Cleaner Water最新文献

{"title":"Tracing potential sources of hazardous contaminants, Fluoride, Nitrate, and Uranium, using an extended PCA-PMF statistical approach for the Semi-Arid Eastern Plains of Rajasthan, India","authors":"Vipin Garg ,&nbsp;Rajesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Chander Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Alok Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100131","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated groundwater quality and identified possible sources of major ions and trace elements, including Fluoride (F^-) and Uranium (U) ions in the Semi-Arid Eastern Plains of Rajasthan. A total of 110 groundwater samples were analyzed following standard laboratory protocols. Elevated concentrations of Chloride, Sulphate, Calcium, Magnesium, and Sodium are found prominently in prevailing aquifer systems, indicating groundwater salinity and hardness. High F^- and U concentrations were observed in Alluvium aquifers comprising clay, silt, sand, gravel, and mixed concretions, suggesting their co-occurrence in these formations. Multivariate analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) revealed that groundwater chemistry is predominantly influenced by geogenic processes, followed by agricultural activity, natural sources, and domestic pollution. However, Nitrate is attributed to agricultural activities. Moreover, F^- and U contamination is driven by geogenic factors such as carbonate weathering, dissolution, sorption, and leaching. Besides, the Entropy-weighted Water Quality Index (EWQI) classified poor to extremely poor-quality groundwater in the western and southern regions. These findings underscore the combined impact of natural and anthropogenic factors on groundwater composition. The western part of the Alluvium aquifer is especially vulnerable, underscoring the urgent need for effective groundwater management strategies to mitigate contamination, ensure potable groundwater availability, and safeguard public health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145104160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated life cycle assessment-systems thinking approach for medical waste management in Ghanaian hospitals","authors":"Ebenezer Aquisman Asare ,&nbsp;Dickson Abdul-Wahab ,&nbsp;Elsie Effah Kaufmann ,&nbsp;Rafeah Wahi ,&nbsp;Zainab Ngaini ,&nbsp;Archibold Buah-Kwofie","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study integrates life-cycle assessment (LCA) with systems-thinking to evaluate medical-waste treatment options in five Ghanaian hospitals (KBTH, KATH, CCTH, BRH, UCCH). Using a functional unit of 1 kg mixed hospital waste, inventories were modelled in Brightway2/biosphere3 and characterised with CML v4.8 across eight impact categories. We compared current practice and five improvement scenarios and ranked options via entropy-weighted TOPSIS. Autoclaving emerged as the optimal treatment method with a TOPSIS score of 0.994 (CI: 0.992–0.997), followed by pyrolysis (0.990) and microwave treatment (0.986), while incineration plus landfill performed worst across toxicity and climate indicators. Reductions reported herein are relative (%) changes versus the baseline scenario at each facility. Scenario analysis demonstrates that smaller facilities can achieve complete impact reductions (-100 %) across most environmental categories through improved segregation and technology adoption, while larger facilities show varied improvements ranging from −56.4 % to −84.8 % relative to the baseline. Sensitivity analysis indicated that incineration and landfill treatments are highly sensitive to waste composition and segregation efficiency. Systems-feedback analysis highlights waste-segregation efficiency and emission controls as dominant levers. Findings indicate that upgrading segregation to ≥ 80–95 % and deploying non-burn technologies can yield large relative reductions in human-toxicity and climate-change impacts, supporting Ghana’s policy goals. This combined LCA–systems framework provides a transparent, replicable decision basis for hospital and regional planners. This is the first Ghana-focused framework that integrates LCA, systems thinking, and MCDA to rank hospital waste-treatment choices under uncertainty, quantifying facility-specific, relative impact reductions. It operationalizes evidence into a replicable decision tool for Cleaner Production in LMIC health systems. Practical relevance: across five Ghanaian hospitals, pairing non-burn treatment with ≥ 80–95 % segregation delivers 56–100 % relative reductions in toxicity indicators and ∼75–89 % in climate-change impacts versus baseline. The integrated LCA–systems–MCDA tool is directly usable by hospital planners for Cleaner Production decisions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic residues in Sabarmati River, Gujarat (India): Insight into occurrence, seasonal dynamics and risk to aquatic ecosystems","authors":"Elisa Kalugendo ,&nbsp;Akanksha Singh Kachhawaha ,&nbsp;Dharmesh Silajiya ,&nbsp;Rakhi Agarwal","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study conducted in the Sabarmati River spanned seven months, covering the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons, and focused on five selected antibiotics. Studied antibiotics include Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), Meropenem (MPN), Trimethoprim (TPM), and Ampicillin (AMP) by using a modified LC-MS/MS method with QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) extraction. All the studied antibiotics were detected at least once in the river with maximum concentrations of 0.0012 µg/L (TPM) to 9 µg/L (CIP). High concentrations were detected during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, while the pre-monsoon season recorded low concentrations to most antibiotics. Ciprofloxacin was the highest and most frequently detected antibiotic, followed by sulfamethoxazole, while meropenem, ampicillin, and trimethoprim were detected at deficient concentrations. In contrast, the inter-site mean difference in antibiotic concentrations was not significant despite several sewage treatment points and hospitals on the riverside. The observations above suggested temporal variations of the antibiotic concentrations in the river across seasons but no significant spatial variations along the river. The analysis revealed that the temporal variation was significant at (***p &lt; 0.05) than the spatial variation demonstrated by the observed trend. This fluctuation in antibiotic concentration was primarily driven by seasonal and monthly changes rather than the difference in concentration between sampling sites. The risk quotient for ciprofloxacin was high for algae, daphnia, and fish, especially in September, October, and November whereas sulfamethoxazole displayed a high risk in algae only. Other studied antibiotics including ampicillin, meropenem, and trimethoprim, demonstrated no perceptible risk to any of the studied organisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of water security status of Imphal River Basin, India: A case study based on WPI approach","authors":"Samananda Keisham ,&nbsp;Mohd Kamaluddin Sheikh ,&nbsp;Rojen Singh Thounaojam ,&nbsp;Salam Dilip ,&nbsp;Ch. Raghumani Singh ,&nbsp;Maibam Dhanaraj Meitei ,&nbsp;Wazir Alam","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water scarcity, lack of freshwater to meet the demand of human population is a major global challenge. Today, the trend of climatic changes is accelerating the future problem of water security. In the northeastern part of India, in Manipur state, the majority of freshwater for drinking is provided by the rivers which are fed by monsoon rain. At present, the region has witnessed certain climatic variability and altered local and regional meteorological conditions, which impacts the water security. Therefore, the present study is an effort to evaluate the water security status based on the Water Poverty Index (WPI) and vulnerabilities of the Imphal River Basin due to changing climatic variabilities. The findings of the study showed that the overall WPI of the districts in the river basin falls within the good category (0.41–0.48). However, the findings also highlight the developmental gaps in the range of 52–59 % for the water sector in the river basin districts. The results indicate a growing trend of high-water stress scenario which may significantly pose various challenges to water security in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioural dynamics of water quality parameters and human exposure assessment of trace metals in Agulu Lake Water, South-East Nigeria","authors":"Chioma Perpetua Okafor ,&nbsp;John Kanayochukwu Nduka ,&nbsp;Peter Olisaemeka Okafor ,&nbsp;Chideraa Courage Offor","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lakes in South-East Nigeria are vital for domestic and agricultural water use, yet increasing anthropogenic pressures raise concerns about trace metal contaminations and associated health risks. A total of 100 water samples were collected from ten stations of Agulu Lake during dry and rainy seasons. Fifteen water quality parameters, including trace metals, were analyzed. Multivariate indices; heavy metal pollution index (HPI), toxicity load, and hazard index (HI); were applied to evaluate contamination levels and potential human health risks. The dominant trace metals were Cr (range: 0.11–1.20 mg/L) and Pb (range: 0.33–1.08 mg/L) during the dry season, whereas in the rainy season Cr (range: 0.51–1.43 mg/L) and Pb (range: 0.29–0.51 mg/L) remained the most prevalent. NO₃^- and NO₂^- peaked at the IEN and OYT stations in the dry season. HPI indicated Cd and Pb as the major contributors to water quality deterioration. Toxicity loads of Cr, Mn, and Cu reached 589,536.5, 141,405.6, and 196,262.4 in the dry season, with notable seasonal shifts. The HI values for all sampling locations were greater than 1, designating the lake as a high-risk zone. Agulu Lake water is unsafe for human consumption due to trace metal contamination, primarily from Cd, Cr, and Pb. Identification and control of point sources of pollution are urgently required to protect public health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145026359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial multi-criteria analysis for identifying suitable sites for integrated managed aquifer recharge and rooftop rainwater harvesting systems in Kumasi, Ghana","authors":"Paul Amihere-Ackah ,&nbsp;Isaac Monney ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Kwame Appiah-Adjei ,&nbsp;Kwaku Amaning Adjei","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater is essential for sustaining livelihoods and urban water security worldwide. In Kumasi, Ghana, rapid urbanisation, extensive impermeable surfaces, and significant population growth have substantially reduced natural groundwater recharge, presenting risks to long-term water security. To address this challenge, this study employs a novel GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) framework that integrates managed aquifer recharge (MAR) with rooftop rainwater harvesting systems (RRWHS) to identify suitable recharge locations. Thirteen thematic criteria, including surface characteristics, hydro-socio infrastructural, and subsurface hydrogeological factors, were systematically evaluated using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Suitability maps generated through weighted overlay analysis were validated using Monte Carlo, one-at-a-time (OAT) sensitivity analysis and the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) methods. Results indicated that: (1) approximately 54.8 km² (27.2 %) of the Kumasi metropolis, mainly in the northern, northeastern and southern areas, is highly suitable due to favourable aquifer conditions (high transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity) and ample rooftop harvesting potential. (2) The study pinpoints conducive locations for the implementation of MAR-RRWHS to enhance groundwater recharge, particularly in impermeable urban settings. These findings provide strong, scientifically supported guidance for urban planners, water managers, and policymakers to effectively adopt MAR-RRWHS, promoting sustainable urban groundwater management in Kumasi and other rapidly urbanising areas worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mitigation of the ghost nets threat by recycling of polypropylene: Blends, their ageing tests and spectral characterization","authors":"Agnieszka Dąbrowska ,&nbsp;Małgorzata Szymiczek ,&nbsp;Oskar Świątek ,&nbsp;Monika Chomiak ,&nbsp;Błażej Chmielnicki","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lost or abandoned fishing gears threaten the natural environment and its inhabitants through an entanglement of animals, by-catch, and potential release of microplastics. One of the efficient methods to tackle this issue is to propose recycling strategies to limit ghost netting. Although the complex composition of the fishing gear, with numerous blended polymers, added compounds, and supporting elements (like floats or metal weights), is challenging, polypropylene (PP) is still one of the most frequently encountered materials. Thus, within this research, we propose the method of recycling the PP from the naturally weathered ghost net (left back on shore by the storm wind and waves), with the minimal use of added chemicals (water purification only). The first step consisted of detailed spectral studies of the net and its components using both Raman spectroscopy and FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). Obtained signals allow the identification of the polymer, estimation of its ageing and crystallinity level, or ratio PE: PP, as some traces of a polyethene (PE) are common. After the separation, two types of fibres were cut and mixed with the pristine PP nurdles (in the following ratio 5, 10, 15, 20, 30: 100) and integrated via extrusion into the composite material, forming a blend. Materials were spectrally characterized, including ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflectance FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy measurements. Finally, the obtained specimens were laboratory-aged in the artificial seawater according to the standard protocol ASTM D1141–98 using the ageing chamber and characterized from the mechanical point of view. All obtained materials preserved their properties during ageing, exhibiting a performance comparable to that of pristine material and allowing conclusions about their potential usefulness in numerous applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Waste valorization strategies with inputs for microalgae biorefineries: A global review","authors":"Mehmet Melikoglu","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The escalating global waste crisis necessitates innovative and sustainable management strategies. Microalgae offer a compelling solution, capable of simultaneously treating diverse waste streams while producing valuable bio-based compounds. This comprehensive review systematically synthesizes recent advancements (2020–2025) in microalgae-mediated waste valorization, employing a rigorous methodology across major scientific databases. The literature reveals three primary application areas. Firstly, microalgae are extensively utilized for food waste valorization, transforming various forms of food waste (e.g., digestate, leachate, specific processing residues) into biofuels (biodiesel, biogas, methane), single-cell protein, biostimulants, and specialty chemicals, often integrated within biorefinery concepts. Secondly, they demonstrate high efficiency in treating industrial and agricultural wastewaters, effectively removing pollutants like nutrients and heavy metals from sources such as poultry, swine, and aquaculture effluents, concurrently recovering resources like biofertilizers and biomass. Thirdly, microalgae are explored in specific waste-to-energy/material applications, including co-pyrolysis with non-biological wastes (e.g., plastics, textiles) for enhanced energy recovery, and novel methods for critical element recovery and sustainable biomass harvesting. Despite significant progress, future research must focus on process intensification and full biorefinery integration to enhance scalability and economic viability. Developing robust microalgal strains, optimizing product yields, and advancing sustainable harvesting techniques are crucial. Furthermore, exploring novel valorization pathways for advanced materials and conducting comprehensive techno-economic and life cycle assessments are essential. This review underscores microalgae's transformative potential in fostering a circular economy, converting waste into valuable resources, and addressing pressing environmental challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization of Spirulina algae powder for efficient removal of lubricating oil from aqueous media","authors":"Vasudha V. Patil ,&nbsp;Manisha Singh ,&nbsp;Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The potential of the <em>Spirulina</em> algae powder as a biosorbent for the adsorption of lubricating oil from freshwater was investigated. The impact of various contact times between the biosorbent and oil–water mixture was studied through different experiments. Under optimum conditions, a maximum removal efficiency of 32.69 % was achieved within 180 min, highlighting the gradual yet effective adsorption behavior of <em>Spirulina</em> algae powder over time. A high regression coefficient (R² = 0.9981) indicates that the experimental result closely matched pseudo-second order kinetics, suggesting a strong model fit and suggesting that the dominant mechanism was chemisorption, which is defined by strong interactions between oil molecules and mobile sites on the algae surface. FTIR analysis confirmed that oil adsorption onto <em>Spirulina</em> algae powder involves hydroxyl, carbonyl, amide, and polysaccharide groups through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions, accompanied by surface chemical modifications. SEM images showed a transition from a porous to a smoother, compact structure with reduced pore population, indicating effective oil deposition. Contact angle measurements revealed a shift from 63.2° to 20.3°, reflecting increased surface polarity and enhanced hydrophilicity after adsorption. These results show that <em>Spirulina</em> algae powder effectively adsorbs lubricating oil from water through multiple interaction mechanisms, making it a promising bio-sorbent for oil removal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144925653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water footprint, runoff and soil loss assessment of cotton production in central India","authors":"B. Bhargavi ,&nbsp;D. Blaise ,&nbsp;P. Nalayini","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cotton the major crop grown on the Vertisols of central India is dependent on the monsoonal rains. Most often the high intensity rains are received in short spells and most of it is lost through runoff. Information on runoff, soil loss and water footprint (WF) of cotton grown under rainfed conditions is meagre. We determined the water runoff, soil loss, and the water footprint in a field study conducted during 2019–2022. During the study period, of the total mean annual rainfall, 47 % was effective rainfall (541 mm), and 51 % was lost through runoff. The soil loss was highest (11.5 Mg ha⁻¹) in the year 2022. The average annual soil loss was 8.81 Mg ha⁻¹. It was observed that the mean crop water use was 541 mm and 624 mm under rainfed and drip irrigated conditions, respectively. The WF of rainfed cotton was 11,339 m³ to produce 1Mg of lint. The green (WF_green) and grey (WF_grey) WF values were 9424 and 1915 m³ Mg⁻¹, respectively, corresponding to 83 % and 17 % of the total WF (WF_total).The values obtained for WF_green, WF_blue, WF_grey and WF_total under drip irrigated cotton production were 7227, 842, 1891 and 9959 m³ Mg⁻¹, respectively. These values correspond to 73 %, 8 % and 19 % of the WF_total, respectively. The blue water use in drip irrigated cotton was 50–120 mm during non-monsoon months (October to November), which resulted in 0.18 Mg ha⁻¹ (28 %) lint yield enhancement and 13 % WF reduction compared to rainfed cotton. Our study indicates scope for enhancing rainfed cotton production by adopting appropriate water and crop management practices making it not only profitable but also addressing the sustainable development goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}