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The Impact of Lowering the Payroll Tax on Informality in Colombia 降低工资税对哥伦比亚非正规行为的影响
Economía Informa Pub Date : 2017-09-01 DOI: 10.31389/eco.53
Cristina Fernández, Leonardo Villar
{"title":"The Impact of Lowering the Payroll Tax on Informality in Colombia","authors":"Cristina Fernández, Leonardo Villar","doi":"10.31389/eco.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/eco.53","url":null,"abstract":"In 2012, the Colombian Government reduced employer payroll contributions from 29.5 to 16.0 percent. Two years later, the informality rate had diminished by about 4.0 percentage points. This paper attempts to estimate how much of this reduction was due to the tax reform, isolating the impact of other macroeconomic variables. A natural approach to performing this task is to apply a difference-in-differences methodology using a household survey panel. Since the Colombian survey does not have a panel structure, we simulated one using a matching difference-in-differences methodology. According to the results, the tax reform is associated with a 4.8-percentage-point decrease in the informality of workers affected by the reform in the thirteen main metropolitan areas. This represents approximately half the reduction of the relevant informality rate during that period, affecting mostly salaried men and workers in general with low levels of education.","PeriodicalId":100390,"journal":{"name":"Economía Informa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83902376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 41
Tecnologías de la información y comunicación y crecimiento económico 信息和通信技术与经济增长
Economía Informa Pub Date : 2017-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.002
Héctor Eduardo Díaz Rodríguez
{"title":"Tecnologías de la información y comunicación y crecimiento económico","authors":"Héctor Eduardo Díaz Rodríguez","doi":"10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study of the impact of technical change on economic growth, was formally incorporated into a model by Solow (1957). However, is not until 15 years ago, that the adoption of <span>ict</span> has been reflected in a significant increase in the number of studies that try to understand, analyze and explain their impact on economic growth. Most of them find a direct link between the use of <span>ict</span> and productivity.</p><p>This paper present a critical review of the way in which, the economy has analyzed that relationship, and proposes the need to demystify some of the mechanisms of a forced causal relationship between <span>ict</span> and economic growth. Also analyze whether the neoclassical model is useful to understand the impact of <span>ict</span> on productivity growth, or, on the contrary, is necessary to rethink some approaches on that direction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100390,"journal":{"name":"Economía Informa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83098082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
¿Por qué las tasas de interés son tan bajas?+ 为什么利率这么低?+
Economía Informa Pub Date : 2017-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.003
Jamel Kevin Sandoval Hernández González , Samy Yandamy Morales Guillén
{"title":"¿Por qué las tasas de interés son tan bajas?+","authors":"Jamel Kevin Sandoval Hernández González ,&nbsp;Samy Yandamy Morales Guillén","doi":"10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The low interest rates are a global anomaly that was patented after the outbreak of the so-called “Great Recession”. However, a little more than eight years away from the epiphenomenon of the low cost of capital, this trend does not appear to have changed significantly (despite recent attempts by the United States to reverse this cycle), which means working under new conditions of operation and design of economic policies for the future. The present paper seeks to develop the different explanatory hypotheses that infer the low interest rates both in current dates and in the years to come. Within the main ideas is given particular importance to the hypothesis of secular stagnation, understood as a permanent gap between the neutral interest rate of the economy with the interest rate used by central banks. In the conclusions, some possible lines of research are cited, same that are derived from explaining the low interest rates from the perspective of secular stagnation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100390,"journal":{"name":"Economía Informa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73764984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Economía Informa Pub Date : 2017-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.006
Iliana Marcela Quintanar Zárate
{"title":"","authors":"Iliana Marcela Quintanar Zárate","doi":"10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100390,"journal":{"name":"Economía Informa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75721215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Las bases fundamentales de la Unión Europea en la era Trump 特朗普时代欧盟的基本基础
Economía Informa Pub Date : 2017-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.004
Vicente Guerrero Flores, Santiaga Anima Puentes
{"title":"Las bases fundamentales de la Unión Europea en la era Trump","authors":"Vicente Guerrero Flores,&nbsp;Santiaga Anima Puentes","doi":"10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100390,"journal":{"name":"Economía Informa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89671741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
El sistema tributario posrevolucionario y el juicio de amparo en materia fiscal, 1917-1935 革命后的税收制度与财政事务中的宪法权利保护令审判，1917-1935
Economía Informa Pub Date : 2017-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.005
Carlos de Jesús Becerril Hernández
{"title":"El sistema tributario posrevolucionario y el juicio de amparo en materia fiscal, 1917-1935","authors":"Carlos de Jesús Becerril Hernández","doi":"10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>On February 5, 1917, the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States was promulgated, which would begin on May 1 of that year. In it, besides its multiplied social and central part, was contained a liberal part, direct inheritance of its predecessor of the nineteenth century. The postrevolutionary tax system and the amparo judgment in tax matters represent the most liberal part of the Mexican constitution. Various articles of the Constitution established the general principles that were to be followed by fiscal policy and, in the amparo trial, these principles found their practical application. In this way, various social sectors found in the amparo a form of institutionalized fiscal resistance, going to the federal courts in search of protection and protection of the justice of the Union to avoid paying the contributions they considered disproportionate and inequitable, or Either to combat the procedures to carry out their recovery.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100390,"journal":{"name":"Economía Informa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75849864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
El mercado de harina de maíz en México. Una interpretación microeconómica 墨西哥玉米粉市场。微观经济解释
Economía Informa Pub Date : 2017-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.001
Gustavo Vargas Sánchez
{"title":"El mercado de harina de maíz en México. Una interpretación microeconómica","authors":"Gustavo Vargas Sánchez","doi":"10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper we analyze from the microeconomics perspective, the maize flour market and its price formation in Mexico.</p><p>This product is basic in the diet of Mexicans, and its market is characterized by being dominated by a duopoly: Gruma and Minsa. This characteristic requires that its analysis transcend the traditional theoretical framework of perfect microeconomics and must be studied from the theory of oligopoly, highlighting: its power to fix prices, relationships of interdependence and non-price competition.</p><p>This market is dominated by Gruma, which is a multinational Mexican corporation that operates as a leader, while Minsa acts as a follower. One of the strategies of barriers to entry is installed capacity, which surpasses the national demand. This implies that companies work with excess capacity.</p><p>These characteristics: pricing power, excess installed capacity and demand fluctuations are attempted to be systematized as a microeconomic system, explains the fluctuations of effective demand against a rigid potential supply in the short term, and its effects on employment and occupation of productive resources around the manufacture of corn flour.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100390,"journal":{"name":"Economía Informa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ecin.2017.07.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72721095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Should a Central Bank Transfer Its Profits to the Treasury? 中央银行应该将其利润转移给财政部吗?
Economía Informa Pub Date : 2017-06-19 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.899380
Fernando Á Adriana Eduardo Lvarez-Parra, Adriana Arreaza, E. Zambrano
{"title":"Should a Central Bank Transfer Its Profits to the Treasury?","authors":"Fernando Á Adriana Eduardo Lvarez-Parra, Adriana Arreaza, E. Zambrano","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.899380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.899380","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:In this paper we show how two seemingly irrelevant accounting principles for central banks—namely, the choice of the unit of account for its balance sheet and the method of inventory valuation of foreign currency reserves—can overstate or understate profits transferred to the treasury and how this can threaten the ability of central banks to control inflation. We show the first point through Monte Carlo experiments calibrated for the Venezuelan economy and the second point in an infinitely lived representative agent model that illustrates the problem of the joint determination of the level of central bank assets and the size of profits transferred to the treasury when the objective of the central bank is to eliminate the possibility of hyperinflation.","PeriodicalId":100390,"journal":{"name":"Economía Informa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81075527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Estimación del Stock de capital público en México a nivel estatal: 1990-2015 墨西哥州一级公共资本存量估计:1990-2015年
Economía Informa Pub Date : 2017-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecin.2017.05.012
Francisco Salvador Gutiérrez Cruz
{"title":"Estimación del Stock de capital público en México a nivel estatal: 1990-2015","authors":"Francisco Salvador Gutiérrez Cruz","doi":"10.1016/j.ecin.2017.05.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecin.2017.05.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the present paper an exercise of estimation of the stock of public capital in Mexico was conducted. For this purpose, the OECD-recommended perpetual inventories model was used, adding the adjustment factor of Almon (1999), also described in Shiau <em>et al</em>. (2002) and Loría and de Jesús (2007). Public investment data at the state level for the period 1990 to 2015 by the Federative Entity (32) were used and a depreciation rate of 9.07%.</p><p>The result is a series of data consistent with economic fluctuations, as the trend of real investment follows. It also solves the estimation problem inherent in the perpetual inventory method.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100390,"journal":{"name":"Economía Informa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ecin.2017.05.012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84852107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Revisión del modelo de sustitución de importaciones: vigencia y algunas reconsideraciones 进口替代模式的回顾:有效性和一些重新考虑
Economía Informa Pub Date : 2017-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecin.2017.05.008
M. Laura Vazquez Maggio
{"title":"Revisión del modelo de sustitución de importaciones: vigencia y algunas reconsideraciones","authors":"M. Laura Vazquez Maggio","doi":"10.1016/j.ecin.2017.05.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecin.2017.05.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present international context - including the resurgence of isolationist and protectionist governments - binds us to reflect about the different forms of interrelationship, and its corresponding implications, between the various national economies: More or less openness? What kind of openness? Which economic sectors? What role does the State play for a nation's economic growth? The present text makes a historical review of the import substitution model that prevailed in Latin America for much of the 20th century, highlighting its successes and its deficiencies. The article reviews its precedent model, the primary export model that characterized much of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries while also addressing its necessary modification after the external shocks of the Great Depression and the outbreak of World War II. The theoretical contributions of Raúl Prebisch and other ECLAC thinkers are reviewed to address the rationale and characteristics of the import substitution model. The paper concludes with a reflection on the feasibility of rethinking this model in a context of slow economic growth of more than 30 years, highlighting the factors of today's world together with the return of ideologies of less openness to international trade.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100390,"journal":{"name":"Economía Informa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ecin.2017.05.008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89230397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
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