CompositesPub Date : 1995-05-01DOI: 10.1016/S0010-4361(06)80133-3
S. McRobbie, A.J. Longmuir, J. Wilcox, A.G. Gibson, H.W. Chandler
{"title":"Through-thickness stress in curved laminates of single- and double-skinned construction","authors":"S. McRobbie, A.J. Longmuir, J. Wilcox, A.G. Gibson, H.W. Chandler","doi":"10.1016/S0010-4361(06)80133-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0010-4361(06)80133-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper is concerned with the calculation of through-thickness stresses in components in the form of curved shells and then describes the determination of the through-thickness strengths of some fibre-reinforced tubes. The through-thickness stresses in thin shells are often assumed to be zero and this is normally justified by the fact that they are much lower than the in-plane stresses. However, if the shell is of laminated construction, the through-thickness strength can also be relatively low compared with the in-plane strength, so even small levels of tensile stress in the through-thickness direction can lead to damage by delamination. This paper first presents an equilibrium method of calculating the normal and shear components of these stresses for singly curved shells and rings of single- or double-skin construction. The formulae derived are then used to analyse a delamination test in the form of a split ring which is then used to determine the delamination strength of a number of filament wound tubes with various matrix compositions and lay-up geometries. As the changes in curvature can be large, the entire formulation is presented in terms of the current (deformed) coordinate system and the Cauchy stress.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 5","pages":"Pages 339-345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0010-4361(06)80133-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84132035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-05-01DOI: 10.1016/S0010-4361(06)80132-1
K. Parsa, L. Hollaway
{"title":"Stability of polymer/fibre composite continuum/skeletal structural units under in-plane loading","authors":"K. Parsa, L. Hollaway","doi":"10.1016/S0010-4361(06)80132-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0010-4361(06)80132-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Specific polymer/fibre composite continuum/skeletal structures under in-plane concentrated loading are investigated. Different configurations of skeletal frames are connected to the continuum at nodal joints and are analysed using the non-linear load-displacement finite element method to find the optimum structure. Two experimental models of the optimum structure have been tested and the results are compared with the finite element analysis; good agreement between the two techniques has been demonstrated. Finally, a parameter study on the optimum configuration has been carried out.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 5","pages":"Pages 323-337"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0010-4361(06)80132-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75806393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-05-01DOI: 10.1016/S0010-4361(06)80135-7
G. Dillon, M. Buggy
{"title":"Damage development during flexural fatigue of carbon fibre-reinforced PEEK","authors":"G. Dillon, M. Buggy","doi":"10.1016/S0010-4361(06)80135-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0010-4361(06)80135-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fatigue damage growth mechanisms in [0]<sub>16</sub> and [0, 90]<sub>4s</sub> laminates of APC-2 subjected to three-point flexure were studied using scanning electron microscopy. Building on an understanding gained from the study of statically tested samples, specific fatigue mechanisms were identified. For each laminate geometry a coherent progression of damage build-up is proposed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 5","pages":"Pages 355-370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0010-4361(06)80135-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88847934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-05-01DOI: 10.1016/S0010-4361(06)80138-2
S. Muthukumarasamy, S. Seshan
{"title":"Structure and properties of fibre reinforced zn-27% al alloy based cast MMCs","authors":"S. Muthukumarasamy, S. Seshan","doi":"10.1016/S0010-4361(06)80138-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0010-4361(06)80138-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Metal matrix composites (MMCs) based on a zinc-27% aluminium alloy (ZA-27) were produced using a pressure infiltration technique. Preforms of alumina fibres and aluminosilicate fibres were used for reinforcement. Uniform distribution of fibres and satisfactory interfacial bonding were achieved. UTS, specific strength, hardness and wear resistance were improved significantly by the alumina fibre reinforcement, but UTS decreased when using aluminosilicate fibres for reinforcement mainly due to unavoidable clustering of particles in the fibre preforms. Structure-property relations have been analysed in all cases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 5","pages":"Pages 387-393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0010-4361(06)80138-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79343114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-04-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)93668-A
Masaki Hojo, Kazuro Kageyama, Kiyoshi Tanaka
{"title":"Prestandardization study on mode I interlaminar fracture toughness test for CFRP in Japan","authors":"Masaki Hojo, Kazuro Kageyama, Kiyoshi Tanaka","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)93668-A","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)93668-A","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper summarizes results from a series of interlaboratory round robin tests (RRTs) performed in order to establish a JIS standard for mode I interlaminar fracture toughness test using double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens. For the case of unidirectional laminates, brittle and toughened CF/epoxy, and CF/PEEK systems were used. Only a brittle CF/epoxy system was used for woven laminates. The round robin tests were conducted with two main aims: first, to examine the influence of starter films and the precracking condition on the initial mode I fracture toughness values; and second, to establish the definition of initial fracture toughness. Polyimide starter films stuck to the epoxy matrix, and caused unstable crack growth from starter films. Comparison of the tests with and without mode I precracks from starter films indicated that tests with precracks gave lower values of initial fracture toughness. The definition of initial fracture toughness values was discussed, based on the reproducibility. A 5% offset point was recommended as the initial fracture toughness from the RRT results. The influence of loading apparatus, data reduction methods, etc. was also discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 4","pages":"Pages 243-255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)93668-A","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72548270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-04-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)93672-7
A.O. Bolukbasi, D.H. Laananen
{"title":"Energy absorption in composite stiffeners","authors":"A.O. Bolukbasi, D.H. Laananen","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)93672-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)93672-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The energy absorption behaviour of composite stiffeners subjected to axial compression has been investigated. A semi-empirical analysis methodology has been developed for prediction of the energy absorption capability of composite stiffeners based on crush tests of flat plate specimens and an understanding of the fundamentals of the energy absorption process. Flat plate, angle and channel specimens were fabricated from T650-35/F584 graphite/epoxy plain-weave fabric using five different lay-ups that consisted of varying percentages of 45° and 0° plies. The specimens were crush tested under axial compression, and measured levels of sustained crushing stress were compared with model predictions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 4","pages":"Pages 291-301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)93672-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90142738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-04-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)93673-8
S.A. Hitchen, S.L. Ogin, P.A. Smith
{"title":"Effect of fibre length on fatigue of short carbon fibre/epoxy composite","authors":"S.A. Hitchen, S.L. Ogin, P.A. Smith","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)93673-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)93673-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effect of fibre length on the fatigue of a random short carbon fibre/epoxy composite containing 1, 5 or 15 mm length fibres has been studied. All laminates gave a sloping S-N curve with longer fatigue lives obtained at decreasing peak stresses. The fatigue life was independent of fibre length at any peak strain, within experimental variation. Damage accumulation during fatigue cycling is studied in terms of residual strength and modulus reduction. Both techniques suggest that fatigue failure is the result of a ‘sudden death’ mode of failure. Finally, the effect of matrix type on the fatigue life of laminates containing 5 mm length fibres was investigated by adding a greater quantity of flexibilizer to the epoxy matrix. Shorter fatigue lives were obtained for laminates having the more flexible matrix.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 4","pages":"Pages 303-308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)93673-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86028808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-04-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)93675-A
Yongdong Xu, Litong Zhang
{"title":"Mechanical properties and microstructure of tortoise shell","authors":"Yongdong Xu, Litong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)93675-A","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)93675-A","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the present paper, the mechanical properties and microstructure of tortoise shell are investigated in detail. The maximum flexural strength is found to be 165.1 MPa and the fracture toughness is 36.4 MPa m<sup>1/2</sup>. These excellent properties are a result of its complex microstructure, which comprises not only inorganic, brittle and rigid elongated crystals of hydroxy apatite but also organic tough films and fibres. Microstructural characteristics vary greatly within different parts of the shell. Results from this study are expected to provide beneficial information on tailoring of artificial composites.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 4","pages":"Pages 315-318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)93675-A","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74373272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-04-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)93671-6
N.K. Naik, V.K. Ganesh
{"title":"An analytical method for plain weave fabric composites","authors":"N.K. Naik, V.K. Ganesh","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)93671-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)93671-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A two-dimensional closed-form analytical method has been developed for the thermoelastic analysis of two-dimensional orthogonal plain weave fabric laminae. Strand undulation and continuity in both the warp and fill directions, actual strand cross-section and weave geometry, strand fibre volume fraction and possible gap between the two adjacent strands have been considered in the analysis. Good correlation is observed between the predicted thermoelastic properties and experimental results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 4","pages":"Pages 281-289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)93671-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91354698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CompositesPub Date : 1995-04-01DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(95)93670-F
Steven D. Gardner, Charles U. Pittman Jr, Tao C. Chang, Boon Y. Low, Robert M. Hackett
{"title":"Microstress distribution in graphite fibre/epoxy composites containing an elastomeric interphase: response to uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions","authors":"Steven D. Gardner, Charles U. Pittman Jr, Tao C. Chang, Boon Y. Low, Robert M. Hackett","doi":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)93670-F","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0010-4361(95)93670-F","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A micromechanical model based upon the method of cells is introduced to characterize three-phase composites that contain a distinct and homogeneous interphase region. Initially, the performance characteristics of the model are shown to be quite consistent with those of a concentric cylinder model formulation. Subsequently, a parametric study is performed that examines the mechanical response of model graphite/epoxy composites as a function of selected interphase properties. The micromechanical model is utilized to establish an interdependence among the interphase Young's modulus, the interphase thickness and the average stresses within the fibre, interphase and matrix resulting from two external loading conditions: uniaxial longitudinal tension and biaxial transverse shear. Material combinations are considered wherein the interphase Young's modulus is systematically varied above and below the matrix Young's modulus. The simulation indicates that the selected interphase properties significantly influence the stress state within each of the three composite constituents. The manner in which the stress states are modified proves to be non-intuitive in many of the cases considered. In particular, there are material domains encountered where the model predicts that certain stress components in a constituent will exhibit (1) a maximum with respect to variations in the interphase Young's modulus and/or (2) a minimum with respect to variations in the interphase thickness.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100296,"journal":{"name":"Composites","volume":"26 4","pages":"Pages 269-280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0010-4361(95)93670-F","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85637254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}