CompositesPub Date : 1995-09-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)98909-5
L. Tao, M.-A. Dellis, F. Boland, F. Delannay, J. We´gria
{"title":"Comparison of fibres for creep strengthening of zinc-aluminium foundry alloys","authors":"L. Tao, M.-A. Dellis, F. Boland, F. Delannay, J. We´gria","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)98909-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)98909-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A comparative evaluation is made of a variety of possible fibrous reinforcements for strengthening zinc-aluminium foundry alloys. The composites are processed by squeeze casting, using preforms of alumina, carbon, stainless steel or low carbon steel fibres. A drastic improvement of the creep strength is achieved with the use of alumina or steel fibres. However, an acceptable level of fracture toughness is maintained only in the composites reinforced with steel fibres. This property results from the low interface adhesion which allows bridging of the crack by the fibres. Low carbon steel fibres do not exhibit more interface reaction than stainless steel fibres. It is concluded that low carbon steel fibres provide a better compromise when taking into account the creep strength, the fracture toughness and the cost of the composite.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 9","pages":"Pages 611-617"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)98909-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90980372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-09-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)98915-8
A. Kinsey, D.E.J. Saunders, C. Soutis
{"title":"Post-impact compressive behaviour of low temperature curing woven CFRP laminates","authors":"A. Kinsey, D.E.J. Saunders, C. Soutis","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)98915-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)98915-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The polymeric matrix in a fibre-reinforced composite serves to bind the fibres together, transfer load to the fibres and protect them against environmental attack and damage due to handling. The matrix has a strong influence on several mechanical properties of the composite such as transverse modulus and strength, impact resistance, shear properties and properties in compression. This paper describes the results of an experimental study to determine the effect of resin (matrix) on the post-impact compressive behaviour of carbon fibre woven laminates. Three new low temperature cure (50–125°C) epoxy resins are examined: an unmodified (LTM12), a rubber-modified (LTM25) and a thermoplastic toughened epoxy resin (MT8E). Note, however, that the first two are post-cured at 190°C. Velocities and impact energies were used to simulate momenta typical of low velocity impact hazards associated with aircraft in-service. Measurements of impact damage and damage growth during compression are made using ultrasonic C-scanning and penetrant-enhanced X-ray radiography techniques. For low impact energies the superior performance of the thermoplastic toughened epoxy is confirmed. Its residual compressive strength compares favourably with that obtained for high strength carbon fibre/epoxy laminates manufactured from unidirectional sheets cured at 190°C.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 9","pages":"Pages 661-667"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)98915-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74462010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-09-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)98916-9
S.K. Mazumdar, S.V. Hoa
{"title":"Application of Taguchi method for process enhancement of on-line consolidation technique","authors":"S.K. Mazumdar, S.V. Hoa","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)98916-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)98916-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During laser assisted processing of thermoplastic composites, the individual effects of laser power, tape speed and consolidation pressure on the interply bond strength cannot be easily separated unless a large number of experiments is carried out. Because the properties of an end product depend upon the selection of processing conditions, it is essential that the conditions under which a well consolidated part is obtained should be defined. To investigate the effects of individual process parameters from a minimum number of tests, the Taguchi method is applied. For this investigation, PEEK/carbon fibre (APC-2) thermoplastic composite rings were manufactured by a thermoplastic tape winding process at selected conditions, and the influence of dominant process parameters on interply bond strength was evaluated. The influence of three dominant factors, namely laser power, consolidation pressure and tape speed, on bond strength were investigated. The experimental design involved using L<sub>9</sub> orthogonal arrays, and the percentage contribution of each factor to the quality of bonding was estimated by the ANOVA technique.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 9","pages":"Pages 669-673"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)98916-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80869200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-09-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)98913-6
S.L. Bai, V. Djafari
{"title":"Interfacial properties of microwave cured composites","authors":"S.L. Bai, V. Djafari","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)98913-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)98913-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A unidirectional continuous E-glass fibre/epoxy composite was cured using microwaves. The mechanical behaviour of the composite was studied by<em>in situ</em> transverse tensile and short-beam bending tests. The mechanisms of rupture were analysed. By comparing microwave cured composites (MCCs) with thermal cured composites (TCCs), it was found that more voids exist in MCCs than in TCCs. This difference is considered to be due to the shorter time and lower applied pressure of microwave curing. It appears that the fibre-matrix interface of MCCs is stronger than that of TCCs according to the experimental results and observations. The thermal gradient across the fibre-matrix interface seems to play a role in its final quality.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 9","pages":"Pages 645-651"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)98913-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90497955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-09-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)98911-4
S. Mall, W.A. Weidenaar
{"title":"Tension-compression fatigue behaviour of fibre-reinforced ceramic matrix composite with circular hole","authors":"S. Mall, W.A. Weidenaar","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)98911-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)98911-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The tension-compression fatigue behaviour of a silicon carbide fibre-reinforced glass ceramic matrix composite, SiC/1723, with a circular hole was investigated at room temperature. Two laminate lay-ups were studied: cross-ply, [0/90]<sub>2s</sub>, and unidirectional, [0]<sub>8</sub>. At first, the fatigue limit based on one million cycles was established for the tension-tension fatigue condition. Then, the fatigue response under fully reversed (tension-compression) cycling loading with a maximum stress equal to the tension-tension fatigue limit was investigated. This tension-compression loading resulted in an increased amount of damage and ultimately led to the specimen failure well before one million cycles. In the cross-ply laminate, the damage mechanisms in the 90° plies involved transverse cracks only during tension-tension cycling, and transverse and longitudinal cracks during tension-compression cycling. In the unidirectional laminate, the longitudinal cracks which initiated at the hole periphery grew longer in tension-compression fatigue than in tension-tension fatigue. On the other hand, no damage and consequently no effect on fatigue life was observed during the compression-compression fatigue condition only.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 9","pages":"Pages 631-636"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)98911-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72560523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-09-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)98912-5
M. Kakemi, D.J. Hannant
{"title":"Mathematical model for tensile behaviour of hybrid continuous fibre cement composites","authors":"M. Kakemi, D.J. Hannant","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)98912-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)98912-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A mathematical model has been developed for the tensile behaviour of cement composites reinforced with two types of continuous and unidirectional aligned fibres. The model is based on the theory for single fibre composites proposed by Aveston, Cooper and Kelly. Theoretical curves have been obtained for the tensile properties of the polypropylene/glass fibre-reinforced cement composites by means of substituting parameters into the developed equations, and these curves were compared with experimental results for a limited range of fibre combinations. It is shown that to attain optimum hybrid effects for toughness and the first maximum point of the stress-strain curve, the correct fibre volume combinations should be included.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 9","pages":"Pages 637-643"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)98912-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83916292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-09-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)98914-7
Ming Xie, Donald F. Adams
{"title":"Study of three- and four-point shear testing of unidirectional composite materials","authors":"Ming Xie, Donald F. Adams","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)98914-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)98914-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Both the three- and four-point shear test methods for unidirectional composite materials were studied using a three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analysis. The span-to-thickness ratios of the test specimens were varied to study the shear stress distributions. Specimens with lower span-to-thickness ratios were found to yield higher apparent interlaminar shear strengths. This prediction coincides with many available experimental results. The dependence of apparent interlaminar shear strength on span-to-thickness ratio, confirmed by both analytical and experimental studies, shows that both the three- and four-point shear test methods should be used with caution in this regard when measuring the interlaminar shear strength of unidirectional composite materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 9","pages":"Pages 653-659"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)98914-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88130084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-09-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)98910-D
Thomas L. Warren, Dusan Krajcinovic, Arunava Majumdar
{"title":"Atomic force microscope imaging of the surface roughness of SCS- and TiB2-coated SiC fibres and uncoated sapphire fibres","authors":"Thomas L. Warren, Dusan Krajcinovic, Arunava Majumdar","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)98910-D","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)98910-D","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To understand the role of fibre surface roughness on the toughening of composite materials, it is imperative to characterize the fibre surface structure properly. This paper presents nanometre scale images of the surfaces of SCS- and TiB<sub>2</sub>-coated SiC fibres, and of uncoated sapphire fibres, obtained by atomic force microscopy. It is found that SCS and TiB<sub>2</sub> coatings deposited on SiC fibres using chemical vapour deposition methods produce fibres exhibiting surface structures that are tri-fractal over several decades of length scale. The sapphire fibre exhibited a surface structure with two scales of periodic roughness, of wavelength 60 μm and 100 nm. A roughness analysis of the experimentally obtained data at different resolutions demonstrated that the magnitudes of the conventional parameters root mean square (r.m.s.) height σ, r.m.s. slope σ′, and r.m.s. curvature σ″ for the same surface varied in some cases by more than an order of magnitude.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 9","pages":"Pages 619-629"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)98910-D","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89178703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-09-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)98917-A
D.M. Basford, P.R. Griffin, S.M. Grove, J. Summerscales
{"title":"Relationship between mechanical performance and microstructure in composites fabricated with flow-enhancing fabrics","authors":"D.M. Basford, P.R. Griffin, S.M. Grove, J. Summerscales","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)98917-A","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)98917-A","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The resin transfer moulding process involves the long-range flow of resin into a closed mould which is filled with dry reinforcement. High-performance composites require a high volume fraction of fibres, which results in low porosity of the fibre pack and therefore slow rates of mould filling. Commercial reinforcement fabrics are becoming available which promote faster resin flow than conventional fabrics, by engineering regions of large pore space into the reinforcement stack. However, theoretical models of the property-microstructure relationships have indicated that resin-rich areas (corresponding to filled large pore space) and fibre clustering will lead to degradation of the mechanical performance of the laminate. This report describes a series of compression and interlaminar shear tests on a range of twill-weave fabrics having ‘flow-enhancing’ tows substituted in the warp direction. The results provide some experimental support for existing theoretical models.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 9","pages":"Pages 675-679"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)98917-A","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89471642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-08-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)92620-R
N.H. Tai , C.C.M. Ma , S.H. Wu
{"title":"Fatigue behaviour of carbon fibre/PEEK laminate composites","authors":"N.H. Tai , C.C.M. Ma , S.H. Wu","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)92620-R","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)92620-R","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The fatigue behaviour of continuous carbon fibre-reinforced poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) composites under tension-tension (T-T) and tension-compression (T-C) loadings was investigated. A quasi-isotropic lay-up was used, namely [0/45/90/-45]<sub>2s</sub> AS-4/PEEK. The experimental results for fatigue life and residual tensile strength under different stress amplitudes are analysed by the median rank method. The influences of stress amplitude on the fatigue life and the residual tensile strength were investigated. The <em>S-N</em> curve is presented by the pooled Weibull distribution function. Two segments of the <em>S-N</em> curves show a different failure mode in the fatigue failure of the thermoplastic composites. Moreover, a residual strength degradation model is used to predict the residual strength for the composites subjected to a number of fatigue cycles and to simulate the effects of the stress amplitude on the fatigue life. According to the obtained results, the correlation between the experimental data and the theoretical prediction is in good agreement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 8","pages":"Pages 551-559"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)92620-R","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91546162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}