Decoding Infection and Transmission最新文献

{"title":"A mathematical model for understanding and controlling monkeypox transmission dynamics in the USA and its implications for future epidemic management","authors":"Md. Azmir Ibne Islam ,&nbsp;M.H.M. Mubassir ,&nbsp;Arindam Kumar Paul ,&nbsp;Sharmin Sultana Shanta","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Although outbreaks of human monkeypox (mpox) caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) have decreased globally, little is known about the short-term dynamics of this disease, thus highlighting a critical need to assess the underlying interventions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>To identify and re-examine the key patterns of the disease, in this paper, a modified logistic growth model is presented and analysed. Our main focus is on the two non-pharmaceutical interventions: policies aimed at reducing human-to-human transmission and animal-to-human transmission. We incorporated these two strategies in the model as control parameters to understand their short-term significance on epidemics, and to analyse their strengths in minimizing the infected cases. The mpox data set of the USA from 10 May 2022 to 31 December 2022 was used in the model and the baseline parameters were estimated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The model reveals a complying acceptance to the USA data set. Model simulations highlight that preventive measures could play important roles in controlling the deadly spread of the disease in the year 2022. During the transmission period, better outcomes might have been achieved in the USA if both controls were brought to action simultaneously.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our study reflects that continuous application of preventive strategies might be an effective tool to prevent the short-term outbreak of mpox or similar diseases. Moreover, such strategies could play supporting roles during pre- and post-vaccination periods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100031"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning models for predicting residual malaria infections using environmental factors: A case study of the Jazan region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","authors":"Idris Zubairu Sadiq ,&nbsp;Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar ,&nbsp;Abdulkadir Rabiu Salisu ,&nbsp;Babangida Sanusi Katsayal ,&nbsp;Umar Saidu ,&nbsp;Sani I. Abba ,&nbsp;Abdullahi Garba Usman","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Malaria is a global public health problem affecting more than 100 countries. Meteorological factors on the other hand represent a major driving force behind malaria transmission and other vector-borne diseases. This study aims to predict and forecast malaria incidence while exploring its correlation with environmental factors.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Three Machine learning (ML) models, namely Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Random Forest Regression (RFR), and Regularized Linear Regression (RLR), were employed, along with a simple seasonal model, to predict and forecast malaria cases.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The ANN model outperformed the RFR and RLR models, with the lowest Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.313 and 0.146 respectively. A total of 10,778 malaria cases were reported from 2015 to 2020, with a monthly mean of 150 malaria infections. The study unveils no significant increase in malaria cases from 2020 to 2030. Furthermore, a strong negative correlation was found between monthly average malaria incidence and average temperature, minimum and maximum temperatures at p &lt; 0.001. On the other hand, a strong positive correlation was observed between monthly average malaria incidence and relative humidity, which was statistically significant at p &lt; 0.01.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The Artificial Neural Network model is effective in predicting malaria cases compared to other models. The study revealed a negative correlation between malaria incidence and temperature, alongside a positive correlation with relative humidity. Although no significant increase in malaria cases is projected from 2020 to 2030, continuous monitoring of environmental factors and malaria prevalence remains crucial for effective disease control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100022"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142433257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal immune activation and neuropsychiatric disease in offspring: Pathogen's perspective","authors":"Zhiyang Yin ,&nbsp;Catherine Gordon ,&nbsp;Zikai Zhou ,&nbsp;Minjun Ji ,&nbsp;Zhipeng Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neuropsychiatric disorders (NDDs) have been associated with maternal immune activation (MIA) in epidemiologic studies, such as prospective birth cohort studies. There is evidence linking maternal infectious pathogens and inflammation to a variety of outcomes, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and autism spectrum disorder. MIA, which is typically triggered by pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites), might offer a new perspective on prenatal NDD pathogenesis, possibly attributed to the altered microbiome of the mother. In this review, we highlight the primary mechanisms underlying MIA-induced NDDs caused by pathogens and/or pathogen-derived agents. Moreover, we outline therapeutic strategies to mitigate pathogen-induced MIA-associated neurological disorders, with the primary goal of preventing or managing pathogen exposure during pregnancy and minimizing the long-term effects on the offspring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100029"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142701199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizations of Prototheca wickerhamii clinical isolates and their interactions with macrophages","authors":"Yongqin Wu,&nbsp;Peng Luo,&nbsp;Huaiwei Lu,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Dai,&nbsp;Jian Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As global climate change exacerbates, the emergence of rare pathogens causing outbreaks is on the rise, with <em>Prototheca</em> species becoming notable threats. Within the protothecosis science popularization and monitoring consortium (PSPMC), we have isolated nearly a hundred strains of <em>Prototheca</em> species in China in recent years. Notably, <em>Prototheca wickerhamii</em> is the predominant pathogen, causing skin and soft tissue infections and occasionally bloodstream infections. This study, conducted from the clinical microbiology laboratory perspective, delineates the characteristics of <em>P. wickerhamii</em> to facilitate its swift identification by clinical microbiologists. We discovered that tigecycline shows exceptional <em>in vitro</em> activity against <em>P. wickerhamii</em>. Additionally, our findings suggest that <em>P. wickerhamii</em> may exhibit low virulence towards macrophages, while macrophages also demonstrate a low killing ability against <em>P. wickerhamii</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100025"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergencies of zoonotic diseases, drivers, and the role of artificial intelligence in tracking the epidemic and pandemics","authors":"Akmal Zubair,&nbsp;Rawaha Mukhtar,&nbsp;Hanbal Ahmed,&nbsp;Muhammad Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zoonotic illnesses are defined as diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans through various channels. More than sixty percent of disease-causing organisms capable of affecting humans are classified as zoonoses. This category encompasses many parasites, including bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, and others. The emergence of zoonotic diseases is influenced by a variety of various elements that come into play. These include changes in the climate, the clearing out of forests, the illicit trade of goods, the use of agricultural methods that are not sustainable, the eradication of ecosystems, urbanization, and neutralization. Artificial intelligence is now a trendy subject of debate. This popularity may be attributed to artificial intelligence's accuracy and its capacity to predict zoonotic illnesses. In the course of the inquiry into zoonotic illnesses, the use of artificial intelligence has shown to be of considerable assistance. The goal of this study is to shed light on the elements that contribute to the appearance and reappearance of zoonotic diseases, as well as the role that artificial intelligence particularly some of the most significant machine learning techniques, such as support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression (LR), Bayesian network, Artificial Neural Networks, Fuzzy Clustering, Poisson Point Process and Deep Denoising Autoencoder to the fight against the various infectious diseases. In addition, this review will discuss the factors that contribute to the appearance and reappearance of zoonotic illnesses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100032"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public health significance, seroprevalence and associated risk factors of bovine brucellosis in selected dairy farms of North Shewa zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia","authors":"Gashaw Adane Erkyihun ,&nbsp;Fikru Regassa Gari ,&nbsp;Daniel Demissie Shewie ,&nbsp;Teferi Bentti ,&nbsp;Gezahegne Mamo Kassa","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Bovine brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that causes economic crises in dairy cattle production and poses public health impact. A cross sectional study was conducted between November 2021 to April 2022 to estimate the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis, identify associated risk factors with bovine brucellosis and assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of dairy cattle owners on brucellosis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 426 blood samples of dairy cattle were screened with Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and positive samples were confirmed by complement fixation test (CFT). Risk factors associated with <em>Brucella</em> seropositivity and knowledge of respondents were assessed and data were analyzed using R software.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The overall seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis was 0.47 % (95 % CI: −0.182%-1.121%) and 4.43 % (95 % CI: −1.77 % - 10.47 %) at individual and herd level respectively. Analysis of risk factors using logistic regression indicated buying stock replacement (OR = 33.83, <em>p</em> = 0.000301), abortion history (OR = 5.90, 0.00579) and bull mating service (OR = 6.43, <em>p</em> = 0.01338) were found to be significantly associated with the seropositivity of <em>Brucella</em> infection in the dairy cattle.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The presence of serological reactors with significant risk factors indicates previous infection of brucellosis in the cattle population. Hence, culling of <em>Brucella</em> antibody reactor cows, stock replacement through <em>Brucella</em> testing and improving community awareness are recommended.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100027"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of epidemiological characteristics, risk factors, and prevention strategies of human anthrax in China","authors":"Wenwen Xin ,&nbsp;Nan Yue ,&nbsp;Jinglin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anthrax is a severe infectious illness triggered by the bacterium <em>Bacillus anthracis</em>. This bacterium is naturally found in soil and mainly impacts domestic and wild animals. Human anthrax infection occurs primarily through close occupational contact with infected livestock. Anthrax has been reported each year in China for decades since it became a reportable disease. However, concerns about anthrax are growing in recent years. In this paper, we reviewed the literature on Anthrax and <em>Bacillus anthracis</em>. We delineated the epidemiological traits of human anthrax in China as well as the potential risk factors for outbreaks. Additionally, we offer recommendations for prevention and control. We emphasize that effective management of anthrax in humans largely depends on the successful control of the disease in animals. It is also suggested that anthrax is unlikely to completely disappear or escalate into a large-scale epidemic in China in the near future. Human cases of anthrax are expected to remain at a low prevalence, which alleviates the need for excessive panic. Instead, proactive measures should be implemented to enhance the prevention and control of anthrax, ultimately leading to further improvements in public health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100024"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing bioinformatics for the development of a promising multi-epitope vaccine against tuberculosis: The ZL9810L vaccine","authors":"Li Zhuang ,&nbsp;Yilu Zhao ,&nbsp;Ling Yang ,&nbsp;Linsheng Li ,&nbsp;Zhaoyang Ye ,&nbsp;Awais Ali ,&nbsp;Yajing An ,&nbsp;Ruizi Ni ,&nbsp;Syed Luqman Ali ,&nbsp;Wenping Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Tuberculosis (TB) is a global infectious disease posing a serious threat to human health, caused by <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> (MTB) infection. Although vaccination is the most effective way to prevent and control TB, the existing Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine exhibits limited protective efficacy in adult pulmonary TB. Therefore, developing a novel TB vaccine is an urgent need.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study designed a novel multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) to combat MTB infection, utilizing bioinformatics and immunoinformatics approaches. Dominant epitopes of helper T lymphocytes (HTL), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and B lymphocytes were selected from antigens of MTB to construct the MEV. To enhance the targeting and immunogenicity of the vaccine, toll like receptor (TLR) agonists and PADRE helper peptides were incorporated into the design. In addition, comprehensive predictions have been made on the physicochemical properties, three-dimensional structure, spatial conformation, and molecular interactions with TLRs of MEVs. These evaluations also extend to the exploration of their immunological characteristics.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A novel MEV named ZL9810L was successfully constructed, based on 8 HTL epitopes, 9 CTL epitopes, 10 B lymphocyte epitopes, Toll-like receptor agonists, and auxiliary peptides. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the ZL9810L vaccine has excellent immunogenicity and antigenicity, non-toxicity, and non-sensitization capability, capable of significantly inducing a strong immune response and solubility, with scores of 2.21451, 0.8913, and 0.455 respectively. Moreover, the global population coverage of HLA class I and II allele genes by the ZL9810L vaccine reached 72.89 % and 81.49 %, respectively. Molecular docking analysis indicated good binding capacities of the ZL9810L vaccine to TLR2 and TLR4 receptors, with binding energies of −1028.5 kcal/mol and −1018.8 kcal/mol respectively. Immune simulation predicted that the vaccine could effectively activate innate and adaptive immune cells, including NK cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>As a candidate for a novel TB vaccine, the ZL9810L vaccine exhibits significant immunogenicity and antigenicity, with no toxicity or allergenicity. The ZL9810L vaccine designed in this study provides a new vaccine candidate for TB control and prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100026"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efforts of rabies elimination with a One Health approach and SARE tools in Ethiopia","authors":"Gashaw Adane Erkyihun ,&nbsp;Sisay Getachew Deressa ,&nbsp;Wubishet Zewdie Wakene ,&nbsp;Fikru Regassa Gari","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rabies is a viral zoonosis which affects nearly every region of the world. Once symptoms appear, the disease is 100 % fatal, although it is 100 % preventable through vaccination. Human rabies is typically caused by virus transmitted from the bite of an infected dog. Rabies results in significant economic costs and human fatalities, with children being disproportionately affected. Numerous countries have embraced a global goal to eliminate dog-mediated human rabies by 2030. In line with this, Ethiopia has integrated a global prevention and elimination strategy into its national program, and is implementing various interventions. During 2022 and 2023, the Ministry of Agriculture, in partnership with One Health collaborators, vaccinated over 350,000 domestic dogs. Documenting these efforts and best practices is essential for sharing ongoing control and elimination experiences with other countries. This review outlines the burden and impact of rabies, the current status of the Ethiopian 2030 rabies control and elimination program, and its achievements and challenges. The review also highlights the current state of stakeholder collaboration and coordination efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100028"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global, regional, and national burden of malaria, 1990–2021: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2021","authors":"Shun-Xian Zhang ,&nbsp;Guo-Bing Yang ,&nbsp;Jian Yang ,&nbsp;Fan-Na Wei ,&nbsp;Shan Lv ,&nbsp;Lei Duan ,&nbsp;Li-Guang Tian ,&nbsp;Mu-Xin Chen ,&nbsp;Qin Liu ,&nbsp;Yan Lu ,&nbsp;Ji-Chun Wang ,&nbsp;Shi-Zhu Li ,&nbsp;Xiao-Nong Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dcit.2024.100030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Malaria is an infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes and caused by Plasmodium parasites. This study analyzes data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021 to systematically assess global epidemiological trends and the malaria burden from 1990 to 2021, providing scientific insights for malaria prevention and control.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using GBD 2021 data, we analyzed trends in malaria incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), stratified by age, sex, regions, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). A Bayesian age-period-cohort model was employed to predict the future burden of malaria, while the average annual percent change (AAPC) was calculated to describe overall trends in age-standardized rates (ASR) and counts from 1990 to 2021.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From 1990 to 2021, significant decreases were observed in the global age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR, AAPC = −7.25%; 95% <em>CI</em>: −11.68%, −2.81%), prevalence rate (ASPR, AAPC = −14.42%; 95% <em>CI</em>: −15.99%, −12.84%), mortality rate (ASMR, AAPC = −0.06%; 95 % <em>CI</em>: −0.08%, −0.05%), and age-standardized DALY rate (AAPC = −4.86%; 95 % <em>CI</em>: −5.81%, −3.91%). However, no significant changes were found in ASIR for East Asia (AAPC = −0.30%; 95% <em>CI</em>: −0.96%, 0.37%), high-income Asia Pacific (AAPC = −0.03%; 95% <em>CI</em>: −0.07%, 0.01%), and Southern Sub-Saharan Africa (AAPC = 1.09%; 95% <em>CI</em>: −29.12%, 31.30%), while the remaining 14 regions showed a decline. The ASIR, ASPR, ASMR, and age-standardized DALY rates for malaria, as well as total cases and deaths, did not significantly differ between males and females across all age groups. Notably, the highest incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates were observed in children under five years of age. Between 1990 and 2021, the ASIR, ASPR, ASMR, and age-standardized DALY rate for malaria were inversely correlated with SDI levels.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Although global malaria burden has steadily declined, malaria remains a serious public health threat, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, especially among children under five. To address the continuing threat of malaria, immediate implementation of stronger and more effective global control strategies is essential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100358,"journal":{"name":"Decoding Infection and Transmission","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100030"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142701200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}