Farming System最新文献

{"title":"Soil moisture monitoring technologies in smart agriculture: A comprehensive review","authors":"R. Sreeram ,&nbsp;S. Adithya Krishna ,&nbsp;Aiswarya S. Kumar ,&nbsp;S. Remya ,&nbsp;Yong Yun Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil moisture monitoring is a critical component of modern agriculture, directly impacting crop productivity and resource management. With increasing pressures from climate change, water scarcity, and global food demand, there is a growing need for innovative and data-driven approaches to optimize agricultural practices. This systematic and conceptual review explores the role of advanced technologies in transforming soil moisture monitoring and smart agriculture. It aims to address major global challenges, including food security, water scarcity, and climate variability. By synthesizing advancements in Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning (ML), remote sensing, and related technologies, this review aims to elucidate their contributions to precision farming, resource optimization, and sustainable agricultural practices. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of current trends, methodologies, and technological integrations, identifying key innovations that enhance crop productivity and environmental resilience. It seeks to guide researchers, policymakers, and agritech stakeholders toward scalable, inclusive solutions by highlighting research gaps and proposing future directions for equitable and sustainable agricultural transformation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100189"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Roots and the rhizosphere: a perspective on the hidden engine of regenerative, antifragile, and digitally enabled agriculture","authors":"Stefano Cesco ,&nbsp;Monica Yorlady Alzate Zuluaga ,&nbsp;Luciano Cavani ,&nbsp;Luigimaria Borruso ,&nbsp;Vito Armando Laudicina ,&nbsp;Fabrizio Mazzetto ,&nbsp;Tanja Mimmo ,&nbsp;Youry Pii ,&nbsp;Roberto Terzano ,&nbsp;Stefania Astolfi","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2026.100199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2026.100199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For decades, agricultural optimization has focused primarily on aboveground yield and external inputs while neglecting the complexity and functional integrity of belowground processes. The rhizosphere, the dynamic zone surrounding roots, has long been investigated through isolated components but rarely in a holistic framework, despite its critical role in agroecosystem productivity, soil fertility, and sustainability. Moreover, the translation of this knowledge into routine farm-scale practice remains quite limited. This perspective argues for repositioning the rhizosphere at the center of agricultural innovation. In this review, roots and their microbial partners are not only fundamental for crop performance but also drivers of antifragility, enabling farming systems to withstand and even improve under environmental stresses, while sustaining productivity. Integrating advances in root biology, soil chemistry, microbial ecology, and agronomics, this review shows that rhizosphere processes drive key biogeochemical functions such as carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, and stress adaptation. Critical gaps include limited integration of root-microbiome traits in crop breeding, lack of field-ready rhizosphere diagnostics, and variable performance of microbial inoculants across soils and climates. Addressing these challenges is essential to operationalize rhizosphere science at field scale and support reduced-input, climate-resilient farming systems. Looking forward, emerging technologies ranging from high-resolution imaging and spectroscopy to artificial intelligence offer unprecedented insight into belowground complexity and a unique opportunity to bridge the gap between experimental insights and real-world farming. Ultimately, the review calls for a paradigm shift embedding rhizosphere processes into crop breeding, farming system design, and management strategies. Recognizing the rhizosphere as a primary entry point for innovation is essential for translating science into practical levers for regenerative, antifragile, and sustainable agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100199"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic change of soil organic carbon fractions improved by soil microorganisms at rice critical growth stages under long-term straw return in a double-cropped rice system in southern China","authors":"Shiqi Yang ,&nbsp;Liming Chen ,&nbsp;Xueming Tan ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Pan ,&nbsp;Yanhua Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The practice of returning straw enhances the accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and microbial communities. Nonetheless, the mechanisms in which microbes affect the variations in SOC and DOC during rice critical growth stages remain unclear. This research examines SOC, DOC, and microbial communities at panicle initiation (PI), heading (HS), and maturity (MS) stages in a paddy field, 13 years after long-term straw incorporation under no chemical fertilizers application with straw removal (CK), straw removal with only chemical fertilizer application (F), straw burning return with some chemical fertilizer application (SBR), and straw return in situ with some chemical fertilizer application (SR). Compared to CK, the other treatments significantly enhanced SOC levels throughout all growth stages. Notably, SR exhibited an average increase of 37.9 % during the early rice season and 41.9 % during the late rice season. Compared to F and SBR, SR significantly increased SOC by 7.1 % at the PI stage of early rice, and by 9.2 % and 10.1 % at all late rice growth stages, respectively. SR also significantly enhanced the DOC level at the late growth stages of both rice seasons. Furthermore, SR enhanced microbial diversity at the PI stage in both rice seasons, aiding SOC accumulation. Although DOC had a positive relationship with microbial diversity in the early rice season, this relationship turned negative in the late rice season, likely due to the influence of the phylum <em>Actinobacteria</em>. Moreover, the significant enrichment of <em>Cyanobacteria</em> under SR at all stages of the late rice season was associated with an increase in SOC content. These results highlight the importance of <em>Actinobacteria</em> and <em>Cyanobacteria</em> in promoting the formation of SOC and DOC during key growth periods under long-term straw return. Future research requires the integration of ¹³C labelling with multi-omics to trace microbial-mediated straw carbon sequestration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100194"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Metabolite-driven fungal recruitment in rhizosphere explains superiority of organic fertilizer in enhancing the soil fertility of wheat” [Farming System 4 (2026) 100181]","authors":"Shancong Wang ,&nbsp;Xinru Hu ,&nbsp;Reda M.M. Ahmed ,&nbsp;Guihong Yin ,&nbsp;Xiao Jun A. Liu ,&nbsp;Haotian Wang ,&nbsp;Jiameng Guo ,&nbsp;Peng Zhao ,&nbsp;Chang Li ,&nbsp;Qinghua Yang ,&nbsp;Lei Gao ,&nbsp;Ruixin Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2026.100221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2026.100221","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100221"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147600267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of inorganic and organic fertilization on soil organic carbon and crop production: a meta-analysis","authors":"Zhiyuan Bai ,&nbsp;Jiajie Xu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Shi ,&nbsp;Matthew Tom Harrison ,&nbsp;Jørgen Eivind Olesen ,&nbsp;Robert M. Rees ,&nbsp;Cairistiona F.E. Topp ,&nbsp;Xinya Wen ,&nbsp;Zhenwei Song ,&nbsp;Xiaogang Yin ,&nbsp;Haotian Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2026.100211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2026.100211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) is critical for climate mitigation and stable crop production, yet the effectiveness of different fertilization strategies varies widely across environmental and management contexts. To clarify these inconsistencies, empirical field data from major grain-producing regions of northern China were synthesized using meta-analysis, regression models, random forest algorithms, and partial least squares path modeling to systematically evaluate the impacts of chemical fertilization (CF), organic fertilization (OF), and combined organic–inorganic fertilization (COF) on SOC dynamics. Results showed that CF, OF, and COF increased SOC content by 13 %, 34 %, and 39 %, respectively, with long-term application (&gt;20 years) further amplifying carbon sequestration. Pronounced spatial heterogeneity was observed. In Northeast China (NEC) with higher initial SOC, over 80 % of sites showed absolute SOC gains exceeding 10 g C kg⁻¹, with COF most effective. In Huanghuaihai Farming Region of China (HFR), characterized by lower baseline SOC, relative gains reached 63 %, and OF showed stronger effects. Across soil textures, OF consistently achieved the largest SOC improvements, and under nutrient-limited conditions, SOC enhancement followed the order OF &gt; COF &gt; CF. Test duration emerged as the dominant driver of SOC accumulation, while climate, nitrogen availability, and initial SOC modulated responses under different regimes. Structural equation modeling indicated that SOC mediated yield responses under CF, whereas direct soil and management effects dominated under OF and COF. These findings emphasize that fertilization management strategies should fully consider regional initial SOC levels and integrate carbon-enhancing practices within broader conservation-oriented farming systems to simultaneously enhance soil carbon sequestration, sustain crop productivity, and provide actionable evidence for promoting sustainable agricultural intensification and national carbon neutrality goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100211"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning reveals that duration dominates rate in driving soil nitrogen cycling responses to long-term fertilization","authors":"Beilei Wei ,&nbsp;Jinrong Wang ,&nbsp;Shunting He ,&nbsp;Yongfeng Sun ,&nbsp;Xiaoqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Shijie He ,&nbsp;Huarong Ling ,&nbsp;Qingfang Yao ,&nbsp;Zhigang Huang ,&nbsp;Ziting Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intensive nitrogen fertilization in agricultural ecosystems has profound impacts on soil nitrogen cycling, yet the mechanistic understanding of how long-term nitrogen inputs alter microbial-mediated nitrogen transformations remains limited. While previous research has focused primarily on application rates, the temporal dimension of nitrogen management has been largely overlooked. Here, we present a global meta-analysis of 2824 observations from 88 field studies specifically examining how nitrogen application duration, rather than just amount, shapes soil nitrogen cycling processes. Machine learning analysis revealed application duration as the dominant driver of nitrogen cycling changes, explaining greater variance than that explained by application rates across all functional genes examined. Long-term nitrogen application (&gt;20 years) dramatically increased ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) abundance by 904 % while modestly affecting ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) by 142 %, fundamentally altering the balance of ammonia oxidation processes. In acidic soils with long-term nitrogen application, AOB responses (1107 %) substantially exceeded AOA responses (179 %), demonstrating that substrate availability becomes the primary driver of microbial community structure structure under long-term nitrogen enrichment. Our findings demonstrate that nitrogen application duration, more than amount, determines soil nitrogen cycling responses, creating progressive changes with substantial shifts occurring after 20 years of continuous fertilization. These results reveal duration-dependent mechanisms that provide a new framework for nitrogen management, enabling simultaneous maintenance of agricultural productivity and reduction of environmental impacts through duration-optimized application strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100196"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145993613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrous oxide emissions and wheat yield responses to nitrogen rate and source in contrasting rainfed cropping systems in Morocco","authors":"Mohamed Boullouz ,&nbsp;Mohamed Louay Metougui ,&nbsp;Nabil El Khatri ,&nbsp;Kamal Alahiane ,&nbsp;Ngonidzashe Chirinda","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of nitrogen (N) fertilization in agricultural production contributes to soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, yet data on the magnitude of those emissions are scarce for rainfed cropping systems in North Africa. This study quantified N₂O fluxes under five fertilizer regimes in two contrasting Moroccan agroclimatic zones: a wetter site (Larache) and a drier site (Settat). Treatments included current farmer practices (CFP), regional recommended rates with a conventional source (RFP), RFP plus a urease inhibitor (MCDHS), a high N level (HNL), and unfertilized control. Results showed contrasting responses between sites: in Larache, N₂O emissions increased exponentially when N input exceeded 140 kg ha⁻¹ (RFP), peaking at 7.14 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ under HNL, with an average emission factor of 1 %; While in Settat, emissions rose with the application of N but plateaued beyond the N rate of 39 kg N ha⁻¹ (CFP), with a mean EF of 0.6 %. The urease inhibitor (MCDHS) increased grain yield by 27 % in Larache without reducing emissions, whereas, in Settat, it had no significant effect on yield or cumulative N₂O emissions compared to RFP. A generalized additive model identified soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) as the main driver of N₂O fluxes across both sites. Overall, these findings indicate that yield and N₂O responses to fertilization are strongly regulated by environmental conditions and that the IPCC Tier 1 emission factor underestimates emissions in Morocco wheat systems, highlighting the need for region-specific Tier 2 emission factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100188"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145474295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geospatial and geostatistical analysis of land fragmentation and parcel shape indicators for sustainable farm structure in land consolidation","authors":"Fırat Arslan ,&nbsp;Hasan Değirmenci","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Land consolidation (LC) is one of the key implementations to improve farm structure by enhancing parcel shape and reducing land fragmentation. Many researchers have developed indicators to measure parcel shape deformation and land fragmentation levels; however, these indicators often lack consistency for assessing land consolidation projects. In this study, we demonstrate that our newly developed New Parcel Shape Index (NSI) and New Land Fragmentation Index (NLFI) are more effective for assessing land consolidation projects. Geospatial and geostatistical analyses were applied to calculate the new indicators using ArcGIS-ArcMAP, with Excel utilised for calculating and comparing other indicators. To test these analyses, the cadastral data and reports of the Türkiye Malatya Province Arguvan District Tatkınlık Village Land Consolidation project were used as material.</div><div>As a result, it was observed that parcels with NSI values approaching 1 were close to a rectangular shape, while those deviating from an NSI value of 1 exhibited deformation. Other shape indices were found to perform poorly in parcel shape analysis. In measuring the level of land fragmentation, farms with small NLFI values were observed to be less fragmented than those with large NLFI values. Other land fragmentation indexes showed poor performance compared to NLFI. As a result, NSI is recommended for shape analysis, and NLFI is recommended for assessing land fragmentation. These indices can be utilised in before and after LC evaluations or in determining priority LC areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100173"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving statistical estimates of the economic cost of climate change","authors":"Timothy S. Thomas,&nbsp;Channing Arndt,&nbsp;Uchechukwu Jarrett,&nbsp;Hamid Mohtadi","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2026.100198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2026.100198","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100198"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolite-driven fungal recruitment in rhizosphere explains superiority of organic fertilizer in enhancing the soil fertility of wheat","authors":"Shancong Wang ,&nbsp;Xinru Hu ,&nbsp;Reda M.M. Ahmed ,&nbsp;Guihong Yin ,&nbsp;Xiao Jun A. Liu ,&nbsp;Haotian Wang ,&nbsp;Jiameng Guo ,&nbsp;Peng Zhao ,&nbsp;Chang Li ,&nbsp;Qinghua Yang ,&nbsp;Lei Gao ,&nbsp;Ruixin Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-term application of conventional synthetic fertilizers (CF) significantly impairs soil fertility, particularly in the intensive wheat/maize rotation systems. The problem is even worse in medium-low yield farmlands such as lime concretion black soil, resulting in an inevitable threat to world's food security. Therefore, adopting innovative alternatives becomes an urgent need to improve soil fertility and fulfill agricultural high yield demands and sustainable development. Thus, we conducted a two-year field experiment in lime concretion black soil to compare the divergent effects of controlled-release (CRF), organic (OF) and microbial (MF) fertilizers on soil fertility improvement under wheat cultivation. Combined analysis using Linear discriminant analysis effect size, Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling revealed that CRF improved soil nitrogen retention via homocarnosine-mediated recruitment of the fungi <em>Solicoccozyma aeria</em> and <em>Lecythophora</em>. Specifically, CRF increased total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen by 17.3 % and 11.8 % compared to CF, respectively. Interestingly, OF demonstrated the most comprehensive improvement in soil fertility. OF enhanced multiple soil fertility by enriching Melatonin and Trioxilin A3, which facilitated the recruitment of <em>Lophotrichus</em> sp. and <em>Lecythophora</em> sp. This led to significant increases relative to CF in soil organic matter (18.3 %), total nitrogen (13.8 %), alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (10.0 %), available phosphorus (17.2 %), and available potassium (29.0 %). In contrast, MF promoted carbon accumulation by enriching melatonin and 3-hydroxycinnamic acid, recruiting <em>Neocosmospora rubicola</em>, which resulted in a 5.15 % increase in soil organic matter and an 11.4 % rise in microbial biomass carbon compared to CF. These findings demonstrate that novel fertilizers enhance soil fertility through metabolite-mediated recruitment of functional fungi rather than bacteria, with OF exhibiting the greatest synergistic effect between the rhizosphere metabolome and fungal assemblage. This study lays a theoretical foundation for tailored strategies that simultaneously enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability in lime concretion black soil regions under wheat/maize rotation systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100181"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}