A comparative analysis of defatted pumpkin seed extract and conventional coagulants for sustainable turbidity reduction in water and wastewater treatment

Cleaner Water Pub Date : 2025-08-22 DOI:10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100114

Amal Al-Hanaktah , Rahma Adel Al-Rafayia , Ala' Haitham AL-Ghbabsheh , Aiman Eid Al-Rawajfeh , Bandita Mainali , Muhammad Kashif Shahid

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Abstract

Utilizing novel coagulants as a pretreatment is essential before purification processes like RO membranes, as it helps reduce turbidity from clogging particles. There is an increasing demand for effective plant-based coagulants, and defatted pumpkin seed extract offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional synthetic coagulants. Coagulation experiments were conducted to assess the effectiveness of defatted pumpkin seed extract and identify optimal treatment conditions. Results from synthetic turbid water samples indicated optimal performance at a dosage of 5.5 v/v%, pH 7.38, and a slow mixing time of 10 min, achieving an impressive turbidity removal efficiency of 96.87 %. Conversely, the highest turbidity removal efficiency for industrial wastewater was observed at a dose of 1.5 v/v% and pH 6.05, achieving a removal efficiency of 79.4 %. All statistical estimators indicate that the developed models are statistically validated for simulating the coagulation process. Furthermore, a comparative analysis with Alum, PVA, and chitin was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of pumpkin seeds in reducing turbidity. The outcomes demonstrated that Alum achieved a removal percentage of 98.76 % at 4 v/v%, while combining it with pumpkin seed extract resulted in 98.68 % removal at 3 v/v%. Similarly, PVA showed 94.18 % removal at 1 v/v%, increasing to 97.44 % with pumpkin seeds at 6 v/v%. Additionally, Chitin removed 97.35 % of turbidity at 4 v/v%, with a slight increase to 97.66 % when combined with pumpkin seeds at the same dose. This study characterized the pumpkin seed, highlighting the active content responsible for coagulation. In addition, the estimated treatment cost suggests that pumpkin seed is cost-effective. These findings highlight the effectiveness of defatted pumpkin seed extract as a potential substitute for traditional coagulants in water treatment processes.

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脱脂南瓜籽提取物和常规混凝剂在水和废水处理中可持续降低浊度的比较分析

在RO膜等净化过程之前，使用新型混凝剂作为预处理是必不可少的，因为它有助于减少堵塞颗粒的浊度。对有效的植物基混凝剂的需求不断增加，脱脂南瓜籽提取物为传统的合成混凝剂提供了一种具有成本效益的替代品。通过凝血实验对脱脂南瓜籽提取物的效果进行了评价，并确定了最佳处理条件。合成混浊水样品的结果表明，当投加量为5.5 v/v%， pH值为7.38，缓慢混合时间为10 min时，效果最佳，浊度去除率为96.87 %。相反，在浓度为1.5 v/v%、pH为6.05时，工业废水的浊度去除率最高，达到79.4% %。所有的统计估计都表明，所建立的模型在统计上是有效的，可以模拟混凝过程。此外，还与明矾、聚乙烯醇和几丁质进行了对比分析，以评估南瓜籽降低浊度的有效性。结果表明，明矾在4 v/v%时去除率为98.76 %，与南瓜籽提取物在3 v/v%时去除率为98.68 %。同样，在1 v/v%时，PVA的去除率为94.18 %，在6 v/v%时，PVA的去除率为97.44 %。在4 v/v%的浓度下，甲壳素去除97.35 %的浊度，当与南瓜籽混合使用时，其浊度略有增加，达到97.66 %。本研究对南瓜籽进行了表征，突出了负责凝血的活性成分。此外，估计的处理费用表明南瓜籽具有成本效益。这些发现突出了脱脂南瓜籽提取物在水处理过程中作为传统混凝剂的潜在替代品的有效性。

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Cleaner Water

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