Cleaner Water最新文献

{"title":"Eco-friendly synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from used water filter cartridges for efficient methylene blue adsorption","authors":"Dilip D. Anuse ,&nbsp;Suryakant A. Patil ,&nbsp;Ashwini A. Chorumale ,&nbsp;Akanksha G. Kolekar ,&nbsp;Prachi P. Bote ,&nbsp;Laxman S. Walekar ,&nbsp;Mukund G. Mali ,&nbsp;Samadhan P. Pawar","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using activated carbon (AC) derived from used water filter cartridges (UWFC), we developed a waste-to-resource method to remove dyes from water. Mild reactivation at 400<span><math><mrow><mo>°</mo><mi>C</mi></mrow></math></span> for 1 h produced AC-UWFC, which was subsequently transformed into magnetic activated carbon (MAC-UWFC) for efficient adsorption of methylene blue (MB). Characterization confirmed a mesoporous structure (BET: 404.78 <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mi>g</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>) with high stability. Optimal adsorption occurred at a pH of 8, using 0.2 g of MAC-UWFC over 1 h. Adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm (227.27 <span><math><mrow><mrow><mi>mg</mi></mrow><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mi>g</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>) and pseudo-second-order kinetics. MAC-UWFC maintained an efficiency of 92.32 % after eight cycles, demonstrating its effectiveness in wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144931681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive hybrid modelling for municipal water and wastewater: A global framework demonstrated in Türkiye","authors":"Mehmet Melikoglu","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a novel hybrid empirical-analytical modeling framework for predictive forecasting of municipal water abstraction and wastewater generation. Applied in Türkiye, this framework generates quantitative projections critical for design, simulation, and operational planning of urban water systems. It rigorously assesses the predictive capacities of these advanced models. Forecasts indicate municipal water abstraction in Türkiye will range from 7.2 to 8.0 billion m³ in 2030 and 7.4–8.6 billion m³ in 2040, with wastewater discharge estimated between 5.7 and 7.5 billion m³ and 6.1–8.9 billion m³ for the same years. Projections are supported by robust statistical validation including high coefficient of determination (R²) and low mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values, and show strong compatibility with previous 2035 forecasts (106 %-116 % match). This highly adaptable and transferable computational framework offers a powerful tool for environmental modelers and systems analysts globally, supporting informed decision-making for sustainable urban water resource management, and advancing cleaner water outcomes and circular economy principles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Manchar Lake Management: Integrated Strategies for Water Quality and Quantity Restoration","authors":"Uzma Bhanbhro ,&nbsp;Asmat Ullah ,&nbsp;Waheed Ali Khokhar ,&nbsp;Rasool Bux Mahar","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Manchar Lake, Pakistan’s largest freshwater body, faces severe threats from climate extremes and human-induced pressures. This study identified critical thresholds for sustainable lake management by evaluating water quantity and quality under various scenarios. Using Landsat images, the modified Penman formula, and seepage rate analyses, the Water Loss Ratio (WLR), the ratio of total annual losses to average annual volumes, was calculated. The WLR consistently exceeded 1.0 due to the lake's shallow depth, indicating excessive losses. Hydrodynamic modeling revealed that maintaining a minimum area of 201.4 km² and an annual volume of 0.269 km³ is essential to minimize losses. For water quality, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) simulations revealed that excluding inflows from the Main Nara Valley Drain (Scenario 2) reduced TDS levels from 4900 to 750 mg/L within two years. While freshwater diversion (Scenario 9) met water demands with increased TDS levels. A combined strategy of initially excluding polluted inflows, followed by controlled freshwater diversion after the construction of Gaj Dam construction kept TDS below 1500 mg/L, which is still acceptable for irrigation. These findings provide a practical, replicable framework for balancing water quantity and quality in lakes located in arid regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144916843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A GIS-based assessment of groundwater quality and public health risks of heavy metals in Kannur, Kerala","authors":"Thangavelu Arumugam ,&nbsp;Sapna Kinattinkara ,&nbsp;Karpagamani Vellingiri ,&nbsp;Anjana C","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study was conducted on groundwater quality in the Kannur region and surrounding areas using multivariate statistical techniques combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). We have collected and analysed 37 groundwater samples from different locations for physicochemical and heavy metal properties between January and May 2023. These properties were assessed according to WHO (2016) standards. GIS was employed to analyze spatial patterns and relationships among geographic features, supported by multivariate statistical methods for interpretation. The water quality index (WQI) and heavy metal pollution index (HMPI) were used to combine multiple water quality parameters into single scores for easier assessment. The main findings are as follows: (1) WQI results showed that most sampling sites had water suitable for drinking, except Anthoor and Ulikkal, where water quality was relatively poor; (2) HMPI results indicated that Edat, Peravoor, and Ramanthali had the highest levels of lead; and (3) combining GIS with multivariate statistics proved effective in identifying spatial patterns and pollution hotspots. The study highlights the importance of ongoing monitoring, site-specific actions, and preventive measures to ensure safe drinking water and safeguard public health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144931680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogeochemical evolution and salinity risk assessment in hard rock aquifers of Southern India: A chemometric perspective","authors":"S.Richard Abishek ,&nbsp;V.Stephen Pitchaimani ,&nbsp;Neelam Sidhu ,&nbsp;A. Antony Ravindran ,&nbsp;Sahil Sharma ,&nbsp;R. Sakthi Priya","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Peninsular India presents with its hard rock terrain and seasonal rainfall, faces increasing challenges in managing groundwater quality. This study evaluates the hydrogeochemical characteristics and seasonal variations in groundwater quality within the agriculturally dominated region of southern Tamil Nadu, based on 48 samples collected during pre- and post-monsoon periods. An integrative approach combining major ion chemistry (pH, EC, TDS, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HCO₃⁻), geochemical plots (Piper, Wilcox, Gibbs), and chemometric techniques was employed to evaluate the controlling processes. Irrigation water quality was examined using Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium Percentage (Na%), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), and Permeability Index (PI). The Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI)values indicated that during the pre-monsoon period, 54.16 % of samples were of poor quality (GWQI ≤ 60), while post-monsoon dilution improved quality, with no poor-quality samples and 54.17 % in the excellent category. Total dissolved solids exceeded WHO (2017) limits in 40 % of samples, with persistent salinity hotspots in the northwest. Hydrochemical facies were dominated by Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-Cl⁻-SO₄²⁻, indicative of permanent hardness and evaporite dissolution. In the pre-monsoon period, 54.16 % of samples had poor quality, while post-monsoon conditions showed significant improvement. Statistical analyses identified TDS, Na⁺, Cl⁻, and Mg²⁺ as the primary determinants of groundwater quality, with elevated salinity, attributable to both geogenic processes such as evaporite dissolution and anthropogenic inputs from agriculture, emerging as a key controlling factor. After the monsoon, water quality improved due to dilution. These findings underscore the importance of season-based groundwater management in hard rock aquifers to balance drinking water safety and sustainable irrigation use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144902271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative analysis of defatted pumpkin seed extract and conventional coagulants for sustainable turbidity reduction in water and wastewater treatment","authors":"Amal Al-Hanaktah ,&nbsp;Rahma Adel Al-Rafayia ,&nbsp;Ala' Haitham AL-Ghbabsheh ,&nbsp;Aiman Eid Al-Rawajfeh ,&nbsp;Bandita Mainali ,&nbsp;Muhammad Kashif Shahid","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Utilizing novel coagulants as a pretreatment is essential before purification processes like RO membranes, as it helps reduce turbidity from clogging particles. There is an increasing demand for effective plant-based coagulants, and defatted pumpkin seed extract offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional synthetic coagulants. Coagulation experiments were conducted to assess the effectiveness of defatted pumpkin seed extract and identify optimal treatment conditions. Results from synthetic turbid water samples indicated optimal performance at a dosage of 5.5 v/v%, pH 7.38, and a slow mixing time of 10 min, achieving an impressive turbidity removal efficiency of 96.87 %. Conversely, the highest turbidity removal efficiency for industrial wastewater was observed at a dose of 1.5 v/v% and pH 6.05, achieving a removal efficiency of 79.4 %. All statistical estimators indicate that the developed models are statistically validated for simulating the coagulation process. Furthermore, a comparative analysis with Alum, PVA, and chitin was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of pumpkin seeds in reducing turbidity. The outcomes demonstrated that Alum achieved a removal percentage of 98.76 % at 4 v/v%, while combining it with pumpkin seed extract resulted in 98.68 % removal at 3 v/v%. Similarly, PVA showed 94.18 % removal at 1 v/v%, increasing to 97.44 % with pumpkin seeds at 6 v/v%. Additionally, Chitin removed 97.35 % of turbidity at 4 v/v%, with a slight increase to 97.66 % when combined with pumpkin seeds at the same dose. This study characterized the pumpkin seed, highlighting the active content responsible for coagulation. In addition, the estimated treatment cost suggests that pumpkin seed is cost-effective. These findings highlight the effectiveness of defatted pumpkin seed extract as a potential substitute for traditional coagulants in water treatment processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-Healing Water Systems: The Future of Smart, Adaptive, and Regenerative Water Networks","authors":"K. Narendra ,&nbsp;M. Manjushree ,&nbsp;Alaknanda J. Adur ,&nbsp;D. Raajasubramanian ,&nbsp;S. Srinivasan ,&nbsp;R. Murali","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100112","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Water scarcity and pollution remain critical global challenges, exacerbated by aging infrastructure, climate change, and inefficient management. Traditional water treatment and distribution systems are inherently reactive, requiring frequent maintenance and resource-intensive interventions. This review pioneers the concept of self-healing water systems an uncharted frontier in sustainable water management that integrates biomimetic materials, artificial intelligence (AI), nanotechnology, and microbial-assisted remediation to create autonomous, adaptive, and regenerative water networks.&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Water scarcity, infrastructure aging, and contamination are pressing global challenges requiring innovative and sustainable solutions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;This review explores the emerging concept of Self-Healing Water Systems (SHWS) an integration of smart sensing, microbial technologies, and regenerative engineering.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;SHWS are designed to autonomously detect, respond to, and recover from damage, reducing human intervention and operational costs.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;The paper highlights interdisciplinary approaches combining microbial electrochemical systems, AI-driven diagnostics, nanomaterials, and cyber-physical infrastructure.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Real-world examples and pilot models are examined to showcase adaptive behaviour, fault tolerance, and energy efficiency of SHWS.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;The potential of SHWS to align with circular economy principles and Sustainable Development Goals (especially SDG 6) is discussed.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Opportunities for integrating blockchain-based governance for transparency and accountability are also explored.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;The paper concludes by identifying key research gaps, including data standardization, scalability, and the removal of emerging contaminants.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Overall, SHWS represent a transformative leap toward resilient, intelligent, and eco-regenerative water infrastructure for the future.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The review synthesizes interdisciplinary insights and critically evaluates the scalability, energy efficiency, and integration potential of these technologies within existing water management frameworks. We propose a next-generation paradigm shift envisioning water systems that self-monitor, self-repair, and self-regulate minimizing human intervention while maximizing resilience and sustainability. By bridging the gap between engineering, microbiology, and data science, this article presents a comprehensive blueprint for future water security and sets a new research agenda for deploying self-","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144902270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing xanthan biosynthesis in aerobic granular sludge for resource recovery: The role of organic loading rate, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, and feeding strategy","authors":"Manveer Kaur ,&nbsp;Rebecca N. Vesuwe ,&nbsp;André Bezerra dos Santos ,&nbsp;Kalindi D. Morgan ,&nbsp;Oliver Terna Iorhemen","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recovering high-value biopolymers from wastewater offers a sustainable strategy for both pollution control and resource generation. This study is the first to examine xanthan biosynthesis and recovery in aerobic granular sludge (AGS) wastewater treatment systems, providing an alternative to conventional carbohydrate-rich fermentation, which is energy-intensive, feedstock-dependent, and costly. Valorizing xanthan from wastewater supports circular economy principles and integrated water–resource management. The effects of organic loading rate (OLR), carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N), and feeding strategy on xanthan yield were assessed in nine experimental runs treating synthetic wastewater. AGS performance remained stable under all conditions, with excellent settling (5-min sludge volume index &lt; 40 mL/g) and high COD removal (95 ± 5 %). Ammonia-nitrogen and phosphorus removals averaged 73 ± 23 %, and 72 ± 18 %, respectively. Maximum xanthan yields occurred at OLR = 2.1 kg COD/m³ ∙d and C/N = 10 (41 ± 7 mg/g biomass, run 3) and at OLR = 2.1 kg COD/m³ ∙d and C/N = 20 (35 ± 10 mg/g biomass, run 1). Pearson correlation analysis showed a strong positive relationship between OLR and xanthan yield (r = 0.831, p = 0.006), and a moderate, non-significant negative correlation with C/N (r = –0.512, p = 0.158). Feeding strategy showed minimal influence (r = 0.042, p = 0.915). Fourier transform infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies confirmed structural similarity between recovered and commercial xanthan gum. These results demonstrate that AGS can be engineered to recover xanthan while maintaining high treatment performance, advancing sustainable wastewater management, biopolymer production, and circular economy objectives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144878976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotics in wastewater: Exploring the sources, links to antibiotic resistance, and strategies for their removal","authors":"Prem Rajak ,&nbsp;Abhratanu Ganguly ,&nbsp;Sukhendu Dey ,&nbsp;Kamalesh Sen","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antibiotics in wastewater have posed significant health concern as they promote the development and spread of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) among bacterial populations. Several studies have reported the occurrence and diversity of antibiotics and their relation with ARGs in bacterial populations of wastewater samples collected from different wastewater treatment plants. Bacterial populations in wastewater are usually dominated by <em>Acinetobacter</em>, <em>Pseudomonas</em>, and <em>Escherichia</em>, which contain ARGs. Wastewater derived from hospitals, pharmaceutical industries, animal farms, and domestic sources harbors a diverse range of ARGs, including those conferring resistance to β-lactam, macrolides, sulfonamides, and fluoroquinolones. The abundance of ARGs significantly correlates with the concentrations of antibiotics in the wastewater. Bacterial strains typically employ efflux pumps, target-site modulation, and enzymatic degradation of antibiotics to impart resistance. Horizontal gene transfer plays a significant role in the propagation of antibiotic resistance among bacterial strains. Several sustainable approaches, such as membrane filtration, adsorption, photocatalysis, and the Advanced Oxidation Process, offer promising advantages for better management of pharmaceutical wastes. Therefore, the present study highlights the occurrence and abundance of antibiotics and ARGs in wastewater and the need for sustainable approaches to mitigate antibiotic resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144867214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air-gap membrane distillation to desalinate seawater and hypersaline-produced water","authors":"Prashan M. Rodrigo ,&nbsp;Sana Fatima ,&nbsp;Raghava R. Kommalapati ,&nbsp;Shankararaman Chellam","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) offers a promising approach to tackling global freshwater shortages. It achieves this by effectively desalinating seawater and treating complex-produced water from the oil and gas sector. AGMD utilizes a thermal gradient to transport water vapor across a hydrophobic membrane, while an air gap improves separation efficiency by minimizing conductive heat loss. Salinity levels in brackish water, seawater, and produced water vary, with produced water from the Permian Basin in Texas having the maximum salinity and brackish water having the lowest. Treating hypersaline-produced water is challenging. This study systematically assesses the performance of commercial polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes under a variety of operational conditions, including feed temperature (40–60°C), flow rate (1–3 L min⁻¹), and pore size (0.1 µm vs. 0.45 µm) to optimize the desalination of brackish water, seawater, laboratory-filtered PW, and pretreated PW. This research tracked the real-time flux reduction with three distinct saline-level water matrices and assessed the permeate water quality. The average flux reduced by 1–7 %, 23–28 %, 45–50 %, and 48–53 %, respectively, for saline water, seawater, produced water (A) and (B) compared to deionized water at a flow rate of 2 L min⁻¹, a 50°C hot feed temperature, and a 27.3°C coolant temperature. The results of all water matrices demonstrated extraordinary salt rejection (&gt;99 %), resulting in a permeate with a total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of less than 500 mg L⁻¹, which is applicable for agriculture and other beneficial reuse applications. The energy consumptions were ∼6.4, ∼8.2, ∼11.0, and ∼11.4 kWh L⁻¹, respectively, for saline water, seawater, produced water (A), and (B) with a 0.45 μm pore size membrane. Post-membrane characteristics revealed minimal structural degradation, underscoring the durability of PTFE even after exposure to high-strength produced waters. AGMD offers a promising alternative by addressing the drawbacks of traditional desalination techniques, such as the high energy consumption associated with thermal methods and the intense pressure demands of reverse osmosis when dealing with hypersaline sources. It is suitable for scalable and energy-efficient applications. This research proved AGMD to be a sustainable global water security technology, balancing high performance in challenging environments and operational feasibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}