CompositesPub Date : 1995-12-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)90877-3
K. Liu, M.R. Piggott
{"title":"Shear strength of polymers and fibre composites: 2. carbon/epoxy pultrusions","authors":"K. Liu, M.R. Piggott","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)90877-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)90877-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pultrusions were made with carbon fibres and an epoxy resin. Three different curing agents were used, so that the matrices were resins with different glass transition temperatures. The composites were tested for shear strength at different temperatures, so that the effect of the resin shear strength on composite shear strength could be observed, with a fixed fibre architecture. It was found that the composite was always much stronger than the resin both for the 0 and 90° fracture modes. The 90° fracture surfaces contained many broken fibres, and shear hackles were observed in the resin-rich regions. These suggested that shear failure (rather than tensile failure) took place in the Iosipescu test for the 90° specimens. It was concluded that the fibre architecture played a dominant role in the composite shear strength, with interphase effects being involved also.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 12","pages":"Pages 841-848"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)90877-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76111933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-12-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)90879-5
Nobuo Takeda, Shinji Ogihara, Akira Kobayashi
{"title":"Microscopic fatigue damage progress in CFRP cross-ply laminates","authors":"Nobuo Takeda, Shinji Ogihara, Akira Kobayashi","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)90879-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)90879-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Damage progress in toughened-type carbon fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) cross-ply laminates under tensile fatigue loading was measured using the replica technique. The laminate configuration was [0/90<sub>m</sub>/0], where m = 4, 8 and 12. The damage parameters, transverse crack density and delamination ratio, were determined. A power-law model was proposed, relating the cyclic strain range and the number of cycles at transverse crack initiation. Based on experimental data, a simple shear-lag analysis combined with the modified Paris law was conducted to model the transverse crack multiplication. An extension of the shearlag analysis for laminates containing delaminations initiating from the tips of the transverse cracks was used to conduct a modified Paris law analysis for delamination growth.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 12","pages":"Pages 859-867"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)90879-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83384046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-12-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)90875-Z
Rosen T. Tenchev, Magne K. Nygard, Andreas Echtermeyer
{"title":"Design procedure for reducing the stress concentration around circular holes in laminated composites","authors":"Rosen T. Tenchev, Magne K. Nygard, Andreas Echtermeyer","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)90875-Z","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)90875-Z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The stress concentration around a hole in a laminated composite may be decreased by increasing the thickness (bonding of two-dimensional panels) in this area. The problem may be described as an infinite orthotropic membrane with a finite circular orthotropic inclusion (ring) and a circular hole in the middle of the ring under arbitrary in-plane loading. A method for calculation of the stress concentration at the edge of the hole is presented. The method is based on the analytical solution for the case of an infinite inclusion. The finite dimensions of the inclusion are taken into account by means of a correction coefficient which is established empirically by processing a large amount of finite element results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 12","pages":"Pages 815-828"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)90875-Z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82486531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-12-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)90874-Y
R.A.W. Mines, Norman Jones
{"title":"Approximate elastic-plastic analysis of the static and impact behaviour of polymer composite sandwich beams","authors":"R.A.W. Mines, Norman Jones","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)90874-Y","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)90874-Y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An elastic-plastic beam bending model has been developed to simulate the post-upper skin failure energy absorption behaviour of polymer composite sandwich beams under three-point bending. The beam skins consist of woven and chopped strand glass, while the core is a resin impregnated non-woven polyester material known as Coremat. A polyester resin was used for the construction. The theoretical model consists of a central hinge dominated by a crushing core and tensile elastic strains in the lower skin. Experimental measurements of the non-linear force-deflection characteristics for the beam are compared to the theoretical predictions from the model, and it is shown that the shear crushing of the core has an important effect on the behaviour of the beam. The model shows that the most important material properties are the lower skin tensile failure strain and the core crushing strength. Dynamic effects are included in the model in the form of a strain rate dependence of the core crushing stress and the strain rate dependence of the failure strain in the lower skin. The increase in material strength with strain rate gives rise to an improved energy absorption capacity for the beam under impact loading.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 12","pages":"Pages 803-814"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)90874-Y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89615107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-12-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)90880-9
P. Chiou, W. L Bradley
{"title":"Effects of seawater absorption on fatigue crack development in carbon/epoxy EDT specimens","authors":"P. Chiou, W. L Bradley","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)90880-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)90880-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fatigue and static edge delamination tests were performed on [45/0/–45/90]<sub>s</sub> CFRP laminates. Both dry and seawater presoaked specimens were tested to examine any effect moisture absorption has on fatigue crack development, which was monitored by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and ultrasonic C-scan. Seawater absorption changed the dominant edge-cracking mode from the -45/90 interlaminar delamination in unaged specimens to intralaminar cracking in 90° plies in aged (seawater saturated) specimens. The edge-crack growth rates in both unaged and aged specimens, however, are similar. The effect of moisture absorption on strain energy release rate has been examined, and the change in dominant edge-cracking mode and edge-crack growth have been discussed in terms of strain energy release rate.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 12","pages":"Pages 869-876"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)90880-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90392738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-12-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)90882-Z
George Laird II, T.C. Kennedy
{"title":"Poisson's ratio and the interfacial behaviour of composite materials","authors":"George Laird II, T.C. Kennedy","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)90882-Z","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)90882-Z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Composite materials have Poisson's ratios that can range from 0.2 for ceramics to as high as 0.49 for pure elastomers. In this work, Poisson's ratio is shown to influence the magnitude and the location of deleterious stress concentrations that arise along a frictionless interface around a cylindrical reinforcement (i.e. fibre-reinforced materials). Due to the non-linear nature of this problem, finite element models were developed for composites having 5, 25 and 50 vol% of fibres. Both compressive and tensile transverse loading were applied to the simulated composite systems. This particular mode of loading was considered due to the often low fracture strength of many composites in the transverse direction. The US Bureau of Mines is studying such problems to enable the design of new impact and abrasion resistant composite materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 12","pages":"Pages 887-889"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)90882-Z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82797698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-12-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)90881-Y
R.K. Mittal, M.S. Jafri
{"title":"Influence of fibre content and impactor parameters on transverse impact response of uniaxially reinforced composite plates","authors":"R.K. Mittal, M.S. Jafri","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)90881-Y","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)90881-Y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The response of aligned fibre-reinforced laminae to a transverse impact load, as in a drop weight impact test, is examined theoretically in terms of impact force produced and the impulse imparted to the plate. The impulse is directly proportional to the deflection under the point of impact. The analysis assumes linear elastic behaviour of the material. It is shown that the complete response is described by a single parameter, called the impact parameter (A). The coefficient of restitution, maximum impact force, and time of contact between the impactor and the plate can be easily determined in terms of λ. The variation of the energy of impact is also considered and the approximate expressions used by some authors discussed. Finally, for a glass fibre-reinforced epoxy lamina, the roles of the volume fraction of fibres and the impactor parameters such as its mass, velocity and kinetic energy, are individually ascertained and useful conclusions drawn.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 12","pages":"Pages 877-886"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)90881-Y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76185453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-12-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)90878-4
Min-Seok Sohn, Xiao-Zhi Hu
{"title":"Comparative study of dynamic and static delamination behaviour of carbon fibre/epoxy composite laminates","authors":"Min-Seok Sohn, Xiao-Zhi Hu","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)90878-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)90878-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dynamic and static delamination characteristics of two unidirectional carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy composite laminates (Hercules MI 1610 and Torayca T300) have been studied under impact and low-speed (2 mm min<sup>1</sup>) test conditions. The influence of interlaminar reinforcement with chopped Kevlar fibres on toughness has also been examined. The quasi-static or low-speed delamination tests were conducted with the usual double cantilever beam, end-notched flexure and mixed-mode flexure specimens. To determine the corresponding mode I, mode II and mixed-mode toughnesses under the impact condition, a special specimen design has been adopted and tests were performed with a Charpy impact machine. The novel aspect of the test scheme in the present study is that a single-plane delamination surface with a well-defined fracture mode has been obtained. The dynamic and static delamination characteristics of the same fracture mode were then studied by scanning electron microscopy, and special features were compared. While interlaminar reinforcement with a small amount of chopped Kevlar fibres resulted in an appreciable increase in the quasi-static delamination toughness, it was less effective under the impact condition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 12","pages":"Pages 849-858"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)90878-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73782784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-12-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)90876-2
K. Liu, M.R. Piggott
{"title":"Shear strength of polymers and fibre composites: 1. thermoplastic and thermoset polymers","authors":"K. Liu, M.R. Piggott","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)90876-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)90876-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The shear strengths of eight thermoplastics and three DGEBA-based epoxies in sheet form have been tested by the punch and Iosipescu tests. The testing temperatures ranged from 20 to 120°C, and the glass transition temperatures were measured as well. The shear strengths of the epoxies were also estimated from compressive tests on short cylinders. The Iosipescu test gave very unreliable results for polymers in the rubbery state because large deformations were induced before failure, and this caused high tensile stresses to develop instead of high shear stresses. With the punch test the force often had two maxima before failure, and the discs punched out did not have straight sides, so there was also much doubt about the purity of the shear stresses developed. The two methods were often in sharp disagreement. However, they gave comparable results with epoxies tested at room temperature. Comparison with compressive tests indicated that the ratio of compressive yield strength to shear yield strength varied from 1.5 to 2.4. In view of the uncertainties in the tests, compressive testing may be a good method to obtain an approximate value for the shear strength. The Tresca criterion (i.e. divide the compressive yield strength by two to get the shear yield strength) is probably good enough in view of the uncertainties in the shear tests. It works equally well for the ultimate shear strength. A new and better test is clearly needed for the estimation of the shear strength of polymers in sheet form.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 12","pages":"Pages 829-840"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)90876-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75001448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}