Farming System最新文献

{"title":"Biochar for sustainable soil management: Enhancing soil fertility, plant growth and climate resilience","authors":"Godspower Oke Omokaro,&nbsp;Konstantin Pavlovich Kornev,&nbsp;Zipporah Simiyu Nafula,&nbsp;Abdulmajeed Allan Chikukula,&nbsp;Osazemen Godswill Osayogie,&nbsp;Ogheneochuko Shadrack Efeni","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar is increasingly regarded as a multifunctional amendment with the potential to enhance soil fertility, improve crop productivity, and contribute to climate change mitigation. This review examines 168 peer-reviewed studies published between 2005 and 2025 to assess the effects of biochar on soil physicochemical properties, microbial processes, nutrient dynamics, and environmental remediation. The findings indicate that biochar performance is highly dependent on feedstock type, pyrolysis conditions, soil characteristics, and climatic factors. Biochar improves soil structure, pH buffering capacity, cation exchange capacity, microbial resilience, yield improvement and greenhouse gas mitigation, but also presents risks such as nutrient immobilization and contaminant accumulation. Long-term application may alter soil biogeochemistry and microbial community structure. The review also evaluates barriers to field-scale adoption, including production cost, lack of technical knowledge, and limited policy support. Furthermore, it outlines future directions involving quality control, integration into circular bioeconomy systems, and carbon credit frameworks. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of biochar’s potential and limitations within sustainable soil management strategies under varying environmental and socioeconomic conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"3 4","pages":"Article 100167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144665949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of impacts of hydrogels on soil water conservation in dryland agriculture","authors":"Noor Muhammad ,&nbsp;Mohammad Abdul Kader ,&nbsp;Samir G. Al-Solaimani ,&nbsp;Mohamed Hassan Abd El-Wahed ,&nbsp;Refaat A. Abohassan ,&nbsp;Martha Ezinne Charles","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil water conservation is a crucial aspect of dryland crop cultivation for mitigating the excessive heat and water stress induced by climate change. The application of acrylamide-based hydrogels is an effective soil management practice for enhancing water retention, controlling soil erosion, and improving soil health in water-limited regions. Hydrogels promote water conservation in soils, which increases water availability to plants and reduces the total irrigation demands. However, the systemic knowledge gaps of the effectiveness and application method of hydrogel materials and their quantified effects on degradability, drought resistance, irrigation system, and soil water conservation in arid and semi-arid environments have not been investigated extensively. Therefore, this review examines the impacts of hydrogels on soil water conservation, with a focus on their mechanisms, applications, and potential benefits in arid and semi-arid regions. The effects of hydrogels are compared with those of other soil water conservation techniques, such as mulching, biochar and compost, and their respective strengths and applicability in dryland regions are highlighted. The result of study indicates that hydrogels enhance water infiltration in soil, reduce surface runoff, and increase soil physio-chemical properties by improving the soil structure and aggregate stability. Hydrogels also reduce evaporation losses by 20–30 % by maintaining high soil moisture contents, which are crucial for healthy crop growth in water-limited areas. Furthermore, hydrogels minimize soil erosion, particularly in furrow and sprinkler irrigation systems. Despite their several benefits, the use of hydrogels in dryland agriculture poses challenges, such as environmental persistence, toxicity of acrylamide residues, and cost-effectiveness for small-scale farmers. Future research should address the potential environmental concerns associated with hydrogel use, including considerations of risk of degradation and toxicity to plant in different regions. Finally, the use of hydrogels based on a promising method for improving soil water retention in dryland agriculture is recommended.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"3 4","pages":"Article 100166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transforming smart farming for sustainability through agri-tech Innovations: Insights from the Australian agricultural landscape","authors":"Mallika Roy ,&nbsp;Anita Medhekar","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid advancement of precision agriculture technologies and Agri-tech startups is transforming the global agricultural landscape, enhancing productivity, sustainability, and climate resilience. This study systematically reviewed 131 articles published between 2000 and 2024, selected using the PRISMA flow diagram from Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and grey literature sources. This study explores the role of precision agriculture technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT), drones, and artificial intelligence (AI), in its adoption and effective use by farmers, for optimizing resource use, improving farm efficiency, and reducing environmental impacts in large size Australian farms. Despite their potential, widespread adoption faces challenges such as high implementation costs, technical constraints, and regulatory barriers. Additionally, Agri-tech startups play a crucial role in addressing climate change challenges by developing innovative solutions such as drought-resistant crops and climate-resilient farming methods. These advancements, when integrated with principles of agronomy and supported by strategic technology adoption, enhance the efficient use of resources. While the adoption of such technologies often involves an initial investment, their effective implementation can lead to more sustainable and resilient farming systems, ultimately promoting long-term productivity and environmental stewardship. However, inclusivity remains a critical issue, particularly in ensuring equitable access for small-scale farmers, women, and underrepresented groups in Agri-tech entrepreneurship. This study highlights the importance of supportive policies, financial investments, and training programs to facilitate broader adoption of emerging agricultural technologies. Based on the literature review and keyword co-occurrence analysis, this study developed nine hypotheses and subsequently proposed a conceptual model to examine the relationships among key variables in sustainable agriculture. Future research should focus on integrated approaches that assess agronomic, economic, and social aspects of precision agriculture and Agri-tech startups, fostering sustainable and inclusive agricultural development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"3 4","pages":"Article 100165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144657309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Productivity drivers of winter crop production in Australia: Examining both long-run and short-run impacts","authors":"Jaba Sarker ,&nbsp;John Rolfe ,&nbsp;Monira Parvin Moon ,&nbsp;Farhana Arefeen Mila ,&nbsp;Siddhartha Shankar Roy ,&nbsp;Delwar Akbar","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the escalating impacts of climate change and growing climate variability, winter crop productivity in Australia faces substantial challenges, raising important concerns for food security and the sustainability of agricultural systems. This study addresses this challenge by analyzing how climatic and non-climatic factors have influenced winter crop yields in New South Wales from 1989 to 2023 using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. Employing the Johansen and Juselius Cointegration (JJC) approach, we established the presence of long-run (persistent and structural changes over time) cointegration among the variables under investigation. Our findings reveal that rising levels of seasonal maximum temperature, rainfall, vapor pressure, and CO₂ concentrations bolster long-run crop productivity, while increasing minimum temperatures and solar radiation pose risks. However, non-climatic factors such as farm debt negatively affect crop productivity. Importantly, the varying short-run (immediate responses to changes in variables) effects underline the complexity of interactions between the crop yield and productivity drivers. These findings highlight the importance of implementing targeted agricultural practices that promote resilient and sustainable winter crop production in NSW in light of changing climate realities. Further research is also required to determine the influence of elevated CO₂ in winter crop plants at different growth stages, as CO₂ concentrations increase the winter crop production in this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"3 4","pages":"Article 100164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144595479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How do farmers value organic fertilisers? An exploratory study on conventional and innovative products","authors":"Marco Medici ,&nbsp;Massimiliano Calvia ,&nbsp;Nicolas Greggio ,&nbsp;Alessandro Buscaroli ,&nbsp;Diego Marazza ,&nbsp;Maurizio Canavari","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current trends in the adoption of agricultural innovations aimed at replacing mineral fertilisers with organic fertilisers such as biochar and biochar-compost blends made from various organic wastes have recently been recognised as an important innovation to restore and improve soil fertility and mitigate environmental impacts while implementing the circular economy. A survey was designed to capture socio-economic characteristics and attitudes of farmers towards the use of organic fertilisers. Attitudinal data from 176 farmers were analysed using exploratory principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the components associated with their acceptance. Subsequently, the components and socio-economic data were used to delineate clusters of farmers that were matched with the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a novel organic fertiliser, a biochar-compost blend. WTP was tasted using a dichotomous choice contingent valuation within the range of €1–300 per tonne. A positive WTP for BCmix was expressed by 63.1 % of farmers, with average preferred application rates exceeding 11 t/ha. Five main farmer clusters with different attitudes and appreciation levels for organic fertilisers were identified -<em>The Neutral, The Unready, The Opposed, The Sceptic,</em> and <em>The Engaged</em>-highlighting a range of attitudes and appreciation levels towards organic fertilisers. Interestingly, clusters with a neutral stance towards organic fertilisers showed significantly higher WTP than clusters more actively committed to sustainability, such as <em>The Engaged</em>, a finding that contrasts with prior studies where environmentally committed farmers typically show greater adoption willingness. The study's insights support targeted market segmentation and inform policy and communication strategies to promote the early adoption of organic fertilisers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"3 3","pages":"Article 100156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144296787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management strategies to optimize peanut yields in Argentina under restrictive environmental conditions","authors":"Ricardo Javier Haro ,&nbsp;Gustavo Ovando","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Peanut production in Argentina is predominantly rainfed, with considerable variability in rainfall patterns within and between seasons. This variability results in droughts of varying duration and severity, which can significantly reduce yields. Water availability is, therefore, a critical factor in determining the optimal sowing date. The objectives of this study were to <em>(i)</em> assess the effects of sowing dates and water gradients on peanut yield and crop traits at two representative sites in the central peanut-producing region, and <em>(ii)</em> identify management strategies that optimize yield under water-limited conditions. Seasonal and annual analyses were conducted, incorporating water availability at sowing, environmental conditions, site characteristics, management practices, and cultivars. The Cropping System Model CROPGRO-Peanut was employed to simulate the impacts of those factors. Seasonal analysis revealed that delayed sowing dates consistently led to yield reductions, irrespective of water availability, with decreases in seed number, maximum leaf area index, total biomass, and water use efficiency. These yield reductions were more pronounced under lower water availability at sowing. When sown late, annual analysis indicated that combining an early cultivar and progressively narrowing row spacing resulted in increased yields. In contrast, intermediate-cycle and late cultivars experienced yield declines due to lower radiation and temperature levels. Differences in yield were also explained by the varying contributions of transpiration and evaporation to total water use. Our findings underscore the importance of management decisions in influencing water use components, with soil water-holding capacity playing a key role in crop performance. This study provides valuable insights for developing adapted management practices to improve productivity in temperate regions under water-limited conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"3 3","pages":"Article 100155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144196160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing agroecological transitions: From locally-adapted protocols to a global transdisciplinary applied approach","authors":"Blas Lavandero ,&nbsp;Mauricio González-Chang ,&nbsp;Roberto Jara-Rojas ,&nbsp;Ismael Gallardo ,&nbsp;Kris Wyckhuys","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The adoption of biodiversity-based approaches to farming that promotes ecosystem services may fail when knowledge is not locally developed or adapted. Economic, social, logistical, or human-related constrains may arise as well at any stage, influencing different groups of adopters. On the other hand, adoption success is traditionally analyzed as a binary dependent variable. Success should be defined by incorporating insights from adoption of technology knowledge (i.e., “adoption pathways”). Indeed, there will be more than one way to reduce the adoption gap of certain technologies, as farmers are culturally different and therefore, differential and tailored strategies will be necessary to increase overall adoption. We here propose that a more tailored approach that considers the spatial and temporal variability in farmers’ intentions and perceptions to generate, adapt and adopt new technologies is needed. To make this happen we are proposing four necessary steps: 1) Evidence-Based and Experience-Based Knowledge; 2) Standardization of Decision-Relevant Metrics; 3) Communicating Knowledge to Bold Farmers (Early Adopters) and 4) Encourage Horizontal Participatory Knowledge Exchange and Co-Creation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"3 3","pages":"Article 100154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144099350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate variability and future responses of agricultural systems in Mediterranean region","authors":"Thi Phuoc Lai Nguyen ,&nbsp;Salvatore Gonario Pasquale Virdis","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Challenges in developing climate adaptation strategies arise from the uncertainty and fragmentation of climate change knowledge, as well as the involvement of many actors with varying values and interests. This study, using a system perspective approach, conducted through a case study in Sardinia, Italy—a prominent Mediterranean region—focused on four agricultural systems: (1) intensive dairy cattle, (2) extensive dairy sheep, (3) horticulture, and (4) rice. The aim was to examine past, present, and future climate changes, the evolution of these agricultural systems, climate impacts, and response behaviors. The findings reveal the annual mean daily maximum (TXm_CF ​= ​+0.13 ​°C/decade and TXm_SL ​= ​+0.27 ​°C/decade) and are expected to continue rising both intermediate <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow><mn>45</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>1.60</mn><mo>°</mo><mi>C</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> and business-as-usual scenarios <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow><mn>85</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>2.43</mn><mo>°</mo><mi>C</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> with a rate of <span><math><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>0.17</mn><mo>°</mo><mi>C</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>0.26</mn><mo>°</mo><mi>C</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></math></span> respectively, along with the frequency of hot days and heatwaves. The four agricultural systems have evolved differently in response to socio-environmental changes. Farmers perceived climate variability and its impacts on their systems in varied ways, leading to different responses to future climate. Intensive farming systems were found to have more future adaptation perspectives to climate variability than traditional extensive systems, due to differences in socio-cultural and technological contexts. This highlights the need to strengthen farmers' adaptive capacities in managing traditional systems, along with their biodiversity and cultural knowledge, to help preserve globally significant agricultural heritage. The research also revealed the importance of collective adaptation responses at multiple levels that could be translated into policies and practices to enhance adaptive capacities of agricultural systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"3 3","pages":"Article 100153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of planting dates and seeding densities on soil water depletion pattern, root distribution, and water productivity of industrial hemp","authors":"Preetaman Bajwa ,&nbsp;Sukhbir Singh ,&nbsp;Arjun Kafle ,&nbsp;Manpreet Singh ,&nbsp;Rupinder Saini ,&nbsp;Calvin Trostle","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Industrial hemp (<em>Cannabis sativa</em> L.) has the potential to thrive in water-limited regions due to its deep roots and drought tolerance. However, little is known about hemp root dynamics and water productivity in the semi-arid West Texas. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of planting dates (P1- April 19th, P2- May 10th, and P3- June 6th) and seeding densities (SD1- 85, SD2- 1408, and SD3- 1972 thousand seeds ha⁻¹) on root growth, soil water depletion and water productivity of industrial hemp. The experiment was randomized in a blocked split-plot design. In 2023, P2 exhibited higher root length density, particularly fine roots compared to other planting dates. P2 also recorded the greatest soil water depletion during both years. Seeding densities showed comparable soil water depletion in 2022, but in 2023, SD2 depleted more water than SD1, while SD3 exhibited no significant differences in water depletion. P3 produced the lowest plant biomass, bast, and hurd fiber yields and their water productivity in both years. However, P3 demonstrated higher grain yield and grain water productivity in 2022, while P2 showed greater grain production in 2023, showing no significant difference in grain water productivity across plantings. Over both years, SD1 had the lowest production and water productivity for most of the yield parameters. In conclusion, May planting at higher seeding densities can enhance water productivity in West Texas conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"3 3","pages":"Article 100152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservation agriculture for closing maize yield gap and enhancing climate resilience in semi-arid Eastern Rwanda","authors":"Petronille Dusingizimana ,&nbsp;Krishna Prasad Devkota ,&nbsp;Mamadou Cherif ,&nbsp;Athanase Nduwumuremyi","doi":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.farsys.2025.100151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Rwanda, maize is a crucial staple crop, serving as a primary food source for both smallholder and commercial farmers. However, national maize yields (1.52 ​t ​ha⁻¹) remain significantly lower than the global (5.88 ​t ​ha⁻¹) and African (2.27 ​t ​ha⁻¹) averages, posing a challenge to food security and economic growth. Key constraints include limited input use, suboptimal agronomic practices, and climate change. Conservation Agriculture (CA) has been promoted as a climate-smart approach to enhance productivity and sustainability in Rwanda. This study evaluates the agronomic and economic performance of CA compared to conventional tillage (CT) using survey data from 222 farms in the Kirehe district. Results show that CA farmers incurred higher total production costs (p ​&lt; ​0.001), particularly for fertilizers, seeds, weeding, and irrigation, while CT farmers had significantly higher land preparation costs (p ​&lt; ​0.001). Despite these cost differences, CA farmers achieved 40 ​% higher net profitability, 20 ​% higher maize yields, and 10 ​% greater phosphorus use efficiency than CT farmers. A Random Forest model identified experience in CA, irrigation frequency, seed rate, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application as key determinants of maize yield, with variations between CA and CT systems. Overall, CA significantly improved maize productivity and profitability despite higher initial costs, highlighting its potential as a sustainable intensification strategy for maize production in Rwanda and similar agro-climatic regions in East Africa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100522,"journal":{"name":"Farming System","volume":"3 3","pages":"Article 100151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}