fub.2025.100067
M. Nooshadi , M. Izadi , Z. Yousefi , V. Salarvand , F. Talebi , M. Saghafi , M. Noghani , A. Moghanian , D. Brabazon
{"title":"Determining the optimal hydrothermal synthesis temperature and manganese percentage in the NiCoMn ternary-metal oxide deposited on nickel foam for pseudocapacitor applications","authors":"M. Nooshadi , M. Izadi , Z. Yousefi , V. Salarvand , F. Talebi , M. Saghafi , M. Noghani , A. Moghanian , D. Brabazon","doi":"10.1016/j.fub.2025.100067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fub.2025.100067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Supplying energy from alternative sources than fossil fuels has become one of the essential needs of human society. To do this, it is necessary to store energy from these alternative sources. The use of pesudocapacitors as an energy storage system is a valuable route for this. In this study, the trimetallic structure of NiCoMn was synthesized on a nickel foam bed with different molar ratios, time, and temperature with the hydrothermal method. Then by optimizing the molar ratios of metals, synthesis temperature, and time using electrochemical tests, the structural characteristics and electrochemical performance of the samples were investigated. The nanostructure of the synthesized samples at various times was in the form of sheets that were placed together creating a network of nanosheets. The electrochemical galvanostatic charge-discharge performance of the Ni<sub>8</sub>Co<sub>2</sub>Mn0.5 % (190 ℃-15h) sample was better than for the other samples. This sample had the longest discharge time and as a result, the highest capacity (439.12 F.g<sup>−1</sup>). The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test, in agreement with other tests, showed a low resistance of 65.24 Ω; for this sample.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100560,"journal":{"name":"Future Batteries","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100067"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Future BatteriesPub Date : 2025-04-10DOI: 10.1016/j.fub.2025.100063
Yicheng Bao , Ren Shimazu , Yutaka Moritomo
{"title":"Reduced internal resistance in thermorechargeable battery with heavy active materials","authors":"Yicheng Bao , Ren Shimazu , Yutaka Moritomo","doi":"10.1016/j.fub.2025.100063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fub.2025.100063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermorechargeable battery (TB), which can be charged by temperature change <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow></math></span> via difference in the electrochemical Seebeck coefficient <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span> between the cathode and anode, is a promising energy harvester. In order to put TB into practical use in society, it is necessary to increase the maximum output power (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>W</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>max</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> = <span><math><mfrac><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>TB</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msubsup></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn><mi>R</mi></mrow></mfrac></math></span>, where <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>TB</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><mi>R</mi></math></span> are the thermal voltage and internal resistance) per unit area of electrode. Here, we investigated <span><math><mi>R</mi></math></span> and its components in laminate film type Na<sub>1.48</sub>Co[Fe(CN)<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>]<sub>0.87</sub> (Co-PBA)/Na<sub>1.76</sub>Ni[Fe(CN)<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>]<sub>0.94</sub> (Ni-PBA) TB against active material weight <span><math><mi>m</mi></math></span>. We found that the charge-transfer resistance <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>ct</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> at 20 °C steeply decreases from 60 <span><math><mi>Ω</mi></math></span>/cm<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> in TB with light <span><math><mi>m</mi></math></span> to 7 <span><math><mi>Ω</mi></math></span>/cm<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> in TB with heavy <span><math><mi>m</mi></math></span>, causing significant reduction of <span><math><mi>R</mi></math></span>. Reflecting the reduced <span><math><mi>R</mi></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>W</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>max</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> at <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow></math></span> = 30 K significantly increases from 2.5 <span><math><mrow><mi>μ</mi><msup><mrow><mi>W/cm</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> to 18.8 <span><math><mrow><mi>μ</mi><msup><mrow><mi>W/cm</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> with increases in <span><math><mi>m</mi></math></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100560,"journal":{"name":"Future Batteries","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100063"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Future BatteriesPub Date : 2025-04-03DOI: 10.1016/j.fub.2025.100065
Kanav Dang, D. Vidya, Balaji Krishnamurthy
{"title":"Vanadium redox flow batteries: Exploring stability with in-situ electrochemically produced nitric acid pretreated enhanced graphene-coated pencil graphite electrodes","authors":"Kanav Dang, D. Vidya, Balaji Krishnamurthy","doi":"10.1016/j.fub.2025.100065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fub.2025.100065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this investigation, we explore diverse techniques for pre-treating pencil graphite electrodes (PGE) to optimize their performance in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). Our objective is to provide researchers with two straightforward yet effective methods for preparing the PGE surface for reduced graphene oxide (RGO) deposition. The graphene deposition process employs cyclic voltammetry (CV) in a 5 M HNO3 (Nitric Acid) solution. Introducing graphene oxide (GO) into the system before CV enables a more substantial conversion of graphite to RGO, enhancing the electrode’s performance and stability under VRFB working conditions, surpassing the efficacy of electrodes pretreated using a basic water washing method. Comparison results highlight the superiority of the HNO3 pre-treated PGE, achieving a peak reduction value of −0.73 A/cm<sup>2</sup> compared to −0.46 A/cm<sup>2</sup> for the Water PGE. The GO coated Pencil Graphite Electrode (GOPGE-2 days) exhibits a comparable −0.72 A/cm<sup>2</sup>, signifying an almost 60 % improvement in performance characteristics over the Water PGE. Additionally, characterization using LiClO4 demonstrates a remarkable 83 % increase in the charge-carrying capacity of the electrodes, extending to anodic and cathodic current density as well as redox capacity. Cyclic stability assessments in VOSO4 reveal a remarkable 274 % enhancement in charge-carrying capacity. This paper underscores the significance of a streamlined, one-step pre-treatment method, not only for optimal laboratory experimentation but also for superior performance in VRFBs and potentially other battery chemistries utilizing Graphene-Coated Pencil Graphite Electrodes (GPGE) as electrodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100560,"journal":{"name":"Future Batteries","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100065"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Future BatteriesPub Date : 2025-04-02DOI: 10.1016/j.fub.2025.100066
Jinting Yuan, Oghenewvogaga Oghorada, Li Zhang
{"title":"Loss analysis of three-level flying capacitor converter-based EV chargers using hybrid WBG-Si devices","authors":"Jinting Yuan, Oghenewvogaga Oghorada, Li Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fub.2025.100066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fub.2025.100066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electric Vehicles (EVs) are vital for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable transportation. Advancements in EV charging technology focus on developing power converters with higher DC-link voltages (800V-1000V) and multilevel topologies. This paper explores a full-bridge five-level Flying Capacitor (FC) converter using hybrid silicon and Wide Bandgap (WBG) devices for EV charger grid connections. A key challenge in FC converters is maintaining floating capacitor voltage balance while minimizing power losses. Although higher switching frequencies reduce voltage fluctuations, they increase switching losses. WBG devices, with their high band gaps and low switching losses, address this issue effectively. Thermal analysis of the converter is conducted using PLECS software, comparing Si-IGBT, SiC MOSFET, and GaN MOSFET. The paper proposes a novel multilevel PWM scheme that combines Phase-Disposition (PD) PWM and Phase-Shift (PS) PWM. This hybrid approach enhances waveform quality and improves thermal performance by reducing losses in specific components. To address the high cost of WBG devices, a hybrid strategy is suggested, replacing high-loss components with WBG devices while retaining silicon devices elsewhere. The study identifies optimal switch combinations based on loss analysis using practical data and thermal models. Results highlight trade-offs between cost and performance, presenting a cost-effective solution for high-performance FC converters. This work offers valuable insights into efficient EV charger design, supporting the development of advanced, sustainable charging technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100560,"journal":{"name":"Future Batteries","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100066"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Future BatteriesPub Date : 2025-03-31DOI: 10.1016/j.fub.2025.100064
Alexander Hahn , Magdalena Ruf , Stefan Doose , Arno Kwade
{"title":"Enhancing lithium-ion battery safety: A comparative study of separator performance under mechanical abuse","authors":"Alexander Hahn , Magdalena Ruf , Stefan Doose , Arno Kwade","doi":"10.1016/j.fub.2025.100064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fub.2025.100064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Batteries serve as the primary energy storage solution for a wide range of applications. However, the high energy density of these batteries presents significant safety challenges. The separator in a battery cell plays a crucial role since damage to the separator will cause an internal short circuit and can trigger a thermal runaway. To evaluate the differences in the response of a separator to mechanical stress five distinct polyolefin and nonwoven separators were tested in two separator material level tests. Battery cells were then fabricated with these separators and tested for mechanical stability and thermal runaway behavior during crush tests with a hemispherical punch. The results disclose that internal short circuits occur in the dry processed polyolefin-based separators at low mechanical loads. The incorporation of ceramic particles within the nonwovens and the elevated thermal stability impart a heightened short-circuit load capacity of 17 % and a notable delay in the onset of thermal runaway. The most promising outcome is observed in the wet-processed PE separator with a ceramic coating, exhibiting a 33 % increase in load and a 25 % increase in deformation compared to the polyolefin separators. In addition, CO concentrations doubled between nonwoven and pure polyolefin based separators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100560,"journal":{"name":"Future Batteries","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100064"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143777623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Future BatteriesPub Date : 2025-03-26DOI: 10.1016/j.fub.2025.100062
Umar Shafique Awan , Kazem Ghabraie , Ali Zolfagharian , Mojtaba Eftekharnia , Bernard Rolfe
{"title":"Comparative study of vibrational behaviour of lithium-ion batteries under different axis orientations","authors":"Umar Shafique Awan , Kazem Ghabraie , Ali Zolfagharian , Mojtaba Eftekharnia , Bernard Rolfe","doi":"10.1016/j.fub.2025.100062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fub.2025.100062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impact of placement orientation on vibration-induced electrochemical degradation of three different lithium-ion battery geometries, namely, pouch, prismatic, and cylindrical, are investigated in this research. The batteries are subjected to 24-hour continuous vibration in each test based on a modified IEC62660–2 vibration standard. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), capacity fade analysis, and average discharge voltage (DV<sub>avg</sub>) analysis are performed to evaluate the impact of vibration on the electrochemical performance of batteries. The experiments are conducted in both single-axis orientation and 3-in-1 multi-axis combined orientation using custom-designed fixtures. The results show that the rate of vibration-induced degradation in batteries varies significantly with their placement orientation. Similar trends are observed from both single and multi-axis test settings. Cylindrical batteries show a more significant capacity reduction with a maximum of 9.52 % when vibrating along their radial axes than their longitudinal axis. On the other hand, prismatic and pouch batteries show more substantial degradation that is just below 1 % when subjected to vibration along their length (long axis) compared to their width or thickness. These findings emphasize the need to consider battery placement orientation while selecting and packaging lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles (EVs), specifically for structural battery applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100560,"journal":{"name":"Future Batteries","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100062"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143735080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}