Cleaner Water最新文献

{"title":"Key drivers of non-revenue water in developing countries: Insights from a multilevel study in Brazil","authors":"Cláudia Orsini Machado de Sousa ,&nbsp;Rafael de Freitas Souza ,&nbsp;Nuno Manoel Martins Dias Fouto","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing pressure on water resources has intensified the need to improve water supply efficiency, particularly by minimizing water loss. Non-revenue water (NRW) remains a critical issue in Brazil, with high loss levels impacting both financial sustainability and water security. This study employs a two-level hierarchical linear model (HLM2) to analyze NRW drivers in 310 Brazilian municipalities from 2017 to 2021. Ten factors that could influence water loss in the country were selected based on previous literature, and our results indicate that only four of them were statistically significant: population size, share of residential consumers, network length, and utility ownership. Municipalities with larger urban populations and longer distribution networks exhibited higher NRW levels, while a higher share of residential consumers correlated with lower NRW. Additionally, private utilities demonstrated lower water losses compared to public ones, likely due to stronger efficiency incentives. These findings highlight that the factors influencing NRW in Brazil differ from those commonly reported in studies based on developed countries. Therefore, policies designed to reduce NRW must consider regional specificities rather than relying solely on international benchmarks, which usually refer to developed countries. This study provides empirical evidence to support targeted interventions, helping water utilities and policymakers develop more effective NRW reduction strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100078"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implications of dissolved organic carbon, turbidity and salinity on detection and monitoring of cyanobacteria using UV–VIS derivative spectrophotometry","authors":"Amitesh Malhotra,&nbsp;Banu Örmeci","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cyanobacterial blooms are now a long-standing and recurring environmental issue around the globe due to their potential toxicity and accompanying negative impacts, such as the formation of taste and odor compounds, water discoloration, scum formation, to name a few. Early detection and routine monitoring of source water is, therefore, an increasing need, and methods to promptly identify cyanobacterial presence are critical. In this study, <em>M. aeruginosa</em> was used to test the impact of three water quality parameters (WQP), including salinity, DOC (dissolved organic carbon), and turbidity, on the detection and monitoring of cyanobacteria using UV-Vis derivative spectrophotometry. The study established the method detection limits under a wide range of WQP. Further, the effect of two cuvette pathlengths (50-, and 100-mm) and two exposure times (90 and 180 mins) at two peaks, corresponding to photopigments chlorophyll-a (<em>Chl-a</em>) and phycocyanin (PC), were investigated while applying and Savitzky-Golay (S-G) first derivative of absorbance technique to improve sensitivity. Results indicate that the relationship between the two photopigments and absorbance was generally strong (R² &gt; 0.9), except for higher turbidity tests (R² &gt; 0.8), and 100 mm pathlength was found to be the most sensitive in terms of detection. Additionally, there was no significant change in absorbance, detection limit, or slope observed between the two exposure times. The lowest detection limits using the established method were found to be 11,083 cells/mL and 12,632 cells/mL for 1 mg/L DOC for <em>Chl-a</em> and PC, respectively. Sensitivity analyses revealed slight variations in slopes of regression with increasing WQP concentration, which was expected with increasing interfering contaminants. Overall, the results demonstrate that despite varying WQPs, with the aid of derivate spectrophotometry and longer cuvette pathlength (100 mm), the method can be successfully used for potential detection and monitoring of cyanobacteria in different source waters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100077"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modified zeolite in a sustainable, circular economy-based process for enhanced ammonium recovery from wastewater","authors":"Dipshika Das,&nbsp;Sukalyan Sengupta","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia is vital for sustaining global food production, but its synthesis via the Haber-Bosch process comes with a significant energy demand. Additionally, a large portion of produced ammonia is discharged into wastewater, where conventional treatment methods convert it to nitrogen gas through energy-intensive processes that also carry the risk of greenhouse gas emissions. Developing technologies that directly recover ammonia from wastewater and recycle it as fertilizer offers substantial social, environmental, and economic benefits, in line with the principles of a circular economy. This study introduces Hydrothermal + Alkali Treated Chabazite (HATCH), a natural zeolite modified to function as a highly efficient ion exchanger for ammonium removal. Detailed analyses reveal that HATCH’s ammonium uptake surpasses conventional ionexchange principles due to two key factors: (i) the presence of Brønsted acid sites and (ii) the exclusion of hydrated cations from the HATCH framework caused by their ionic radii. In a fixed-bed column configuration, HATCH selectively removes ammonium from wastewater and can be regenerated using brine, producing an ammonium-rich solution. This solution can be further processed into solid or liquid ammoniacal fertilizers. HATCH exhibits strong durability, maintaining its efficiency across multiple exhaustion-regeneration cycles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100075"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mass flow of PAHs and fragrance substances in the sedimentation tanks of conventional domestic wastewater treatment plant–trace organic chemicals passing through sedimentation tank","authors":"Noriatsu Ozaki,&nbsp;Yiwen Mao,&nbsp;Tomonori Kindaichi,&nbsp;Akiyoshi Ohashi","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the behavior of trace organic pollutants, specifically fragrances (OTNE, HHCB, AHTN), caffeine, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), within a conventional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). By systematically quantifying sedimentation ratios across treatment stages, our findings reveal an unexpectedly low sedimentation efficiency for these hydrophobic trace pollutants, particularly in the final sedimentation tank. This phenomenon is linked to the removal efficiencies of suspended solids (SS), highlighting a previously underexplored aspect of sedimentation processes. Additionally, the study investigates the partitioning behaviors of these compounds between solid and liquid phases and provides insights into the role of secondary sedimentation in pollutant management. These findings address a critical gap in the literature by coupling sedimentation ratios with SS removal efficiencies, offering a novel perspective on the limitations of conventional WWTPs in handling hydrophobic pollutants. The results provide a foundation for future research aimed at optimizing sedimentation mechanisms and exploring advanced treatment strategies to improve pollutant removal efficiency and environmental protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100074"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorptive removal of organics and nutrients from septic tank effluent using oak wood chip biochar: Kinetic analysis and numerical modeling","authors":"Chimdi Muoghalu ,&nbsp;Herbert Cirrus Kaboggoza ,&nbsp;Swaib Semiyaga ,&nbsp;Musa Manga","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Septic systems, though widely used, often fail, releasing contaminants into the environment. Cost-effective polishing techniques like biochar, a carbon-rich sorbent, can effectively treat septic effluent, protecting the environment and public health. However, studies have focused on its use to enhance sand filters or wetlands, relying on commercial biochar without examining the effect of particle size and preparation conditions on contaminant removal from septic tank effluent. Additionally, machine learning tools for predicting the performance of biochar have not been applied in septic tank effluent treatment. We conducted batch adsorption tests to investigate the influence of pyrolysis temperature, time, and particle size on biochar’s efficiency in removing contaminants (chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrates (NO₃^--N)) from septic tank effluent. The biochar types effectively removed NO₃^--N (∼ 64–98 %) and COD (∼ 50–88 %) from septic tank effluent with maximum adsorption capacities of 23.86 mg/g and 235 mg/g, respectively. Adsorption followed a pseudo-first-order model highlighting the role of physisorption in eliminating NO₃-N and COD. Analysis of variance tests revealed that COD and NO₃^--N removal efficiencies are significantly affected by pyrolysis temperature, time, and biochar particle size (p &lt; 0.05), with optimal conditions being 700 °C, 5 h, and fine-sized (&lt; 0.5 mm) biochar, respectively. Pyrolysis temperature predominantly influenced biochar’s physicochemical properties. The ANN model accurately predicted NO₃^--N and COD removal from septic tank effluent (R² &gt; 0.98). This study advances sustainable water management by presenting an innovative and eco-friendly approach to treating septic tank effluent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100073"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cleaner waters ahead: Evaluating safe limits of rare earth elements (REEs) in Australian and global policies amid environmental interactions","authors":"Swaminathan Palanisami ,&nbsp;Divya Sankaranarayanan ,&nbsp;Bing Jie Ni","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cleaner water is vital for ecosystems and human survival. In our current industrialized era, prioritizing the welfare of all living organisms is paramount. Healthy communities and individuals across aquatic ecosystems are essential for achieving this goal. However, emerging pollutants of aquatic systems, such as Rare Earth Elements (REEs), present significant challenges. REEs, increasingly utilized in modern technologies, lack sufficient regulation regarding their toxicological impacts, particularly when combined with other contaminants in the environment. Current ecotoxicity assessments primarily focus on the whole activity responses of a considered toxicological biomarker enzyme, ignoring the insights that individual enzyme isoforms provide into cellular stress responses. This short communication proposes strategic actions focused on Australia and the global system to establish inclusive safety limits for REEs. These actions include synthesizing existing data, conducting controlled and mesocosm experiments involving biomarker profiling, and investigating potential synergies with emerging contaminants. Addressing how REE exposure influences specific biomarker isoenzymes is imperative before implementing biomonitoring strategies for attaining cleaner water. Through the forward-thinking exercise, Australia plan to set international environmental benchmarks aimed at preserving ecosystems from the potential hazards linked to REE contamination, given its role as one of the nations involved in REE extraction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100072"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydraulic performance of BlueLay –a potential sustainable drainage material for mitigating urban road runoff","authors":"Puneeta Sreenivas ,&nbsp;Sarah Cotterill ,&nbsp;Fiachra O’Loughlin","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increasing prevalence of impervious surfaces can lead to higher surface runoff and overwhelm conventional drainage systems. The limited capacity of conventional drainage systems, coupled with increased precipitation due to climate change, requires retrofitting existing infrastructure with source control Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS). In this study, a porous medium - BlueLay - was evaluated for its hydraulic performance as a potential sustainable drainage material. BlueLay was tested under various rainfall, gradient and material saturation conditions. BlueLay achieved a 100 % runoff reduction when subjected to a medium intensity storm of 98 mm/hr, and a 51 % runoff reduction when subjected to a high rainfall intensity of 179 mm/hr. Infiltration through BlueLay increased with material saturation, indicating higher runoff reduction capacity during longer duration storms. Saturation tests also indicated that BlueLay can absorb up to 4 × its weight in water. Saturated BlueLay also halved the peak runoff rate. Percolation tests suggested that 2 L of water percolated through dry BlueLay in 2 min. It took 8 min to infiltrate the same volume of water through a comparable volume of soil. Additionally, BlueLay begins to infiltrate water faster after successive periods of full saturation and drying. Results suggest that BlueLay in a state of partial or complete saturation could be used to attenuate road runoff by reducing both runoff volume and attenuating peak flow through infiltration and absorption. These hydraulic properties increase its capability to reduce flood risk. Further research is required to determine if BlueLay can also attenuate pollutants, in addition to quantity reduction. To determine the most suitable application for this material, the performance of BlueLay should be tested when interfaced with other porous media such as vegetated soil and gravel which are found next to roads.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100071"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143480621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the relationship between land use and water quality in urban water bodies","authors":"Omur Faruq ,&nbsp;Md. Abdul Malak ,&nbsp;Nahrin Jannat Hossain ,&nbsp;Md. Shamsudduha Sami ,&nbsp;Abdul Majed Sajib","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid urbanization and industrialization have significantly affected global water safety, particularly in urban areas where land use patterns directly influence surface water quality (WQ). Understanding this complex relationship between Land Use and Land Cover (LULC), and WQ is crucial for sustainable water resources management. This study aimed to investigate the impact of LULC on WQ in 11 water bodies within Khulna City Corporation, Bangladesh. This study employed the Root Mean Squared Water Quality Index (RMS-WQI) model to rank the WQ status of these water bodies. The random forest algorithm was utilized on the Google Earth Engine platform to map LULC. Concurrently, canonical correlation analysis was utilized to assess the relationship between WQ and LULC buffering 100 m around each waterbody. The WQ in the study area was classified between ‘Fair’ and ‘Marginal’ based on WQI scores. The canonical correlation assessment showed that, within the buffer zone, water body size (loadings = −0.027592) and cropland area (loadings = - 0.007411) exhibited negative correlations with WQI, while other LULC variables showed positive associations. In contrast, TDS (loadings = −0.691221) and EC (loadings = 0.721202) emerged as the most significant contributors to the canonical relationship, highlighting their substantial influence on the overall WQI score. However, further studies are necessary to validate these findings by incorporating other crucial WQ indicators and time-series LULC assessments. The overall results demonstrated the suitability of the RMS-WQI model for evaluating WQ status in urban water bodies while acknowledging the inherent uncertainties such as ambiguity and the eclipsing problems. Despite these limitations, this study provides a valuable geospatial perspective on the WQ of urban water bodies, which can be useful for different stakeholders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of coffee grounds-based activated carbon catalyst for ozone water treatment: A Box-Behnken design approach","authors":"C.A.L. Graça ,&nbsp;O.S.G.P. Soares","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses two pressing environmental issues—resource conservation and waste valorization—while advancing water cleaning solutions. Activated carbon derived from coffee grounds (ACCG) was synthesized to optimize oxalic acid (OXL) removal via catalytic ozonation, as OXL is not effectively degraded by ozone alone, which can lead to its persistence in the environment. A Box-Behnken design approach was used to optimize synthesis conditions, namely dwell temperature (°C), dwell time (h) and %CO₂ in gas flow rate, through response surface methodology (RSM). The resulting materials were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), specific surface area measurement by nitrogen adsorption-dessorption isotherms at −196 °C, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The statistical model that describes the response adjusts perfectly to the experimental data with R² = 0.994 and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirms that it is statistically predictive and significant. Optimal synthesis conditions for the highest OXL degradation rate constant (<em>k</em>', min⁻¹) were identified as: 400 °C of dwell temperature, 2 h of dwell time and 70 % of CO₂ (v/v). The ACCG prepared under these conditions enabled a <em>k’</em> 14-fold higher than that achieved with single ozonation. Selective quenching experiments suggest that singlet oxygen (¹O₂) is the main reactive oxygen species formed during catalytic ozonation. The best performing ACCG was submitted to three reutilization cycles, and although a more prominent activity loss was observed after the 1st cycle, the catalyst maintained good catalytic activity across all cycles, consistently achieving higher OXL removal than ozonation alone. Overall, this study provided a sustainable approach to managing waste by valorizing coffee grounds into effective catalysts while enhancing water treatment efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100069"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment methods for sugar rich wastewater: A review","authors":"Sadia Fida ,&nbsp;Maria Yasmeen ,&nbsp;Rabia Adnan ,&nbsp;Muhammad Zeeshan","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sugarcane has been recognized as a cash crop in both developed and developing countries for the past century. The sugar manufacturing process requires large volumes of water and consequently generates high-strength wastewater, which, if not treated properly, poses significant environmental risks. This review paper focuses on various treatment techniques for sugar industry effluents including physicochemical, aerobic, anaerobic, and membrane-based approaches. While aerobic and membrane-based methods yield promising results, they are not cost-effective due to high energy demands and challenges related to sludge disposal. Anaerobic methods are more energy-efficient, enabling energy recovery as methane and hydrogen gas while producing less sludge. Sugar industry effluents, which have high organic concentrations, offer great potential for energy recovery through anaerobic treatment. However, the application of anaerobic methods on a commercial scale is limited by long startup periods and seasonal variations in effluent characteristics. The combination of high-rate anaerobic and aerobic methods has proven effective for treating high-strength wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100067"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143279553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}