{"title":"The social brain: Applying a neurological, social and cultural lens to emotional neglect in childhood","authors":"M. Catherine Maternowska","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Charting the Experiences of Children and Adolescents Affected by Emotional Neglect</em> (2025) provides a much-needed primer on how emotional neglect manifests in and throughout childhood and adolescence. The book's ten chapters, each with a brief abstract that serves as a helpful roadmap, cover four different topical areas: defining and understanding emotional neglect; the role of socio-emotional learning in child development; developmental trajectories of emotional neglect from infancy to adolescence; and the long-term impacts of and interventions for emotional neglect. Moving through the chapters is an intensive review of child development from a neurological, social and cultural lens. The authors take on culture—namely the effects of our digitalised lifestyle—to demonstrate how biomedical and biopsychosocial models may be insufficient considering contemporary health issues, namely stress and addictions. The book offers a timely and updated perspective on neglect serving academics and practitioners working with children and adolescents in the field of mental health. Importantly, it untangles how childhood trauma (including emotional neglect) has intergenerational effects and in doing so advocates for the creation of public policies, family support programs, and improved therapeutic interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100089"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jonah R. Rimer , Shannon Brown , Jennifer Martin , Andrea Slane
{"title":"“Once you see it you can't unsee it”: Law enforcement trauma and immersion in child sexual abuse material","authors":"Jonah R. Rimer , Shannon Brown , Jennifer Martin , Andrea Slane","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Police working with child sexual abuse material (CSAM) have a complex and significant job. Their experiences have potential to cause trauma, and so to inform better responses and supports, more must be understood about their work from their perspectives.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This article focuses on internet child exploitation law enforcement (ICE LE) experiences and perspectives regarding the impacts of working with CSAM, trauma, and implications for professional practice.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>The sample encompassed 27 ICE LE investigators and supervisors in Ontario, Canada whose main job is investigations involving CSAM.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Three focus groups were conducted with participants, followed by an inductive thematic analysis, whereby themes were developed through a multi-stage process of coding and clustering.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Instead of simply viewing, seeing, hearing, being exposed to, or working with CSAM, participants described <em>immersion</em> in/with the material. Framed within a taxonomy of trauma focusing on events, experiences, and effects, participants described being warned about the depravity and difficulty of CSAM, continually seeing and hearing distressing content, working closely with CSAM, and being greatly impacted by audio. They reported effects including shock, never forgetting CSAM, feeling suspicious, and wanting distance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Events, experiences, and effects were recounted as experiential and detrimental. Therefore, it is more accurate to categorise participants’ immersion in/with CSAM as a direct experience of primary trauma, not “secondary” or “vicarious” trauma. Implications for multiple sectors involved in child protection and practice are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100085"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chou-Jui Lin, Jeffrey Rallo, Jennifer Chao, Richard Sinert
{"title":"Variability in choosing to report child maltreatment cases by pediatric emergency medicine physicians","authors":"Chou-Jui Lin, Jeffrey Rallo, Jennifer Chao, Richard Sinert","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Child maltreatment is a significant public health problem. Emergency departments are often the first contact points for suspected child maltreatment. Variability in the decision of whether or not to report maltreatment cases to Child Protective Services (CPS) may lead to missed opportunities for diagnosis and intervention or unnecessary medical and social interventions.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the variability in choosing to report child maltreatment cases among emergency department physicians.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>and Setting: Our survey was conducted on Emergency physicians through the [email protected] listserv</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We queried emergency physicians with a 19-question survey. Seven clinical scenarios were designed by our Pediatric Emergency division in consultation with a child abuse specialist. Scenarios were created with varying degrees of suspicion for child maltreatment. Our survey asked physicians if they would report each case to CPS. We collected demographic information regarding the physician, their work setting, and their patient population. The responses for individual scenarios were analyzed as percentages and compared with demographic data by Fisher's exact test. Our survey received 307 responses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Most of our 307 respondents are specialized in pediatric emergency medicine (95.6%). Of the seven scenarios, physicians near-unanimously (99.3%, 95% CI 97.9–99.9%) agreed in only one scenario. For the other six scenarios, agreement ranged from 54.4% (95%CI: 48.8–59.9%) to 80.1% (95%CI: 75.4–84.3%). Demographics, including physician age, gender, ethnicity, years of experience, population ethnicity, and hospital location, did not explain variability in choosing to report to CPS.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our study shows significant variability in reporting child maltreatment cases, not explained by hospital or physician demographics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100084"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Janique Fortier , Tamara L. Taillieu , Ashley Stewart-Tufescu , Samantha Salmon , Andrea Gonzalez , Melissa Kimber , Harriet L. MacMillan , Tracie O. Afifi
{"title":"Population attributable fractions of adolescent health and well-being outcomes associated with adverse childhood experiences in a provincially representative sample in Ontario, Canada","authors":"Janique Fortier , Tamara L. Taillieu , Ashley Stewart-Tufescu , Samantha Salmon , Andrea Gonzalez , Melissa Kimber , Harriet L. MacMillan , Tracie O. Afifi","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>It is well known that Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are associated with poor health and well-being outcomes among adult samples. However, there are notable gaps in examining these relationships among youth.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The objectives were to examine: a) the prevalence of an expanded list of ACEs among adolescents, b) ACEs sex differences, c) associations between ACEs and several adolescent health and at-risk behavioural outcomes, and d) the population attributable fractions (PAFs) for three ACE groupings (i.e., child maltreatment, household challenges, and peer victimization).</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Cross-sectional.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>Data were from the provincially-representative, cross-sectional 2014 Ontario Child Health Study (N = 6537 dwellings, response rate = 50.8%). One randomly selected child aged 14–17 years old (n = 2910) from each household was included.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The majority of measures (nine ACEs and six health and well-being outcomes) were self-reported (three household challenges ACEs and physical health were collected from parents/caregivers). Descriptive statistics estimated the prevalence of ACEs for the sample and by sex. Logistic regressions tested associations between individual ACEs and seven outcomes. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) were computed for three ACE groupings with each outcome.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>ACEs prevalence ranged from 1.8% to 47.4% with several noted sex differences. Each ACE was associated with four or more studied outcomes. PAFs ranged from 3.5% to 47.8%, varying for each ACEs grouping.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The significant associations and estimated proportions of poor adolescent outcomes attributed to ACEs indicate that identifying approaches aimed at preventing these experiences could have a substantial impact on youth health and well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100082"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna L.C. van Loon-Dikkers , Amaranta D. de Haan , Maartje P.C.M. Luijk , Majone J. Steketee
{"title":"Bidirectional associations between well-being at school, psychosocial problems and PTSS in children exposed to family violence","authors":"Anna L.C. van Loon-Dikkers , Amaranta D. de Haan , Maartje P.C.M. Luijk , Majone J. Steketee","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Children exposed to family violence are more likely to have lower well-being at school, more psychosocial problems and more post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) than children not exposed.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We examined whether well-being at school, psychosocial problems, and PTSS affect each other over time in children exposed to family violence.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>and Setting: 332 Dutch children aged 8–17 years exposed to family violence (and their parents) who were reached through child protection services (CPS).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants completed questionnaires on well-being at school, psychosocial problems, PTSS, and family violence shortly after being reported to CPS and again one year later. A cross-lagged panel model was conducted to examine the relationships between well-being at school, psychosocial problems, and PTSS over time.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>PTSS at Time 1 predicted psychosocial problems at Time 2 (β = .14, <em>p</em> < .05), no other cross-lagged effects were significant. Lower well-being at school was concurrently associated with more psychosocial problems and more PTSS at both time points, and more psychosocial problems was also concurrently associated with more PTSS at both occasions.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>More PTSS in children exposed to violence appears to be related to more psychosocial problems one year later. The concurrent associations between lower well-being at school, more psychosocial problems and more PTSS at both time points, suggest that these aspects do not appear to be independent, but rather interrelated and co-developing over time. The results highlight the importance of paying attention to children's well-being at school among children exposed to family violence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100079"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katherine A. Harmon , Todd P. Chang , Karen K. Imagawa , Anita R. Schmidt , Phung K. Pham , Alan L. Nager
{"title":"Expert consensus on cognitive biases affecting child physical abuse evaluations in pediatric emergency medicine: A modified Delphi study","authors":"Katherine A. Harmon , Todd P. Chang , Karen K. Imagawa , Anita R. Schmidt , Phung K. Pham , Alan L. Nager","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Child abuse causes significant morbidity and mortality, yet the diagnosis can be missed. Little is known regarding which cognitive biases influence diagnostic errors in child abuse evaluations in Pediatric Emergency Medicine (PEM).</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To obtain consensus on important cognitive biases that affect accurately diagnosing child physical abuse in the emergency department.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>A multidisciplinary expert panel of 15 nationally recognized experts in pediatric emergency medicine or child abuse pediatrics (CAP).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A modified Delphi study was conducted, including 3 iterative survey rounds of expert opinion and statistical summary of survey responses for an a priori goal of 7–9 cognitive biases. Thirty-two cognitive biases were compiled following review of a sentinel article with corresponding PEM-specific vignettes and definitions. Using a Likert scale, participants rated the importance and frequency of each cognitive bias in physical abuse evaluations. To obtain consensus, the lowest 1/3 of the median importance scores were eliminated for each round. Median frequency scores were used as a tiebreaker between cognitive biases, if required.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Thirteen of 15 (86.6%) experts completed the Delphi process, agreeing on 9 most important cognitive biases in child physical abuse evaluations: anchoring bias, ascertainment bias, confirmation bias, framing bias, fundamental attribution error, outcome bias, premature closure, unpacking principle, and visceral bias. Each cognitive bias received a final median score of 7 for importance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Understanding the most important cognitive biases in child physical abuse evaluations in PEM may supplement medical education in reducing misdiagnosis of child abuse.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100080"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Systematic review: Impact of juvenile incarceration","authors":"E. Ackerman, J. Magram, T.D. Kennedy","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The juvenile justice system was established with the intent of rehabilitation (Fagan & Zimring, 2000). However, despite these intentions, the reality of juvenile incarceration is that it often fails in this rehabilitative process, with numerous studies highlighting the adverse outcomes associated with confinement (Lambie & Randell, 2013; Gatti et al., 2009).</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of this systematic review was to consolidate current knowledge and provide a comprehensive understanding of how juvenile incarceration affects various domains of life including mental and physical health, adaptive functioning, educational attainment, employment, and recidivism.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>Many of the studies reviewed used samples from larger longitudinal projects (1970s-2000s) and were later filtered to focus on individuals incarcerated during adolescence. Additionally, some studies included a broader range of participants with any justice system contact, such as arrests, serving as a useful comparison group to those incarcerated.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines were followed to conduct our review (PRISMA; Moher et al., 2009). A modified checklist was used to outline the inclusion and exclusion criteria for individual studies.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Two electronic databases were searched, including PsycINFO and PubMed/MEDLINE. Thirty-four full-text articles were reviewed for quality, and sixteen were excluded due to either the (a) sample population, (b) lack of statistical outcomes, or (c) omission of the association between juvenile incarceration and outcomes. Guided by methodological quality criteria, eighteen studies were included in the review.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Juvenile incarceration and subsequent interactions that occur within correctional settings, create a cascading effect that shape long-term trajectories often marked by diminished opportunities for positive development and an increase in adverse outcomes. The findings of this review underscore the systemic challenges and shortcomings within the juvenile justice system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100083"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dana Laird , Dianna R. Bartsch , Sophie C. Dahlenburg
{"title":"Attitudes towards parents with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder in child protection settings","authors":"Dana Laird , Dianna R. Bartsch , Sophie C. Dahlenburg","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Parents diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have been linked to high rates of child protection involvement. Research has shown that this diagnosis carries a significant amount of stigma. In the absence of standardised procedures for parenting capacity assessments within the child protection sector, the risk of stigma contributing to the decision-making process is high.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study examined if there were differences in how students and practitioners rated parenting capacity based on parenting scenarios where a parent had a diagnosis of BPD compared to a parent diagnosed with postnatal depression.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>The sample included 122 current, past, and prospective child protection workers who were recruited via social media and a local University.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants completed an online survey which included demographic questions and rated parenting capacity based on two vignettes involving two scenarios (one where a parent had a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and post-natal depression in the other), along with general attitudes towards people with a diagnosis of BPD.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The parent in the BPD vignette was assessed as having poorer parenting capacity compared to the parent in the postnatal depression scenario. Interestingly, there was no significant association between the assessment of parenting capacity and participants general attitudes and skills towards people with a diagnosis of BPD. Differences between the ratings of professionals and students are described.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Further training providing psychoeducation BPD is recommended to reduce the potential impact of stigma on decision-making, particularly for professionals within child protection settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100081"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Silent group sandplay activates healing","authors":"Lindi Redfern, Michelle Finestone","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This paper describes the effect of silent group Sandplay (SP) with early adolescents as observed and reported in circumstances of deprivation, neglect and abuse.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The objective was to explore with childcare staff, group SP as an intervention with early adolescent participants.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>Nine childcare staff participated in an in-depth SP exploration involving a series of six group SP sessions with five children at a child protection organisation in a resource-constrained context.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Group SP offered in a particular way in a protective child and youth care environment facilitated an opportunity for inner processing and self-discovery. In-depth semi-structured interviews with childcare staff conducted both before and after group SP provided descriptions of the SP experience for both children and adult participants.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The before-SP reports of the children's behaviour and demeanour highlighted wounding and after-SP observations indicated healing patterns. The before-SP topics included overwhelmedness, vulnerability, constrained resources, the need for change and culturally appropriate, accessible interventions. Themed descriptions after SP included a newfound desire to play and activation of healing for both child and adult participants. Healing processes indicated a desire to play, cooperation, openness, increased awareness, adaptation, grounding and belonging. The implications are potentially far-reaching in terms of the accessibility, efficiency and cultural suitability of providing group SP in child protection and community-based settings, particularly in contexts of deprivation, neglect and abuse.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100078"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142539454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}