Cleaner Water最新文献

{"title":"Treatment methods for sugar rich wastewater: A review","authors":"Sadia Fida ,&nbsp;Maria Yasmeen ,&nbsp;Rabia Adnan ,&nbsp;Muhammad Zeeshan","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sugarcane has been recognized as a cash crop in both developed and developing countries for the past century. The sugar manufacturing process requires large volumes of water and consequently generates high-strength wastewater, which, if not treated properly, poses significant environmental risks. This review paper focuses on various treatment techniques for sugar industry effluents including physicochemical, aerobic, anaerobic, and membrane-based approaches. While aerobic and membrane-based methods yield promising results, they are not cost-effective due to high energy demands and challenges related to sludge disposal. Anaerobic methods are more energy-efficient, enabling energy recovery as methane and hydrogen gas while producing less sludge. Sugar industry effluents, which have high organic concentrations, offer great potential for energy recovery through anaerobic treatment. However, the application of anaerobic methods on a commercial scale is limited by long startup periods and seasonal variations in effluent characteristics. The combination of high-rate anaerobic and aerobic methods has proven effective for treating high-strength wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100067"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143279553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effect of magnetic magnetite and greigite nanoparticles dispersed pinewood biochar for aqueous lead(II) and cadmium(II) adsorption","authors":"Prashan M. Rodrigo ,&nbsp;Raghava R. Kommalapati","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heavy metals such as lead and cadmium cause adverse effects on all living organisms. Their remediation is complex in the aqueous phase. Biochar is a low-cost, environmentally friendly adsorbent material that exhibited a limited ability to adsorb Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺. Iron-based magnetite and greigite nanoparticles have proven high adsorption capacity due to high amounts of oxygen and sulfur-contained functional groups per unit volume. In this study, a mixture of greigite and magnetite nanoparticles was simultaneously synthesized on pinewood biochar (BC), aiding co-precipitation from a Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ and S^2- salts mixture (Fe₃O₄-Fe₃S₄/BC), that offers a cost-effective, sustainable, and efficient material for Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ removal. BC, Fe₃O₄-Fe₃S₄/BC, and Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ adsorbed Fe₃O₄-Fe₃S₄/BC materials were characterized to differentiate surface morphologies, elemental compositions, and surface chemical states. The Fe₃O₄-Fe₃S₄/BC composite exhibited an average nanoparticle diameter of ∼20 nm. Fe₃O₄-Fe₃S₄/BC showed Langmuir adsorption capacities of 138.9 and 49.5 mg g^-1 for Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ at pH 5 (25 °C). Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the equilibriums were achieved after ∼2 h and ∼30 min, respectively, for 125 and 1250 μmol L^-1 concentrations, respectively, where the fast adsorption rates make Fe₃O₄-Fe₃S₄/BC hybrid system a practical option for real-time treatment. Further, adsorption performances were influenced by ionic strength, dose optimization, and the presence of competing ions, suggesting the potential for fine-tuning adsorbent conditions in practical applications. This study enhanced the understanding of adsorption characteristics for a treatment facility that can effectively remediate lead and cadmium-contaminated wastewater. While there have been studies on using biochar and nanoparticles separately for Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ adsorption, this research bridges the gap by demonstrating the synergistic effect for Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ adsorption from hybrid magnetite-greigite nanoparticles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143139013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review and selection methodology for water treatment systems in mobile encampments for military applications","authors":"Jacob Rubel ,&nbsp;Frank Buysschaert ,&nbsp;Veerle Vandeginste","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Securing a steady supply of water and energy is vital for the success of mobile operations in emergency and military situations. A mobile energy and water supply systems (EWSS) seeks to guarantee these resources through the use of renewable energy, hydrogen energy storage, and built-in water purification systems. The design of these water treatment systems involves a series of interesting challenges regarding the selection of treatment technologies and their interactions with the energy system. This work seeks to review the available water treatment technologies and evaluate their application in mobile water treatment systems as well as suitability for the production of ultrapure water to generate hydrogen via electrolysis. Each technology is evaluated using a technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) to provide a guide for the selection of water treatment technologies for mobile water treatment systems in an EWSS. Based on their TOPSIS scores, GAC filtration, membrane distillation, UV treatment, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration stood out as key technologies for a mobile water treatment system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100065"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143138679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of plant species on triclosan removal and associated microbial communities in the vertical-flow constructed wetland","authors":"Naveen Chand ,&nbsp;Vineet Singh ,&nbsp;Surindra Suthar","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated plant species' role in removing triclosan (TCS) and functional bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of vertical flow-constructed wetlands (VFCWs). Two VFCWs with similar configurations but different plants i.e., <em>Colocasia</em> (CB-VFCW) and <em>Typha</em> (TB-VFCW) were established and TCS removal was recorded under four cycles of 216 hrs HRT. The TB-VFCWs showed the maximum average TCS removal (89.41 %) during studied HRT than CB-VFCWs (79.4 %) (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.05). The respective removal of COD, NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^- -N was found to be 89.5 %, 84.8 % and 77.5 % in TB-TFCW and 79.88 %, 87.16 % and 66.25 % in CB-VFCWs, suggesting significant variations between VFCWs. 16S data analysis suggested variations between CB-VFCW and TB-VFCW for bacterial abundance, species diversity and richness. Proteobacteria especially the Beta subdivision found to be the dominant bacterial community showing positive correlations with TCS reductions. Results found that plant species selection could be a valuable approach for the enrichment of ecologically relevant microbiota in VFCWs involved in organic pollutant removals in such systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100066"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143139014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping groundwater potential zone by robust machine learning algorithms & remote sensing techniques in agriculture dominated area, Bangladesh","authors":"M. M. Shah Porun Rana ,&nbsp;Muhammad Tauhidur Rahman ,&nbsp;Md Fuad Hassan","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An important part of the ecosystem is groundwater. These resources of Bangladesh are under tremendous pressure from both natural and human-caused factors. Groundwater is essential for fulfilling water requirements in the agricultural Pabna district of Bangladesh, where over-extraction for local, manufacturing, and farming uses has led to considerable water shortages. It is highly expanded in the aspect of industry and agriculture practices. This region's distinctive physiography, extensive agriculture, dryness, low rainfall, and abundant water supply all contribute to the low groundwater depth. The enhancement of human accessibility to sufficient quantities and high-quality groundwater resources is one of the major goals of this research. Several machine learning algorithms and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) models along with geographic information systems (GIS) software integrate sixteen thematic layers, including elevation, slope, soil types, topographic wetness index (TWI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), curvature, soil permeability, physiography, topographic position index (TPI), terrain roughness index (TRI), stream power index (SPI), distance from river, rainfall, drainage density, and land use land cover (LULC) to create a groundwater potential zone map. Furthermore, the research uses 340 well and non-well sites as inventory data. This is randomly divided into two datasets: training (80 %) and testing (20 %). The resultant groundwater potential zone map is divided into five categories: extremely poor, very poor, moderate, good, and excellent. Every model that was validated using the ROC curve has an AUC-ROC value of more than 0.90. The study's conclusions will help decision-makers save groundwater for long-term usage in areas experiencing a water shortage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100064"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143138346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic literature review of forecasting and predictive models for enterococci intrusion in aquatic ecosystems","authors":"Philomina Onyedikachi Peter ,&nbsp;Edoardo Bertone ,&nbsp;Rodney A. Stewart","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ensuring the quality of recreational waters is critical for safeguarding public health and supporting tourism-driven economies. However, rising levels of Enterococci (ENT) present significant risks to aquatic ecosystems and human well-being. Predicting ENT concentrations and understanding their environmental and anthropogenic drivers are essential for effective water resource management and the mitigation of health risks. This systematic review explores the existing body of research on water quality modeling by analyzing various model types, their applications, and their effectiveness. It identifies rainfall and storms as primary drivers of elevated ENT concentrations, emphasizing the critical role of environmental factors in shaping water quality. Additionally, human and animal waste, particularly from sewage intrusion, are highlighted as significant sources of ENT, underscoring the need to address anthropogenic impacts on water contamination. Process-based and data-driven models emerge as prominent tools for forecasting ENT levels in recreational waters. While both approaches are widely utilized, the review notes the difficulty in directly comparing their performance due to methodological variations. By synthesizing findings from diverse studies, the review provides insights into the complex relationships between predictors such as rainfall, ENT levels, and associated health risks from human exposure. The review also addresses the health implications of ENT contamination by identifying its primary sources and associated diseases, enhancing understanding of its broader impacts on public health. Furthermore, it offers evidence-based recommendations for selecting appropriate models to predict ENT levels, empowering researchers and water resource managers to design more effective water quality management strategies. These insights may contribute to reducing the prevalence of waterborne diseases associated with recreational water use, ultimately promoting safer and more sustainable aquatic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100063"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143138345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate adaptation and resilience of biofiltration as a low-cost technological solution for water treatment – A critical review","authors":"Adedamola Adesomi Ali,&nbsp;Oliver Terna Iorhemen,&nbsp;Ronald W. Thring","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The water supply and sanitation sector has become vulnerable due to extreme weather events such as flooding, wildfires, and droughts. Following wildfires, the erosion of ashes and unburnt carbon into surface water bodies results in higher turbidity and total suspended solids in surface water, along with elevated concentrations of dissolved organic matter. This deterioration in water quality increases the difficulty of treating these waters for human consumption, highlighting the urgent need for adaptive water treatment methods. Amid these challenges, biofiltration has emerged as a sustainable, low-cost techno-ecological solution, recognized for its ability to enhance water quality while remaining environmentally friendly. The effectiveness of biofiltration stems from its utilization of microbial communities and natural processes, enabling it to adapt and recover from disruptions. Despite the threats posed by climate change, biofiltration systems have shown strong potential for resilience, although this resilience depends on a thorough understanding of the challenges brought on by climate change. This paper reviews the impacts of extreme weather events on water quality and the operations of water treatment plants. It highlights several conventional water treatment methods and discusses their insufficiencies in treating emerging contaminants. The mechanisms through which biofiltration removes contaminants as well as the key parameters that influence biofiltration such as biofilter media, types of microorganisms, temperature, pH, nutrients supply, etc and the dominant microbes present in biofilters were reviewed. The adaptation and resilience of biofiltration systems to challenges posed by climate change in water treatment was extensively discussed. The limitations and opportunities related to the adaptation and resilience of biofiltration were discussed, emphasizing the need for more proactive measures to optimize biofiltration systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100062"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143138344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing slow sand filtration with 3D-printed eco-friendly bricks","authors":"Wathsala Benthota Pathiranage ,&nbsp;Chloe Sharp ,&nbsp;Yinshan Hong ,&nbsp;Cecylia Williams ,&nbsp;Omar Algharibeh ,&nbsp;Anna McKnight ,&nbsp;Clinton Williams ,&nbsp;Hunain Alkhateb ,&nbsp;Matteo D’Alessio","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wastewater reuse after adequate treatment represents a sustainable approach and a valuable alternative source to mitigate the current water scarcity. In wastewater treatment, low-cost and low-tech approaches draw attention as small/rural communities struggle to achieve the anticipated water quality standards due to insufficient funds, or expert knowledge in implementing and maintaining high-tech treatment methods. This study evaluated the ability of two low-cost and sustainable materials, clay and crawfish shell waste to produce 3D-printed bricks to remove turbidity, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), total coliforms and <em>E. coli</em>. Additionally, the study included an investigation of their ability to remove contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Three different bench-scale reactors were built for the study, 1) a reactor with 3D-printed crawfish shell waste bricks (90 % clay and 10 % crawfish shell waste by weight) with sand, 2) a reactor with 3D-printed clay bricks with sand, and 3) a control (without 3D printed bricks) with only sand. All three systems, including the control, effectively removed turbidity (up to 96 %), total coliforms (up to 99 %) and <em>E. coli</em> (up to 99 %). Although the changes in removal efficiencies were not statistically different, the sand filter with clay bricks showed the highest removal rates for turbidity (87.1 % ± 7.1), COD (55 % ± 18.6) and TOC (47 % ± 27). Among the different CECs analyzed, the highest removal rates were recorded for fluoxetine (100 % removal), diphenhydramine (&gt;90 % removal) and erythromycin (60 % – 100 % removal) regardless of the reactor used. However, the reactor with crawfish bricks outperformed the other two in removing CECs exhibiting a 40 % – 80 % removal such as trimethoprim, tramadol, irbesartan, guaifenesin, gabapentin and losartan, as well as CECs exhibiting a relatively low removal (10 – 40 %) including lidocaine and sucralose. Sucralose is the only emerging contaminant with a statistically significant difference among the reactors, with the crawfish bricks showing significantly higher removal compared to the clay bricks (<em>p</em> = 0.026).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100061"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143138404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced contamination risk assessment for aquifer management using the geo-resistivity and DRASTIC model in alluvial settings","authors":"N.J. George ,&nbsp;O.E. Agbasi ,&nbsp;A.J. Umoh ,&nbsp;A.M. Ekanem ,&nbsp;N.I. Udosen ,&nbsp;J.E. Thomas ,&nbsp;M.U. Aka ,&nbsp;J.S. Ejepu","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs geo-electric surveys and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data, as well as a spatiotemporal assessment, to evaluate aquifer characteristics in the study area, with the main thrust of revealing significant subsurface variability, vulnerability, and the consequent contamination of an aquifer system already established to be prolific. The study employed the DRASTIC model, integrated with geophysical resistivity methods, to assess groundwater vulnerability. Using Schlumberger electrode configurations, resistivity surveys at 19 VES locations provided insights into key aquifer parameters, including depth to groundwater, aquifer media, and vadose zone impact. This approach enhanced parameter accuracy for robust vulnerability assessments.The aquifers, primarily composed of fine to gravelly sands from the Benin Formation, exhibit high porosity and permeability. However, discrepancies in transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, and permeability point to inconsistent groundwater behavior. Groundwater vulnerability, evaluated using the DRASTIC Index (DI), is classified as moderate to high, with influencing factors such as shallow water table depth (28 %), vadose zone properties (25 %), and net recharge (20 %). Predominantly H and K curve types suggest moderate to high contamination risks, while the region's topography and arenitic lithology exacerbate vulnerability due to slower filtration rates. The study emphasizes the need for careful groundwater management, given the aquifer's susceptibility to contamination. Regular monitoring is recommended, particularly in densely populated or agriculturally active areas, to mitigate contamination risks associated with the area's high permeability, porosity, and recharge variability. The DRASTIC model improves contamination risk assessment in sedimentary environments by analyzing several factors: depth to water (DTW), net recharge (NR), aquifer media (AM), soil media (SM), topography (T), the vadose zone (IPVZ), and hydraulic conductivity (C). Among these, DTW, IPVZ, and NR were the most sensitive contributors to the DRASTIC index (DI) for assessing vulnerability. AM and SM were moderately sensitive, while T and C had minimal impact. To effectively mitigate contamination, priority should be given to DTW, AM, and SM, with less focus on T and C. These insights help in better resource allocation and sustainable aquifer management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100060"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143138403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal dynamics of micro- and nanoplastics and associated pollutants in Aarin River: Insights into abundance and digestion impact","authors":"Ruqoyyah D. Oladeji ,&nbsp;Luqmon Azeez ,&nbsp;Babatunde K. Agbaogun ,&nbsp;Muhammed-Lawal Shakirat ,&nbsp;Abayomi A. Oladejo ,&nbsp;Harun K. Aremu ,&nbsp;Hassan K. Busari ,&nbsp;Oluwadamilare S. Awolola ,&nbsp;Aisha Hammed","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite decades of rapid plastic production in Nigeria, lack of sufficient data limits knowledge of pollution contribution from micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs). This study investigates the abundance, shapes and colour of MNPs alongside associated pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals (HMs) in Aarin River, Oyo town, Southwestern Nigeria, over two seasons (rainy and dry). The MNPs were of four size categories - 125, 75, 53 and 0.45 μm. The MNP level was notably higher in the rainy season (130.5 ± 3.5 particles/L (pts/L) in water and 30,384.5 ± 55.0 particles/kg (dry weight) in sediment) compared to the dry season (113.0 ± 5.0 pts/L in water and 2763.5 ± 28.5 pts/kg in sediment), with 53 and 75 μm-sized MNPs predominant in both seasons. Most of the MNPs were fragment-shaped and transparent white in colour. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy revealed polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polysulfone to be prominent MNP constituents. The associated PAHs ranged from 43.40 to 615.77 μg/L and 21.90–599.84 μg/kg (dw) in the predigested water and sediment samples, respectively, with naphthalene having the highest concentration. Iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) account for most HMs in both water and sediment. Following organic and inorganic matter digestion, HMs and PAHs were reduced by 99 % and 83 %, respectively. The multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated significant effects of seasonal variations and sample type on MNPs and pollutant concentrations. The results emphasize the critical role MNPs play in transporting pollutants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100059"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143138405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}