Decoding Infection and Transmission最新文献

{"title":"A rare case of Trichosporon inkin bloodstream infection in an immunocompetent patient: Diagnostic challenges and antigenic cross-reactivity","authors":"Yongqin Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2025.100043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2025.100043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Trichosporon inkin</em> is a rare opportunistic pathogen typically associated with superficial infections but can also cause invasive infections, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. Here, we report a rare case of <em>T. inkin</em> bloodstream infection in an immunocompetent male with a history of cerebral hemorrhage surgery. The patient presented with fever, limb twitching, and brain lesions. Blood cultures revealed fungal growth, which was initially misidentified as <em>Trichosporon ovoides</em> by mass spectrometry but was later confirmed as <em>T. inkin</em> through ITS and IGS1 sequencing. The isolate exhibited low MICs for azoles and amphotericin B but high MICs for echinocandins. Notably, the patient's serum tested positive for cryptococcal antigen and <em>Aspergillus</em> galactomannan, despite the absence of clinical signs of cryptococcosis or aspergillosis. The <em>T. inkin</em> isolate expresses cryptococcal antigen but not galactomannan cross-reactive antigens when cultured in standard media. However, it expresses galactomannan cross-reactive antigens when cultured in human whole blood. This case highlights diagnostic challenges, including antigenic cross-reactivity and misidentification, and emphasizes the role of host–pathogen interactions in antigen expression. Our findings underscore the need for improved diagnostics and cautious interpretation of fungal antigen tests. This report expands the understanding of <em>T. inkin</em> infections and provides insights into their clinical management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100043"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding the Bite: Sensory cues, host heterogeneity, and pathogen manipulation in mosquito host-seeking behavior","authors":"Ran Zhang ,&nbsp;Rui Han ,&nbsp;Shuairu Jiao ,&nbsp;Xiuyun Wang ,&nbsp;Guizhi Xu,&nbsp;Fanghang He,&nbsp;Chengsheng Peng,&nbsp;Qilong Wu,&nbsp;Shengqun Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2025.100055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2025.100055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mosquitoes, primarily females, require blood meals for reproduction, making them prolific biters and major vectors of diseases such as malaria, dengue, Zika, and West Nile. This review synthesizes the mechanisms driving mosquito host-seeking behavior and the factors underlying heterogeneous human biting patterns. Mosquitoes locate hosts via a suite of sensory cues: long-range attraction to CO₂, followed by visual, thermal, and close-range olfactory cues. Olfaction is dominated by receptors that detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from human skin, sweat, and the microbiota. Host selection exhibits significant heterogeneity and is influenced by human physiological factors, including age (children/elderly individuals are often more attractive), sex (inconsistently reported), larger body size (higher metabolic output), pregnancy (increased CO₂, temperature, and VOCs), and skin/clothing color (dark colors that are more attractive). While some studies suggest blood type preferences (e.g., O for <em>Ae. albopictus</em>, B for <em>Ae. aegypti</em>), findings are inconsistent. Behavioral factors such as alcohol consumption increase attraction, whereas defensive behaviors reduce biting success. Crucially, pathogens manipulate host attractiveness: malaria (<em>Plasmodium</em>) increases the levels of aldehydes and terpenes via mechanisms involving HMBPP, and dengue/Zika increases acetophenone production via changes in the skin microbiota, increasing mosquito attraction and disease transmission. Mosquito host preference exhibits plasticity, shifting due to host availability (e.g., bird migration for West Nile vectors) or interventions (e.g., bed nets). Understanding these mechanisms (sensory cues, host factors, pathogen manipulation, and plasticity) is vital for developing targeted interventions (personal protection, odor masking, housing modifications, and microbiota management) to reduce bites and disease transmission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100055"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144739587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WHO report signals tuberculosis resurgence: Addressing systemic failures and revamping control strategies","authors":"Bashar Haruna Gulumbe ,&nbsp;Abdulrakib Abdulrahim ,&nbsp;Shamsuddeen Kele Ahmad ,&nbsp;Kadai Alhaji Lawan ,&nbsp;Mohammed Bashar Danlami","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2025.100044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2025.100044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>According to the World Health Organization's Global Tuberculosis Report 2024, tuberculosis (TB) has resurged as the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, overtaking Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). With 8.2 million diagnoses and 1.25 million deaths in 2023, the highest since monitoring began in 1995, this commentary analyzes factors contributing to TB's resurgence and the limitations of current control strategies. Contributing factors include the diversion of healthcare resources during the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to diagnostic delays and treatment interruptions; the rise of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), complicated by complex treatment regimens and limited diagnostic capacity; socioeconomic barriers such as poverty and overcrowding hindering access to care; and funding shortfalls impeding program implementation and research efforts. We advocate for reevaluating TB control strategies by integrating TB services into primary healthcare, leveraging digital technologies, and investing in capacity building. Addressing drug resistance requires accelerated research, improved diagnostics, and enhanced adherence programs. Essential socioeconomic interventions include poverty alleviation, community engagement, and nutritional support. Securing sustainable funding through increased domestic investment, international cooperation, and private-sector engagement is critical. Reversing TB's resurgence requires global commitment and coordinated action. Political will, robust community involvement, and global solidarity are vital. Ending the TB epidemic is both a medical and moral imperative aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Immediate and decisive action is imperative to prevent further loss of life and achieve a TB-free world.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100044"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circadian rhythm of mosquitoes: Blood feeding and disease transmission","authors":"Chanuka Wijewardana ,&nbsp;Yunxuan Chen ,&nbsp;Yinghui Zhou ,&nbsp;Chenxuan Jiang ,&nbsp;Donghui Zhang ,&nbsp;Min Hou ,&nbsp;Zhipeng Xu ,&nbsp;Lu Chen ,&nbsp;MinJun Ji ,&nbsp;Lin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2025.100050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2025.100050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The circadian rhythm refers to the adjustment of behavioural rhythms of organisms' to the environmental cues. The rhythm adjusting and maintaining is done through an internal timekeeping mechanism. The timekeeping mechanism is governed through a series of translational transcription feedback loops that obtain the environmental cues from outside and translate them to behavioural rhythms through a series of neurotransmitters and gene transcriptions. The behavioural rhythms are essential for the animals to stay in optimal conditions. The circadian rhythm is especially important for blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, to adjust their feeding times to the optimal time window of the day. The time window depends on host availability, evasion of predators, and other factors like humidity and temperature. This process ensures the optimum feeding and maximum efficiency in the parasite transmission. This mechanism plays an important role in the mosquito-borne disease transmission. Furthermore, due to the blood meal-induced processes such as trypsin activation and vitellogenesis, the time of blood meal might affect the mosquito's survival and reproductive health. The circadian timekeeping mechanism depends on external environmental cues. The changing of the environmental conditions due to climatic change and human intervention may alter the circadian behavioural rhythms and make erratic behaviours that are hard to predict and, in turn preventing the spread of mosquito-borne diseases. In here, we look into the circadian patterns in blood feeding in mosquitoes, the impact of environmental factors, the genetic control, and how it might contribute to the disease transmission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100050"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotype switching in hepatitis B virus as a potential risk for vertical transmission from mother-to-child was first reported","authors":"Li Zhang ,&nbsp;Guanyong Ou ,&nbsp;Yong Chen ,&nbsp;Jiumeng Min ,&nbsp;Yanjie Li ,&nbsp;Liuqing Yang ,&nbsp;Jiexiang Liu ,&nbsp;Lei Jiang ,&nbsp;Zitao Xie ,&nbsp;Jinmin Ma ,&nbsp;Yingxia Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2025.100040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2025.100040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection represents a significant global public health concern and is endemic in numerous populations. In China, mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) remains the predominant route of HBV infection. The administration of the Hepatitis B vaccine and Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) to neonates born to mothers with chronic HBV infection constitutes the primary strategy to mitigate the risk of perinatal transmission. Nevertheless, elevated maternal viral loads are a critical risk factor for vertical transmission of HBV, even when infants are immunized at birth and treated with HBIG.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this study, we enrolled 32 mother-child pairs with confirmed vertical transmission of HBV. Despite antiviral therapy administered to three pregnant women, which successfully reduced their viral loads below the threshold (HBV DNA &lt;5.3 log10 IU/mL) within 24 weeks of pregnancy, their infants still contracted HBV despite receiving immunization and HBIG at birth.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Utilizing next-generation sequencing (NGS) and comprehensive HBV genomic analysis, we identified that 28 pairs (87.5 %) were infected with HBV genotype B2, three pairs (9.3 %) with genotype C1, and three pairs (9.3 %) exhibited genotype switching.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study is the first to report the phenomenon of HBV genotype switching during MTCT, with the underlying mechanisms explored through the analysis of HBV quasispecies haplotypes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100040"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishment and characterization of a novel cell line from Culex tritaeniorhynchus for arbovirus and arthropod-specific virus research","authors":"Xiaoyu Wang ,&nbsp;Xueting Wang ,&nbsp;Qun Wu ,&nbsp;Wei Chen ,&nbsp;Shunlong Wang ,&nbsp;Doudou Huang ,&nbsp;Zhiming Yuan ,&nbsp;Han Xia ,&nbsp;Fei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2025.100063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2025.100063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To establish and systematically characterize a contemporary cell line derived from <em>C</em><em>ule</em><em>x. tritaeniorhynchus</em> collected in Hubei Province, China, with the goal of providing a standardized in vitro tool for investigations into mosquito biology and the molecular interactions between mosquitoes and mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Primary cell cultures were initiated from embryonic tissues of <em>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus</em>. Following continuous subculture for more than 50 passages, cell morphology and growth kinetics were recorded. Species identity was verified by sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. Susceptibility to eight arboviruses and two arthropod-specific viruses (ASVs) was evaluated using qRT-PCR, plaque assay and immunofluorescent staining. Transfection efficiency for eGFP expression was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A stable cell line, designated CtrE1, was successfully established. The cells displayed uniform spindle-shaped morphology and maintained exponential growth (doubling time ranging from approximately 31 to 43 h). Molecular authentication confirmed <em>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus</em> origin. CtrE1 supported robust replication of six arboviruses and two arthropod-specific viruses, with genome copies reaching ≥10⁷ copies μL^-1 for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Tembusu virus (TMUV) and Ebinur Lake virus (EBIV) within five days post-infection (dpi). Moderate transient eGFP expression was also achieved following plasmid transfection.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>CtrE1 was the first <em>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus</em> cell line derived from a contemporary Chinese population. Its broad virus susceptibility and genetic tractability provide a valuable in vitro platform for investigating mosquito–virus interactions, viral surveillance, and control strategies against JEV and other MBVs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100063"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chromosome-level genome assembly, reannotation and decoding of a Trichomonas vaginalis clinical isolate from Shiyan, Central China","authors":"Yanqing Zhao ,&nbsp;Yinjie Lian ,&nbsp;Wei Guan ,&nbsp;Peng Wu ,&nbsp;Shuguo Yang ,&nbsp;Jian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div><em>Trichomonas vaginalis</em> trophozoite is a pathogen that causes trichomoniasis, the most common neglected sexually transmitted disease. The reference genome of <em>T. vaginalis</em> is derived from the G3 strain. Although many strains are widely present in China, no genomic information is available for relevant studies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Clinical <em>T. vaginalis</em> isolates were collected, cultured and sequenced via the next-generation Illumina, SMRT DNA sequencing platform and chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) technologies.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The present assembled TV-THS1 genome, spanning 185.45 Mb, was comprised of 934 contigs with a contig N50 length of 467.79 kb anchored to six pseudochromosomes, accounting for more than 88 % of the assembled genome (164.56 Mb). The genome included 24,691 protein-coding genes, 24,376 of which (98.72 %) were functionally interpreted. A total of 131.74 Mb (71.03 %) of the assembled sequences were identified as repetitive sequences, and 5302 corresponding genes were annotated in <em>Maverick</em> elements. Compared with the published <em>T. vaginalis</em> G3 reference genome, substantial differences have been revealed. Comparative genome analysis revealed that genes related to expansion during evolution mainly participated in cell adhesion and the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites, such as those involved in binding and catalytic activity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A chromosome-level reference <em>T. vaginalis</em> TV-THS1 genome was obtained, providing comprehensive insight into <em>T. vaginalis</em> evolution and the molecular mechanisms of <em>T. vaginalis</em> pathogenicity. This work offers valuable data for pathogen-host interaction analysis, clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of trichomoniasis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100023"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142560970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global, regional, and national burden of dengue, 1990–2021: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2021","authors":"Shun-Xian Zhang ,&nbsp;Guo-Bing Yang ,&nbsp;Ren-Jie Zhang ,&nbsp;Jin-Xin Zheng ,&nbsp;Jian Yang ,&nbsp;Shan Lv ,&nbsp;Lei Duan ,&nbsp;Li-Guang Tian ,&nbsp;Mu-Xin Chen ,&nbsp;Qin Liu ,&nbsp;Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Xiao-Jie Hu ,&nbsp;Ji-Chun Wang ,&nbsp;Shi-Zhu Li ,&nbsp;Xiao-Nong Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Dengue is an acute viral infectious disease caused by the dengue virus and transmitted through mosquitoes. Although numerous studies have examined the global burden of dengue, comprehensive and systematic global analyses remain limited. This study uses data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021 to systematically analyze the global epidemiological trends and disease burden of dengue from 1990 to 2021.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study utilized data from the GBD Study 2021 Study to analyze trends in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of dengue across 204 countries and territories, stratified by age, sex, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) levels. In addition, a Bayesian age-period-cohort model was employed to predict the future burden of dengue. The average annual percent change (AAPC) was used to describe the overall trend in rates or counts of indicators between 1990 and 2021.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In 2021, the global ASIR of dengue was 752.04 per 100,000 population (95 % UI: 196.33–1363.35), and ASMR was 0.38 per 100,000 population (95 % UI: 0.23–0.51). From 1990 to 2021, both the ASIR (AAPC = 7.89, 95 % <em>CI</em>: 7.89–8.91) and ASMR (AAPC = 0.01, 95 % <em>CI</em>: 0.00–0.01) showed an increasing trend. Adolescents under 14 years had the highest ASIR, age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for dengue. By 2035, the projected ASIR of dengue is 862.23 per 100,000 population (95 % <em>CI</em>: 627.84–1096.62 per 100,000 population), the ASPR is 51.60 per 100,000 population (95 % <em>CI</em>: 37.70–65.50 per 100,000 population), and the ASMR is 0.43 per 100,000 population (95 % <em>CI</em>: 0.29–0.56 per 100,000 population). The ASIR, ASPR, ASMR, and age-standardized DALYs for dengue are expected to continue rising in the next 10 years.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The global burden of dengue is projected to continue rising in the coming years, underscoring the urgent need for comprehensive control measures, including enhanced vector control, public education, vaccination, and drug development. These findings provide crucial scientific evidence for the formulation of effective public health strategies and interventions aimed at reducing the global threat posed by dengue.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100021"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142423249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"S–6P exhibits better immunogenicity than S–2P at lower doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines","authors":"Zhongyi Zhu ,&nbsp;Lei Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuangbao Li ,&nbsp;Yang Gao ,&nbsp;Yuwei Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaofei Ma ,&nbsp;Zhonglin Chen ,&nbsp;Siyu Wu ,&nbsp;Yonghui Zhang ,&nbsp;Mengyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhihao Xie ,&nbsp;Changcheng Yin ,&nbsp;Weijun Chen ,&nbsp;Fuxing Zeng ,&nbsp;Jinmin Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The objective of this study was to determine whether a new combination of immunogens could be more effective than the S–2P design in terms of eliciting an immune response. The study aimed to use a unified formulation standard to make a comparison between the new immunogen combination than the S–2P design.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The study analyzed the published immunogen mutation strategies of known COVID-19 vaccines and also Spike protein variants in the RCSB database to identify the most promising immunogen combination. By choosing different Spike protein variants, we prepared well characterized mRNA preparations and administered them to BALB/C mice using a commercial lipid for encapsulation.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The study found that our mRNA preparations stimulated strong humoral and cellular immunity, with a neutralizing antibody titer of &gt;1*10⁴ at 28 days and a Th1-biased cellular immune response. Furthermore, our results indicate that the S–6P-GSAS variant elicits superior immunogenicity at lower doses compared to the S–2P variant.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our study suggests that the S–6P-GSAS variant may elicit a stronger immune response at lower doses compared to the S–2P design, indicating its potential as a promising immunogen candidate for COVID-19 vaccines. Further research is needed to explore the efficacy of this novel combination in addressing the challenges posed by emerging Spike protein variants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100017"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949924024000016/pdfft?md5=08289a1424f0e2c2817dc353af88ff06&pid=1-s2.0-S2949924024000016-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139653262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro culture and genetic modification of Babesia gibsoni","authors":"Dongfang Li ,&nbsp;Sen Wang ,&nbsp;Xingai Guan ,&nbsp;Yidan Bai ,&nbsp;Junlong Zhao ,&nbsp;Lan He","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Babesia gibsoni</em>, a unicellular eukaryotic parasite causing babesiosis in dog, is primarily transmitted through tick feeding. The intraerythrocytic stage, during which the parasite reproduce within the host's red blood cells, is a vital part of <em>Babesia</em>'s life cycle. Continuous <em>in vitro</em> culture <em>B. gibsoni</em> provides an opportunity to study its biological processes. The establishment and development of gene editing systems for <em>Babesia</em> offer a powerful tool to investigate the functions of important genes in specific biological processes. This protocol expands on the existing techniques for <em>in vitro</em> culture and genes editing of <em>B. gibsoni</em>. Specifically, we describe a continuous <em>in vitro</em> culture method employing VP-SFM as a base medium, supplemented with Albumax I and small amount of canine serum (2.5 %), This method, designed for long-term culture, achieving high parasitemia and facilitates subclone culture. By employing homology-dependent repair pathways, the gene editing method utilizing introducing homologous fragments and electroporation can effectively manipulate the genetic of <em>B. gibsoni</em>. This protocol would contribute to the reproducibility of experiments and the overall reliability of research findings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100019"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S294992402400003X/pdfft?md5=5321153ea9d652cb85f254595fa1dc8b&pid=1-s2.0-S294992402400003X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140549918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}