Child Protection and Practice最新文献

{"title":"Knowledge and attitudes about infant safe haven laws among a diverse sample of public university students in the U.S.","authors":"Emily M. Douglas,&nbsp;Emma J. Morgan,&nbsp;Leticia Sanchez,&nbsp;JoseCarlos Aguilar,&nbsp;Iliana Woodhull","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Safe haven laws (SHLs) are state policies that give parents the right to anonymously relinquish the rights to their infant to a designated safe haven provider. A small body of research shows that professionals have limited knowledge about SHLs and there is almost no research about the public's understanding of SHLs.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study is the first to examine knowledge and attitudes about SHLs among a sample of university students.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>A diverse, convenience sample of 222 student at a Hispanic-Serving Institution of higher education participated in a study which assessed the knowledge and attitudes about SHLs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Methods were approved by an institutional review board of ethics. Data were collected through an online survey that was open to the entire student body.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Results showed that 59.1 % of students knew about SHLs prior to this survey and that 97.3 % have positive attitudes about SHLs. Also, students who had a minority identity or who indicated peer support were more likely to project that they would use or recommend that someone else use a SHL.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>SHLs are strongly endorsed by this body of university students. Minority status and peer support play pivotal roles in this support. Recommendations are made for the field and for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors associated with recent physical violence against orphaned and vulnerable children (OVC) in Namibia: A cross-sectional analysis of programmatic data from 2023 to 2024","authors":"Enos Moyo ,&nbsp;Hadrian Mangwana ,&nbsp;Endalkachew Melese ,&nbsp;Simon Takawira ,&nbsp;Bernadette Harases ,&nbsp;Rosalia Indongo ,&nbsp;Perseverance Moyo ,&nbsp;Kopano Robert ,&nbsp;Tafadzwa Dzinamarira","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>An estimated one billion children aged two to 17 years globally have experienced physical, sexual, or emotional violence or neglect. In Namibia, nearly 50% of girls and boys encounter physical, sexual, or emotional violence during childhood. Orphaned and vulnerable children (OVC) experience significant adverse effects as a result of their living conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study assessed the rate of physical violence and its associated factors against OVC in Namibia.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>The study included OVC aged 0 to 20 years in 13 primary health administrative districts in Namibia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This retrospective cross-sectional study utilized programmatic data collected from 2023 to 2024 from OVC participating in the Reach program, implemented by Project Hope Namibia. The study included OVC aged 0 to 20 years. Data were analyzed utilizing IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29. Chi-square tests and binomial and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among the 16,507 participants included in this analysis, 1803 (10.9%) participants were recently physically abused, 95% confidence interval (CI) (10.4% – 11.4%). Omuthiya had the highest physical abuse rate (n = 73; 18.2%), while Outapi had the lowest (n = 47; 8.4%). Participants aged 10-14 years were less likely to have experienced recent physical abuse than those aged 15-20, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.81, 95% CI (0.70 – 0.95). Disabled participants had a lower likelihood of reporting recent physical abuse than the non-disabled ones (AOR = 0.62, 95% CI (0.41 – 0.93)). Furthermore, participants who had caregivers who were HIV-positive were less likely to have experienced recent physical abuse than those whose caregivers were HIV-negative (crude odds ratio (COR) = 0.25, 95% CI (0.06 – 0.99). In contrast, participants from Omuthiya were more likely to have experienced recent physical abuse than those from Windhoek (AOR = 1.74, 95% CI (1.25 – 2.43)).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Violence against children (VAC) awareness campaigns in high-risk districts, focusing on physical violence and community-level behavior change, must be expanded. Periodical regional VAC assessments must be conducted to identify and address localized drivers of violence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147419598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics and impairments in functioning of attachment disorder in clinically referred children","authors":"Shannon L. Stewart ,&nbsp;Nethnie T. Nandadasa ,&nbsp;Jeffrey W. Poss","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Significant abuse and maltreatment in early development can have a multitude of negative impacts. This can include Attachment Disorders (AD), characterized by inconsistencies in seeking support or being overly familiar toward random adults. ADs can result in higher rates of impairments in multiple domains of functioning and reduced positive affect.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The goal of this paper is to describe the characteristics of children and youth with a diagnosis of AD, among cases seeking mental health services.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>Assessment data for 20,234 treatment-seeking children and youth aged 4 to 18 were obtained from 68 mental health agencies from Ontario, Canada. 480 cases of children with AD were selected and matched 1:1.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using the interRAI Child and Youth Mental Health instruments, differences between those with AD and those without, including family characteristics, functioning, rates of polyvictimization, behavioural and emotional difficulties as well as other signs and symptoms were examined.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Children with AD ((M_age = 11.7; SD = 3.2; males = 58.7%) faced higher rates of unstable family situations and harmful behaviours compared to their matched pairs (M_age = 11.7; SD = 3.3; males = 58.7%). Mothers of children with AD were younger and more likely to misuse substances and face greater psychiatric challenges. Children with AD also experienced higher rates of polyvictimization and comorbidity with other major disorders.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings indicate the adverse effects of AD. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147419600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When practitioners become research partners: Lessons from two cross-national child protection studies","authors":"Paula S. Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100278","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accounts about siblings’ experience of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse: Prevalence and agreement in a retrospective study of adult sibling pairs","authors":"Susanne Witte ,&nbsp;Jörg M. Fegert ,&nbsp;Sabine Walper","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The validity of child abuse reports has been investigated, focusing on the agreement between prospective and retrospective reports of child abuse. The agreement of siblings' accounts about each other's experiences of abuse has been overlooked, although it might provide valuable insights.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We examined the prevalence of accounts about siblings' experience of abuse in a retrospective survey and analyzed predictors of accounts about different types of abuse. Moreover, agreement between accounts about siblings’ experiences of abuse and predictors of agreement were investigated.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Retrospective reports of 4568 adults participating in an online survey were analyzed in terms of predictors of accounts about siblings' experience of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse (71.31 % female). In a subsample of 870 participants, another sibling from the same family also participated in the survey, enabling the assessment of agreement in accounts. Predictors of accounts about siblings' experience of abuse and agreement between accounts were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. Agreement was assessed using Cohen's Kappa as well as agreement in percent.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Siblings' experience of emotional abuse was reported by 6.33 % of the participants, siblings' experience of physical abuse by 5.76 %, and siblings' experience of sexual abuse by 2.74 %. The agreement was highest for accounts about physical abuse, followed by sexual abuse. The agreement was higher for accounts about older siblings' experience than for younger siblings' experience of all abuse types. Significant predictors of accounts about siblings’ experiences of abuse and agreement between accounts relate to informant characteristics, sibling constellation, sibling relationship quality, and self-reported experience of abuse and neglect.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Findings highlight the possibility of investigating the prevalence rates of child abuse with reports of siblings, but also show possible factors contributing to bias in reporting and thus estimates. In practice, testimony from other family members is an essential aspect of restorative justice proceedings, and these findings might help understand conflicting testimonies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practitioners’ perspectives on enablers of improved mental health outcomes for children and young people in out-of-home care: Beyond a “scattergun approach”","authors":"Lottie G. Harris ,&nbsp;Daryl J. Higgins ,&nbsp;Megan L. Willis","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100283","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100283","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In Australia, children and young people in out-of-home care (OOHC) face high rates of complex mental health challenges, yet no systemic framework exists to address their needs effectively. As a result, this population's mental health care needs remain largely unmet.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to identify key enablers the OOHC sector can leverage to improve mental health outcomes for this cohort.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>27 Australian OOHC practitioners in diverse roles (case worker, therapeutic specialist, clinical lead, executives) participated in semi-structured interviews in which a phenomenological approach was applied.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Drawing on evidence derived from an earlier literature review on the same topic; participant interview data was thematically analysed and subsequently mapped onto the ecological model for targeted identification and investment.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Practitioners endorsed all 11 enablers identified in the literature and introduced four new ones: (1) fostering belonging through community connections, (2) building sustainable workforces, (3) embedding clinical teams within OOHC services, and (4) promoting collective investment in the mental health of children and young people.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Greater investment and advocacy by the OOHC sector for the systematic implementation of these enablers is likely to improve the mental health of children and young people. Future practice and research should evaluate these enablers systematically to ensure comprehensive mental health care for this population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“When we speak to them at their level, they are able to speak everything”: Reflections on training fieldworkers in South Africa to conduct research on violence across three generations","authors":"Mpho Silima ,&nbsp;Kopano Monaisa ,&nbsp;Franziska Meinck ,&nbsp;Nicola Christofides ,&nbsp;Nataly Woollett ,&nbsp;Hannabeth Franchino-Olsen","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Violence against women and children (VAWC) are global issues that particularly affect South Africa. Conducting research on VAWC requires skilled and compassionate interviewers who can collect accurate and valuable data from multiple family members while being sensitive to participants' stories and potential distress. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how to train fieldworkers for such research.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To address gaps in knowledge on appropriate training for fieldworkers, this paper presents key reflections and recommendations on challenges and opportunities for high-quality training and data collection from a research study on intergenerational violence transmission.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study included three focus group discussions with six fieldworkers and debriefing sessions with seven study facilitators. The fieldworkers were aged 28–48 and resided in Mpumalanga, South Africa. The collected data (transcriptions from the audio recorded FDGs) was analyzed using a rapid analytical approach.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings showed that continuous, experiential training is crucial in enhancing fieldworkers' skills and shifting attitudes, especially regarding gender norms and violence.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Training on sensitive topics should be tailored to address the specific demands of the study, considering the complexity of the subject matter and the interviewers' previous experience. Promoting a culture of self-care among the research teams is essential. This can be achieved by implementing techniques like meditation, frequent debriefings, and encouraging open communication to enhance the resilience and general well-being of fieldworkers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing the initial implementation of MIAF® Pre-service training and foster family applicant assessment","authors":"Kamila Araújo ,&nbsp;Stephanie Alves ,&nbsp;Leonor Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Sandra Ornelas ,&nbsp;Isabel Soares ,&nbsp;Helena Grangeia","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past two decades, Family Foster Care (FFC) has increased across Europe as part of child protection deinstitutionalization policies. However, in Portugal, only 5.7% of the 6349 children in out-of-home care are in FFC, representing one of the lowest rates in Europe. Given this context, the development of a comprehensive, evidence-based practice model is crucial. In response, the Integrated Model of Family Foster Care (MIAF®) was developed based on the Design-Based Research process. This study aimed to analyze the initial implementation of the MIAF® Pre-service Training and Foster Family Applicant Assessment, focusing on strengths, barriers to implementation, and areas for improvement from the perspectives of professionals involved in the initial implementation phase. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 professionals who participated in the initial implementation; interviews were video and audio-recorded following participants’ consent. Sociodemographic data were collected through an online questionnaire. Thematic analysis indicated that FFC professionals perceived the model as well-structured, flexible, and objective. Its tools and processes were seen as supporting decision-making in selecting the most suitable families to ensure high-quality FFC placement. However, organizational and systemic barriers (e.g., workload, role overlap, legislative time constraints) and model-level challenges (e.g., usability of assessment tools) emerged. Professionals suggested refinements to the model (e.g., increasing foster family testimonies, streamlining the report form). This qualitative study highlights MIAF® as a significant step toward evidence-based FFC practice in Portugal, while emphasizing the need for further model adjustments and broader investment to overcome systemic barriers and support its scale-up.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147419609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rural contextual factors affecting child welfare practice","authors":"Kathryn Maguire-Jack ,&nbsp;Sarah Parmenter ,&nbsp;Olivia D. Chang ,&nbsp;Erna Chiu ,&nbsp;Yujeong Chang ,&nbsp;Yanghyun Park","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Rural child maltreatment rates exceed those within urban settings. Geographic distance and resource limitations may influence the provision of child welfare services in rural settings. This study explores how the rural context impacts child welfare service provision in Northern Michigan.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 27 child welfare workers and supervisors from one child welfare region in Michigan, comprised of Michigan's rural Upper Peninsula and northern Lower Peninsula. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to identify factors that influence rural child welfare practice.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Two primary themes emerged, including systemic issues and cultural considerations. In terms of systemic issues, participants pointed to staff and foster home shortages, which were exacerbated by low population density. Confidentiality concerns and social role overlap further complicated practice in small communities. Participants identified distrust of government and other cultural factors that affected the likelihood of reporting suspected maltreatment. Interviews highlighted the ways in which these factors affected engagement with child welfare services.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Aspects of the rural context provide additional considerations for child welfare practice in rural areas. Training and incentives unique to the rural context are needed to support child welfare workers and enhance services provided. An emphasis on prevention services might reduce demand on child welfare systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147419605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cumulative and item-level adverse childhood experiences in relation to suicidal ideation and attempts among incarcerated Japanese youth","authors":"Masaru Takahashi ,&nbsp;Kasumi Imahara ,&nbsp;Kayoko Myojo ,&nbsp;Michiko Yasuda ,&nbsp;Yukiko Miyamoto","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Research reports higher suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SAs) among offender populations than the general population.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study investigated the association of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on SI and SAs among Japanese incarcerated youth.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>The study included 436 participants (351 boys, 85 girls) placed in four juvenile correctional institutions in Japan. Mean age was 17.09 years (<em>SD</em> = 1.59) for boys and 16.76 years (<em>SD</em> = 1.65) for girls, age range 12–19 years.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A self-report questionnaire was administered to detained youth between September 2021 and March 2023, including only those who consented to participate.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Lifetime prevalence of SI was 44.7 % for girls and 19.3 % for boys, while SAs were 29.4 % for girls and 8.0 % for boys, showing girls were significantly more likely to report both behaviors. Logistic regression analyses showed that while cumulative ACE scores were associated with both SI and SAs (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.40, 95 %CI = [1.21–1.62] for SA; AOR = 1.32, 95 %CI = [1.17–1.49] for SI), most individual ACEs were not. Only family SAs significantly increased risk of both behaviors, while having an incarcerated family member decreased SI risk.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings highlight the need for trauma-informed approaches within forensic and correctional environments to enhance mental health support for affected youth offenders. The results indicate that childhood adversity is not uniformly associated with mental health issues, underscoring the importance of examining how individual ACEs relate to youth suicide prevention efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}