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#StayAtHome: Social Distancing Policies and Mobility in Latin America and the Caribbean #待在家里:拉丁美洲和加勒比的社会保持距离政策和流动性
Economía Informa Pub Date : 2023-03-16 DOI: 10.31389/eco.4
D. Aromí, María Paula Bonel, Julian Cristia, Martín Llada, Juan Pereira, Xiomara Pulido, Julieth Santamaria
{"title":"#StayAtHome: Social Distancing Policies and Mobility in Latin America and the Caribbean","authors":"D. Aromí, María Paula Bonel, Julian Cristia, Martín Llada, Juan Pereira, Xiomara Pulido, Julieth Santamaria","doi":"10.31389/eco.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/eco.4","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the impact on human mobility of social distancing policies implemented in 18 Latin American and Caribbean countries in March 2020. We use cell phone data and variation across countries regarding the adoption of these policies and their timing to estimate effects on the percentage of people traveling more than 1 kilometer per day. Results indicate that lockdowns reduced mobility by 10 percentage points during the 15 days following its implementation. This accounts for a third of the decline in mobility between the first week in March and the first week in April in countries that implemented lockdowns. The effect during the second week of implementation is 28% lower compared to the effect documented during the first week. Additionally, we find that school closures reduced mobility by 4 percentage points, but no effects were found for bars and restaurants closures and the cancellation of public events.\u0000 \u0000JEL Classification Codes: C23, H12, I18","PeriodicalId":100390,"journal":{"name":"Economía Informa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79842892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Socioeconomics of COVID and Lockdowns Outside Advanced Economies: The Case of Bogota 新冠肺炎的社会经济学与发达经济体以外的封城:以波哥大为例
Economía Informa Pub Date : 2023-03-13 DOI: 10.31389/eco.7
Marcela Eslava, Oscar Becerra, J. Cárdenas, M. Isaacs, Daniel Mejía
{"title":"The Socioeconomics of COVID and Lockdowns Outside\u0000 Advanced Economies: The Case of Bogota","authors":"Marcela Eslava, Oscar Becerra, J. Cárdenas, M. Isaacs, Daniel Mejía","doi":"10.31389/eco.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/eco.7","url":null,"abstract":"Bogota is unique in recording and reporting the socioeconomic status of COVID-19\u0000 patients. As others in Latin America and Asia, the city imposed a blanket lockdown\u0000 before contagion picked up in early 2020 and kept it in place for six months. We\u0000 document that, during that period, being hospitalized or dying from COVID-19 was over\u0000 eight times more likely for an individual in the lowest group of the socioeconomic\u0000 classification, compared to one in the highest. We relate this to higher exposure to\u0000 contagion, by presenting evidence that people at the bottom of this classification are:\u0000 1) Less likely to be in occupations fit for telework; 2) Disproportionately hit by the\u0000 economic crisis; 3) Subject to more crowded environments; 4) Less likely to recognize a\u0000 high risk of contagion. The pandemic has widened socioeconomic gaps, in one of the\u0000 world’s most unequal societies.","PeriodicalId":100390,"journal":{"name":"Economía Informa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88711345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Long-Run Economic Losses from COVID-Related Preprimary Program Closures in Latin America and the Caribbean 拉丁美洲和加勒比地区与covid - 19相关的学前规划关闭造成的长期经济损失
Economía Informa Pub Date : 2023-03-09 DOI: 10.31389/eco.5
F. Lopez Boo, J. Behrman, Claudia Vazquez
{"title":"Long-Run Economic Losses from COVID-Related Preprimary\u0000 Program Closures in Latin America and the Caribbean","authors":"F. Lopez Boo, J. Behrman, Claudia Vazquez","doi":"10.31389/eco.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/eco.5","url":null,"abstract":"Hundreds of millions of children are losing learning opportunities, resulting in\u0000 potentially large losses in their lifetime education, health, income, and productivity.\u0000 Losses in long-term earnings from preprimary program closures due to COVID-19 can be\u0000 unprecedented. Acute effects are plausible for such disruptions early in life when\u0000 brains are rapidly developing and are very sensitive to environmental changes. This\u0000 study briefly reviews existing literature related to the effects of preprimary programs\u0000 and builds on this literature to present the first simulations of the long-run earnings\u0000 losses—when current preschool-age children become adults—due to COVID-19 related\u0000 preprimary-program closures in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The simulations\u0000 are available for 26 LAC countries, representing varied contexts in terms of\u0000 pre-pandemic preprimary-participation rates, income levels, and demographic indicators.\u0000 Our results suggest that the present discounted value of lifetime losses is\u0000 considerable, up to 4 percent of current annual GDPs. Timely policies, such as the\u0000 implementation of remedial strategies, are needed to mitigate the effects of\u0000 preprimary-program closures. JEL Classification Codes: I2; I24; J13; I26; I28","PeriodicalId":100390,"journal":{"name":"Economía Informa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72743963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Short and Long-Run Distributional Impacts of COVID-19 in Latin America COVID-19对拉丁美洲的短期和长期分布影响
Economía Informa Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.31389/eco.3
N. Lustig, V. M. Pabon, Guido Neidhöfer, M. Tommasi
{"title":"Short and Long-Run Distributional Impacts of COVID-19 in Latin America","authors":"N. Lustig, V. M. Pabon, Guido Neidhöfer, M. Tommasi","doi":"10.31389/eco.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/eco.3","url":null,"abstract":"We simulate the short- and long-term distributional consequences of COVID-19 in the four largest Latin American economies: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico. We show that the short-term impact on income inequality and poverty can be very significant, but that additional spending on social assistance has a large offsetting effect in Brazil and Argentina. The effect is much smaller in Colombia and nil in Mexico, where there has been no such expansion. To project the long- term consequences, we estimate the impact of the pandemic on human capital and its intergenerational persistence. Hereby, we use information on school lockdowns, educational mitigation policies, and account for educational losses related to health shocks and parental job loss. Our findings show that in all four countries the impact is strongly asymmetric and affects particularly the human capital of children from disadvantaged families. Consequently, inequality of opportunity is expected to increase substantially, in spite of the mitigation policies.","PeriodicalId":100390,"journal":{"name":"Economía Informa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91172895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 21
The Impact of the Covid Pandemic Public Policies in Chile on Consumption 新冠疫情对智利公共政策消费的影响
Economía Informa Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.31389/eco.6
Carlos Madeira
{"title":"The Impact of the Covid Pandemic Public Policies in Chile on Consumption","authors":"Carlos Madeira","doi":"10.31389/eco.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/eco.6","url":null,"abstract":"Using survey data, I simulate the counterfactual impact of the Chilean policies during the pandemic on household consumption. I (cid:133)nd that aggregate consumption would have fallen by 16.7% in the absence of public transfers and a quarantine (cid:135)exibilization policy. Consumption would still fall by 10.2% with a quarantine (cid:135)exibilization policy but without public transfers. Overall, with a quarantine (cid:135)exibilization and all the public transfers combined, household consumption was still 6.2% below its pre-pandemic period. Relative to a scenario with quarantine (cid:135)exibilization but without income transfers, I (cid:133)nd that the income, tax, monetary policy, expenses measures were the most progressive policies and increased total consumption by 2.2%, while the debt deferral and pension withdrawals increased consumption by 0.7% and 1.3%, respectively. The policies(cid:146)impact is highly heterogeneous, with 21.5% of the households increasing their individual consumption relative to its pre-pandemic level.","PeriodicalId":100390,"journal":{"name":"Economía Informa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74037506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Free or Fair Elections? The Introduction of Electronic Voting in Brazil 自由选举还是公平选举?巴西引入电子投票
Economía Informa Pub Date : 2021-07-02 DOI: 10.1353/eco.2020.0007
Rodrigo Schneider
{"title":"Free or Fair Elections? The Introduction of Electronic Voting in Brazil","authors":"Rodrigo Schneider","doi":"10.1353/eco.2020.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eco.2020.0007","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This paper studies the phased-in introduction of electronic voting in Brazil to disentangle the effects of free and fair elections on politicians’ responsiveness to voters’ demands. The new technology improved voters’ access, particularly for less educated ones, to legislative elections, and it undercut the election fraud that had previously occurred with paper ballots during the vote count (that is, votes were added to tabulation sheets after voting had ended). At the same time, the new technology increased the relative appeal of voter fraud via ballot stuffing (that is, when voters illegally vote more than once). I find that municipalities using electronic rather than paper ballots experienced larger increases in the number of registered voters, suggesting an increase in ballot stuffing. I also find that enfranchisement biased toward low-income voters does not necessarily lead to an increase in public spending. Results suggest that election fairness is a complementary condition to guarantee electoral accountability.","PeriodicalId":100390,"journal":{"name":"Economía Informa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86127604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
The Effect of Police on Crime: Evidence from the 2014 World Cup in São Paulo 警察对犯罪的影响:来自2014年<s:1>圣保罗世界杯的证据
Economía Informa Pub Date : 2021-07-02 DOI: 10.1353/eco.2020.0006
Ilaria Masiero, Rodrigo Schneider, A. de la Torre, A. Ize, Marcus Gerardus L. Nascimento, K. Becker, Mario Jorge Cardoso Mendonca, Marco A. Badilla Maroto, Cristian Crespo
{"title":"The Effect of Police on Crime: Evidence from the 2014 World Cup in São Paulo","authors":"Ilaria Masiero, Rodrigo Schneider, A. de la Torre, A. Ize, Marcus Gerardus L. Nascimento, K. Becker, Mario Jorge Cardoso Mendonca, Marco A. Badilla Maroto, Cristian Crespo","doi":"10.1353/eco.2020.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eco.2020.0006","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:I estimate the causal impact of police on crime, based on evidence from Brazil. To tackle reverse causality, I consider as a natural experiment the creation of a special police unit to intensify surveillance around a few tournament-related locations in São Paulo during the 2014 FIFA World Cup. To better isolate the specific impact of policing, I account for different ways in which the tournament may affect crime, namely, via fan concentration and voluntary incapacitation. Difference-in-differences estimates reveal that increased police presence leads to significant reductions in criminal activity. My estimate of the crime-police elasticity (−0.37) is close to figures obtained in previous studies, suggesting that this effect is robust across settings and remains stable even in a high-crime, weak-institutions context, as in the case of Brazil.","PeriodicalId":100390,"journal":{"name":"Economía Informa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90180383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The Role of the Gender Wage Gap in Overall Wage Inequality: A Quantitative Exercise 性别工资差距在整体工资不平等中的作用:一项定量研究
Economía Informa Pub Date : 2021-07-02 DOI: 10.1353/eco.2020.0010
Marco A. Badilla Maroto
{"title":"The Role of the Gender Wage Gap in Overall Wage Inequality: A Quantitative Exercise","authors":"Marco A. Badilla Maroto","doi":"10.1353/eco.2020.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eco.2020.0010","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This article presents a novel wage inequality decomposition to analyze the impact of the gender wage gap on overall wage inequality. The decomposition determines the maximum relative wage between genders allowed before it begins to increase total inequality. In addition, I present a structural model of the labor market to evaluate the impact of establishing restrictions on intra-occupational gender pay gaps within each firm. Specifically, I introduce a restriction in which the average wage of one gender cannot exceed α times the average wage of the other gender. For α = 2, the model predicts a 10 percent wage inequality reduction. However, with a tighter restriction of α = 1, the inequality reduction dissipates and reverses into a wage inequality increase.","PeriodicalId":100390,"journal":{"name":"Economía Informa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73761717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Accounting for Latin American Growth: A Trade and Macroeconomic Perspective 拉丁美洲增长核算:贸易和宏观经济视角
Economía Informa Pub Date : 2021-07-02 DOI: 10.1353/eco.2020.0008
A. de la Torre, A. Ize
{"title":"Accounting for Latin American Growth: A Trade and Macroeconomic Perspective","authors":"A. de la Torre, A. Ize","doi":"10.1353/eco.2020.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eco.2020.0008","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This paper reviews Latin America’s growth over the last half century using a novel method that decomposes countries’ growth relative to the world into three factors: (1) the traction on growth exerted by export expansions (export pull), (2) the growth implications of changes in external imbalances (external leverage), and (3) the economy’s ability to expand faster than its imports (domestic response). It applies this method to explore the macroeconomic and trade drivers behind several historical growth trends: (1) the success or failure of Latin America’s import-substitution industrialization, (2) Mexico’s persistent slow growth despite a successful switch to export-oriented industrialization, (3) the ability or failure of South American commodity exporters to grow smoothly based on commodities, and (4) the heterogeneous growth performance of Central American services producers and exporters. With different mixes and patterns by subregion, insufficient export pulls, depressed domestic responses, and bursts in external leverage all played major roles in explaining the region’s disappointing growth.","PeriodicalId":100390,"journal":{"name":"Economía Informa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83314981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effects of Job Referrals on Labor Market Outcomes in Brazil 巴西就业转介对劳动力市场结果的影响
Economía Informa Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.31389/eco.228
C. O’Leary, T. Cravo, A. Sierra, Leandro Justino
{"title":"Effects of Job Referrals on Labor Market Outcomes in Brazil","authors":"C. O’Leary, T. Cravo, A. Sierra, Leandro Justino","doi":"10.31389/eco.228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/eco.228","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is the first to use program administrative data from Brazil’s National\u0000 Employment System (SINE) to assess the impact of SINE job interview referrals on labor\u0000 market outcomes. We use data from a five-year period (2012–16) to evaluate the impact of\u0000 SINE job referrals on reemployment, time until reemployment, job tenure, and wage rates.\u0000 Causal impact estimates based on propensity score matching suggest that a SINE job\u0000 interview referral increases the probability of finding a job within three months of the\u0000 referral and reduces the number of months needed to find reemployment, the average job\u0000 tenure of the next job, and the reemployment wage. Subgroup analysis suggests that SINE\u0000 is particularly effective at helping less educated workers find work in a timely\u0000 fashion. Finally, the evidence suggests that the self-service online labor exchange is\u0000 less effective than the in-person job interview referrals provided at SINE\u0000 offices.","PeriodicalId":100390,"journal":{"name":"Economía Informa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86654639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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