Child Protection and Practice最新文献

{"title":"Understanding families with multiple, complex, and unmet service needs in the child protection system through the lens of linked administrative data in New South Wales, Australia","authors":"Betty Luu ,&nbsp;Amy Conley Wright ,&nbsp;Stefanie Schurer ,&nbsp;Susan Collings ,&nbsp;Laura Metcalfe ,&nbsp;Susan Heward-Belle ,&nbsp;Emma L. Barrett","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Co-occurrence of domestic and family violence (DFV), substance misuse (SM), and mental health (MH) issues is widely discussed in child protection cases, as they reflect multiple, complex, and unmet service needs of families.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Using population-level, high-volume linked administrative data from the NSW Human Services Data Set, this study aimed to quantify the prevalence of children reported to child protection services who live in families with co-occurring DFV, SM, and MH.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>The sample comprised a retrospective cohort of 584,365 unique children with a first child protection Helpline record between 2004 and 2018.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Binary indicators for presence of DFV, SM, and MH (individually and combined) are derived from child protection Helpline reports within 12 months of first contact and their parents’ prior records in police, court, and healthcare systems.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Out of 584,365 children, 33 % had at least one Helpline concern of DFV. Of these, 81 % recorded only DFV, 16.6 % had DFV in combination with either SM or MH, and 2.4 % recorded all three. For a large share of these children, there was evidence in other systems that their parents had those issues prior: up to 47 % had a police report for DFV, 34 % (37 %) were treated in ambulatory care for (diagnosed with) MH, and 27 % had a diagnosis of SM.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Information linked together from other service systems can help identify and create avenues for interventions to support the large share of families with multiple and complex service needs prior to child protection involvement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The potential of international media in influencing road safety policy change in Taiwan","authors":"Tzu-Ming Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The persistent issue of traffic accidents leading to child fatalities in Taiwan is a significant public health concern, with local advocacy and governmental oversight producing limited progress. However, when international media outlets, such as CNN, highlighted Taiwan's hazardous pedestrian conditions, it triggered immediate and substantial governmental action. This resulted in a notable reduction in child traffic fatalities, from 158 in 2011 to 85 in 2023. This case illustrates the potential of international media coverage to drive policy changes to complement local efforts. By leveraging global media to spotlight issues such as the rising incidence of child suicide, Taiwan can enhance its child protection measures and address this growing crisis more effectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse childhood experiences and tobacco smoke exposure among U.S. school-aged children","authors":"Ashley L. Merianos ,&nbsp;Madelyn J. Hill ,&nbsp;Kayleigh A. Gregory ,&nbsp;Sinem Toraman Turk ,&nbsp;Matthew Lee Smith ,&nbsp;E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are traumatic events linked to poor health outcomes in childhood. While children are vulnerable to ACEs and tobacco smoke exposure (TSE), little is known about the association between ACEs and home TSE.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to assess the association between ACEs and home TSE status among U.S. school-aged children.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>A secondary analysis of the 2020–2021 National Survey of Children's Health data, including 26,422 children 6–11 years old, was conducted.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>ACEs were assessed cumulatively and based on type, including household-, community-, and financial-based ACEs. Home TSE status included no home TSE, defined as the child not living with smokers; home thirdhand smoke (THS) exposure only, defined as the child living with smokers who did not smoke indoors; and home secondhand smoke (SHS) and THS exposure, defined as the child living with smokers who smoked indoors. Weighted adjusted multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Concerning the number of ACEs, 22.4 % of children experienced one ACE, 12.2 % experienced 2–3 ACEs, and 4.9 % experienced 4–10 ACEs. Children with one ACE (AOR = 1.59, 95 %CI = [1.26, 1.99]; AOR = 2.00, 95 %CI = [1.17, 3.41]), 2–3 ACEs (AOR = 2.62, 95 %CI = [1.98, 3.45]; AOR = 4.36, 95 %CI = [2.52, 7.56]), and 4–10 ACEs (AOR = 5.16, 95 %CI = [3.48, 7.65]; AOR = 9.71, 95 %CI ​= ​[4.74, 19.88]) had increased odds of home THS exposure only and home SHS ​+ ​THS exposure, respectively, compared to children with zero ACEs. Household-, community-, and financial-based ACEs increased the odds of home THS exposure only and home SHS ​+ ​THS exposure.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>ACEs were associated with home TSE status in school-aged children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protocol for a mixed-methods effectiveness evaluation of the community-led child protection approach (Seeds) in La Guajira, Colombia","authors":"Rinske E.C. Ellermeijer ,&nbsp;Gabriela V. Koppenol-Gonzalez ,&nbsp;Juan Jose Castellanos Piedrahita ,&nbsp;Maria Cecilia Dedios Sanguineti ,&nbsp;Lauren Stephens ,&nbsp;Ria Reis ,&nbsp;Mark J.D. Jordans","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Globally, an estimated one billion children experience violence every year. The prevalence of violence is anticipated to be higher in low-and middle-income countries and particularly in humanitarian contexts. Colombia faces a protracted humanitarian crisis. It is affected by long-lasting internal conflict, high levels of community violence, the climate crisis, and migration due to the political crisis in Venezuela.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of this mixed-methods study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a community-led child protection approach (<em>Seeds</em>) in La Guajira, Colombia.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>The study will be conducted in eight communities, randomly allocated to the intervention and control arms. Data will be collected from children and adults involved in <em>Seeds</em> activities, children targeted by community action, and natural helpers. The study will be conducted in La Guajira, a department in northern Colombia, with close proximity to the Venezuelan border and a history of armed conflict.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study will follow a convergent parallel mixed-methods design in which quantitative and qualitative data are collected in parallel, analyzed separately, and then merged for interpretation. The quantitative arm of the study will follow a matched-control quasi-experimental design using a waitlist control. Qualitative data will be collected using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results of the study will help address the lack of rigorous evidence on approaches to prevent violence against children, broaden understanding of changes driven by community-led child protection approaches, and offer an example of how to overcome challenges in evaluating community-led and prevention approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144557593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Family-friendly labor policies and child supervision: Evidence from the Gambia, Mauritania, and São Tomé and Príncipe","authors":"Samaneh Mansouri ,&nbsp;Camila Corrêa Matias Pereira ,&nbsp;Toufica Sultana ,&nbsp;Mónica Ruiz-Casares ,&nbsp;José Ignacio Nazif-Muñoz","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), children under five years old are frequently left home alone without adult supervision, exposing them to various risks. Family-friendly labor policies have the potential to improve parental care, but evidence of their effectiveness in LMICs remains scarce.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study examines the association between labor market policies and the prevalence of unsupervised children in The Gambia, Mauritania, and São Tomé and Príncipe.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>The study included a total of 42,399 children under five years of age, from two waves of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) conducted in The Gambia, Mauritania, and São Tomé and Príncipe. The surveys employed similar sampling strategies and survey weights, both of which was approved by UNICEF to ensure methodological rigor and representativeness.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A mixed-method approach was used to provide a comprehensive analysis of policy development and its impact on child adequate supervision. Using this method, we (a) tracked and verified policy development through key informant interviews, and (b) analyzed two waves of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS).</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Our findings indicate that while labor market policies alone do not significantly reduce unsupervised time (adjusted risk ratio = 0.59–1.74, 95 % confidence interval), their integration into broader child welfare strategies could enhance child supervision.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study highlights the need for robust policies to address child protection challenges in LMICs. While not sufficient alone, their effective implementation can improve child supervision as part of child welfare strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening family relationships for Black youth-in-care in Ontario, Canada","authors":"Daniel Kikulwe ,&nbsp;Christa Sato","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Extant literature confirms that when youth are removed from their families, they experience disrupted relationships with parents, siblings, and friends and disconnections from their neighbourhoods and schools.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The study objective was to explore the changes in Black youth's family relationships while in care.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>We completed the study in partnership with one child welfare service in Southwestern Ontario. This agency was an ideal setting because of its demonstrated commitment to the creation of culturally responsive processes and spaces, with an established collaborative relationship with African, Black, and Caribbean (ACB) communities.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This qualitative study garnered critical insights from 12 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 13 participants comprised of children service staff, caregivers, and youth (14 years and older) on services that support Black children's wellbeing with respect to family relationships.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>The study showed youth expressing different feelings regarding family relationships – some revealed love for their mothers while others struggled with how to manage the ongoing contacts with their families. Child welfare staff and caregivers indicated awareness that it is traumatic for children and youth to come into care. They also recognized that empathy was not enough and made several suggestions to improve services for youth.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>With respect to family relationships, findings led to the following two suggested insights for practitioners to consider about its services while supporting Black youth-in-care: 1) the need to integrate a race-informed trauma lens towards Black youth-in-care and their families; and 2) building stronger relationships with youths’ biological families.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144481189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scalable training for child sexual abuse interviews in Japan: Using AI-driven avatars to test multiple behavioral modeling interventions","authors":"Shumpei Haginoya ,&nbsp;Tatsuro Ibe ,&nbsp;Shota Yamamoto ,&nbsp;Naruyo Yoshimoto ,&nbsp;Hazuki Mizushi ,&nbsp;Pekka Santtila","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Interviewer training using automated avatars and interventions has emerged as a potentially scalable approach to improving questioning skills in child sexual abuse interviews. Although behavioral modeling has been proven to be an effective part of this training, the efficacy of its individual components remains unexplored.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We aimed to demonstrate the scalability of an interviewer training approach using AI-driven avatars and to examine the effectiveness of different components of modeling in improving the use of open questions.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>1168 lay participants recruited via crowdsourcing platforms were randomly assigned to 28 conditions varying the combination of modeling components.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Each participant conducted one simulated child sexual abuse interview online after receiving one combination of the modeling components. The modeling components consisted of reading learning points regarding good and bad interview approaches, watching example videos of good and bad interviews, and reading the case outcomes (i.e. what had happened to the avatars interviewed in the example videos).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Correlation and regression analyses found positive impact of videos showing good interview practices on the quality of the participants' subsequent interviews while little effect was found of the learning points and the case outcomes. Surprisingly, we found a negative impact of videos showing bad interview practices on the quality of the participants’ interviews.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The results demonstrated the scalability of interviewer training using automated avatars and the effectiveness of some modeling components in improving interviewer behavior. Overall, interviewers tended to follow the modeled behaviors regardless of whether these were positive or negative which resulted in improved interview skills through positive models but detrimental effects after negative models. However, the negative impact of bad modeling in the reproduction of learned behaviors in interview simulations should still be investigated in the context of transfer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144253795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporating the voice of the child into clinical assessments for children in need","authors":"Katie Newman ,&nbsp;Shanti Raman ,&nbsp;Allison Ward","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Upholding the voice of the child (VOC) in clinical encounters is critical to realising their rights. Evidence from inquiry reports however demonstrate that practitioners fail to adequately listen to the voice of the child in the child protection process, with a paucity of clinical protocols incorporating children's voices.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We aimed to develop a clinical protocol for incorporating the VOC in Community Paediatric clinical assessments and evaluate the VOC protocol.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Drawing upon work carried out in London on child protection medical assessments, we used quality improvement methodology to incorporate VOC protocols in South Western Sydney's (SWS) specialised Community Paediatric clinics for vulnerable children and young people (CYP). A VOC-focused protocol guiding clinical assessments and report writing was developed for SWS Community Paediatric Clinics. Following training of clinicians, the protocol and report template was trialled over a 6-month period. We audited 40 clinic reports before and after introduction of the protocol. We interviewed referring agents and clinicians involved in these clinics to explore enablers and barriers to incorporating the VOC clinically.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Baseline audits of reports revealed that CYP were given some presence in 80 % of reports, but voices seldom recorded. Following the VOC trial, there was overall improvement in practice, with VOC recorded 65 % of the time, CYP's views and recommendations acknowledged in 88 % of reports. Clinicians and referring agents reported that the active inclusion of CYP voices in assessments was highly valued.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Incorporating CYP's voices into the clinical assessment process is feasible and celebrates best practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A child-centered approach to trauma- and violence-informed interventions with children who have experienced sex trafficking: Qualitative findings from emergency department providers in Ontario, Canada","authors":"Rebecca Balasa ,&nbsp;Momina Khan ,&nbsp;Dionne Gesink ,&nbsp;Lisa Forman ,&nbsp;Corry Azzopardi ,&nbsp;Amaya Perez-Brumer","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>More than 60 % of people who have experienced sex trafficking access an emergency department (ED) for trafficking-related concerns while they are being exploited. Yet, tailored assessment, intervention, and referral practices in the ED remain underexplored. We conducted virtual, semi-structured interviews with 12 multidisciplinary healthcare providers at four pediatric EDs across Ontario to explore how they respond to presentations of child sex trafficking. Through an intersectional, reflexive thematic analysis, narratives illuminated how childhood is redefined in the context of child sex trafficking, with healthcare providers perceiving children who have experienced sex trafficking (CEST) as more mature and less innocent due to their exploitative experiences. These shifting perceptions highlighted the disparate power dynamics that produce and reproduce these children's exploitative vulnerabilities, both within the child-trafficker and child-provider relationships, prompting providers to tailor interventions that incorporate a child-centered approach to trauma- and violence-informed care. This approach considered both developmental needs and the socio-structural factors that implicitly impact children because of their age. In doing so, providers working in Ontario's pediatric EDs are paving the way for integrating a child-centered trauma- and violence-informed approach as a universal standard of practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lessons from Tanzanian children in how to foster safety and inclusion in Catholic schools","authors":"Kate McAlpine ,&nbsp;Raphael Dennis ,&nbsp;Isabel Cooper ,&nbsp;Emmanuel James ,&nbsp;Sia Maro ,&nbsp;Hannah Lapsley","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This methodological paper explores the use of Participatory Action Research (PAR) to empower children in 14 Tanzanian Catholic schools as co-researchers in identifying and addressing the unwritten rules shaping their safety and experience of inclusivity. Rooted in the Protective Behaviours methodology, the study examined how deeply ingrained socialisation processes, particularly gender norms, perpetuate feelings of unsafety. Findings revealed that 40 % of the unwritten rules reinforce traditional gender stereotypes, often marginalising non-conforming students and limiting their ability to thrive. The paper also highlights broader unwritten rules that discourage open communication and reinforce hierarchical power dynamics, further compromising relational safety. Through an iterative prototyping process, students are developing and testing context-specific solutions to foster equitable and inclusive school environments. This study emphasises the transformative potential of participatory approaches, not only in addressing systemic barriers in education but also in fostering agency and collaborative problem-solving among students. Practical implications include the need for schools to embrace student-driven initiatives as a pathway to systemic change and enhanced inclusivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144105610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}