Child Protection and Practice最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating a school-based mindfulness intervention for the prevention of abuse among Filipino adolescents","authors":"Gilda Dans Lopez,&nbsp;Maria Lourdes Rosita A. Mesa,&nbsp;Angelique Pearl Virtue P. Villasanta,&nbsp;Loreta Lunaria Salvador,&nbsp;Bernadette J. Madrid","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100343","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Study participants are 645 Grade 8 students between ages 12 to 20 (<em>M</em> = 13.37) and 7 teachers from four public schools in an urban city in the Philippines.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Mindfulness, wellbeing, &amp;amp; emotion awareness improved after the program.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Comparing pre-test and post-test responses, peer conformity &amp; control was reduced after the program. Post-test results show students' greater ability to recognize unwanted sexual advances offline and online.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>In the focused group discussions, teachers share observations of students' openness to disclose experiences of sexual harassment and abuse.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>There were more student disclosures of unwanted sexual advances to teachers.</div></span></li></ul></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148951399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accountability among child protection workers: Practice-based insights on definitions, perceived impacts, and coping strategies","authors":"Constance Boulé,&nbsp;Victoria Lavallée,&nbsp;Steve Geoffrion","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Child protection workers (CPWs) must make complex decisions that deeply affect children and families. They operate within a demanding accountability framework, which requires them to justify their actions to supervisors, organizations, courts, and the public. While accountability is essential to ensure ethical and transparent practice, its definition and day-to-day impact on CPWs remain unclear. This qualitative study explored how Canadian CPWs define accountability, how it affects their personal and professional lives, and what strategies are used to manage it. Through thematic analysis of interviews with 30 CPWs in the Greater Montreal area, participants described accountability as a mix of professional, organizational, legal, and medical responsibilities. Many related it with heavy emotional and cognitive demands such as stress, self-doubt, and overload, particularly when facing scrutiny or unclear expectations. CPWs also identified positive dimensions of accountability, including greater rigor, reflection, and shared responsibility. Peer support and supervision emerged as vital tools for navigating accountability pressures in daily practice. By shedding light on how CPWs understand and manage accountability, this study invites reflection on how organizations and supervisors can better support their staff. When accountability is shared and grounded in collaboration rather than control, it can foster trust, ethical reflection, and healthier work environments for those involved in supporting children and families.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100344"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148951400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Childhood out-of-home care and later crime, mental health, and mortality up to retirement age: A prospective birth cohort study","authors":"Hilma Forsman,&nbsp;Glena Hossein,&nbsp;Ylva B. Almquist,&nbsp;Olof Bäckman,&nbsp;Lars Brännström","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Children placed in out-of-home care (OHC) are often exposed to severe childhood adversity and face elevated risks of adverse outcomes. Yet, less is known about how such outcomes cluster across adulthood, particularly when premature mortality is considered.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study examines the prevalence of offending, psychiatric disorders, and early death from early adulthood to retirement age, as well as the co-occurrence of offending and psychiatric disorders, and assesses variation by timing and reasons for placement.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>The study uses longitudinal Swedish data from the Stockholm Birth Cohort Multigenerational Study (SBC Multigen), including over 14,000 individuals born in 1953.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Sex-stratified multinomial regression analyses compared outcomes among individuals with OHC experience, those investigated by child welfare services but not placed, and majority population peers, adjusting for early-life confounders.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Individuals with OHC experience had elevated risks compared with majority population peers, with the strongest associations for co-occurring offending and psychiatric disorders. Risks were highest among those first placed during adolescence and those placed for reasons related to individual behavior. Individuals investigated but not placed generally showed intermediate risks. Including mortality highlighted that premature death as an important component of long-term outcome patterns.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Childhood OHC experience is associated with risks of criminal and mental health problems into later adulthood. Findings highlight the importance of considering co-occurring outcomes, mortality, and heterogeneity in placement experiences in child welfare systems, particularly for risk assessment, service planning, and long-term support.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148951398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual exploitation among adolescents in residential care: Prevalence and implications for child protection","authors":"Noemí Pereda ,&nbsp;Alba Águila-Otero","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Child sexual exploitation (CSE) is a major public health problem that disproportionately affects children and young people involved in the child welfare system.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study estimated the reported prevalence of CSE among adolescents in residential care facilities in a northern region of Spain and identified associated risk factors.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>The sample included 119 adolescents (51.3% male, 45.4% female) aged 14–18 years (M = 15.95), residing in 26 residential care facilities across northern Spain.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An ad hoc online questionnaire assessed (a) sociodemographic characteristics, (b) child protection history, (c) knowledge and perceptions of CSE, and (d) personal experiences of CSE.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Overall, 17.6% of participants in this regional sample reported experiencing some form of CSE in the past year. The most prevalent form was sharing sexual images or videos, followed by sexual intercourse and sexual touching. Compared with non-victims, those who experienced CSE were more likely to be female, to have run away from the residential facility, to have received prior CSE education, and to know someone involved in CSE.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Findings underscore the urgent need for targeted prevention and intervention strategies addressing CSE among youth in residential care. Comprehensive approaches should include professional training, systematic screening and risk assessment, and direct interventions. These should be implemented through an intersectional framework that acknowledges multiple vulnerabilities and risk factors to better protect young people within the child welfare system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148184762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supporting learners from child-headed households: the challenges institutional-level support teams face in South African high schools","authors":"Mashuda Ebrahim ,&nbsp;Siphokazi Kwatubana ,&nbsp;Elsa Etokabeka","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Several factors limit learners from child-headed households (CHH) from receiving adequate support, including stigma, limited awareness, and a lack of resources. In response to such challenges, the Department of Social Development mandated the establishment of Institutional-Level Support Teams (ILST) in South African schools to address learner support needs. However, many ILST experience difficulties in fulfilling this role, highlighting the need for stronger and more effective support programmes for learners from CHH.</div><div>This qualitative study used semi-structured interviews to gather data from ILST members. At each of the five selected high schools, the ILST included the school principal, the ILST coordinator, and an educator teaching the highest number of learners from child-headed households, resulting in a total of 15 participants. The data were analysed using inductive coding, whereby meaningful segments of data were systematically coded to identify key patterns and themes.</div><div>The findings revealed several factors that hinder effective ILST implementation, including difficulties in identifying learners from CHH, limited communication, the absence of clear policies to guide support, ineffective implementation practices, and negative attitudes among staff. In many cases, ILST members relied heavily on coordinators to carry out most responsibilities, which weakened team functioning. In addition, a lack of strong leadership further constrained service delivery, as effective leadership and management are closely linked to quality support. The insights from this study can inform the development and implementation of policies and interventions aimed at strengthening ILST and improving support for learners from CHH.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148184763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Not Just Children, Not Just Workers: An intersectional analysis of violence against child domestic workers in Myanmar","authors":"Aye Thiri Kyaw ,&nbsp;Benjamin Hanckel ,&nbsp;Meghna Ranganathan ,&nbsp;Cathy Zimmerman","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Evidence repeatedly suggests that violence against child domestic workers can have irreversible physical and psychological impacts on health and wellbeing. Yet, little is known about how intersecting factors (age, gender, class, and place, etc.) shape children's lived experiences.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study centres the voices and lived experiences of former child domestic workers in Myanmar to consider how their individual experiences of violence affected them while working in employer households.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with 32 former child domestic workers (CDW) (aged 14–24) in Myanmar. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, translated from Burmese to English. We used thematic analysis as our method of analysis to examine participants’ reflections on their experiences and perspectives on conditions of child domestic work.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Applying an intersectional lens, participants described many of the intersectional links between the violence they experienced and intersectional characteristics, including their age, ethnicity, social position and household power differentials, which both made these abuses likely to happen and influenced how they experienced them. Our participants reported that shared ethnicity with employers could sometimes serve as a protective buffer, providing a degree of familiarity and trust.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our analysis underscores the importance of an intersectional lens that demonstrates how age, gender, social norms, class, ethnicity and their live-in arrangements intersect to either constrain or protect from violence. Equally, incorporating violence against child domestic workers within the broader discourse on violence against children is critical, as their exclusion perpetuates invisibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148230859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse childhood experience domains and unsafe firearm storage: The moderating role of social support","authors":"Xiang Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Firearm storage practices are a critical public health issue, as unsafe storage increases risks for unintentional injuries and suicides. Numerous factors have been linked to unsafe storage, including adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). While ACEs are associated with a range of negative health behaviors, their role in shaping firearm storage practices remains understudied. Social support may serve as a protective factor, but little is known about how it influences the relationship between ACEs and firearm storage.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To assess the association between ACE domains and firearm storage and the moderating role of social support.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>Data were from the 2023 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to identify latent domains of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and generate an overall ACE score. Multinomial logistic regression models were then used to examine the association between ACE domains and firearm storage behaviors, with interaction terms included to assess the moderating role of social support.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>People with more ACEs were more likely to store firearms in unsafe ways – either loaded and locked, or loaded and unlocked. This pattern was especially strong among those who grew up with household dysfunction. For individuals who had experienced sexual abuse in childhood, having strong social support was linked to a significantly lower likelihood of unsafe firearm storage.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>ACEs, especially household dysfunction, are associated with unsafe firearm storage. Social support reduces the likelihood of unsafe storage, particularly among individuals who have experienced sexual abuse. Firearm safety interventions may prioritize social support, particularly for individuals with sexual abuse, while addressing childhood adversity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148230864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge and attitudes about infant safe haven laws among a diverse sample of public university students in the U.S.","authors":"Emily M. Douglas,&nbsp;Emma J. Morgan,&nbsp;Leticia Sanchez,&nbsp;JoseCarlos Aguilar,&nbsp;Iliana Woodhull","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Safe haven laws (SHLs) are state policies that give parents the right to anonymously relinquish the rights to their infant to a designated safe haven provider. A small body of research shows that professionals have limited knowledge about SHLs and there is almost no research about the public's understanding of SHLs.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study is the first to examine knowledge and attitudes about SHLs among a sample of university students.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>A diverse, convenience sample of 222 student at a Hispanic-Serving Institution of higher education participated in a study which assessed the knowledge and attitudes about SHLs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Methods were approved by an institutional review board of ethics. Data were collected through an online survey that was open to the entire student body.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Results showed that 59.1 % of students knew about SHLs prior to this survey and that 97.3 % have positive attitudes about SHLs. Also, students who had a minority identity or who indicated peer support were more likely to project that they would use or recommend that someone else use a SHL.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>SHLs are strongly endorsed by this body of university students. Minority status and peer support play pivotal roles in this support. Recommendations are made for the field and for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors associated with recent physical violence against orphaned and vulnerable children (OVC) in Namibia: A cross-sectional analysis of programmatic data from 2023 to 2024","authors":"Enos Moyo ,&nbsp;Hadrian Mangwana ,&nbsp;Endalkachew Melese ,&nbsp;Simon Takawira ,&nbsp;Bernadette Harases ,&nbsp;Rosalia Indongo ,&nbsp;Perseverance Moyo ,&nbsp;Kopano Robert ,&nbsp;Tafadzwa Dzinamarira","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>An estimated one billion children aged two to 17 years globally have experienced physical, sexual, or emotional violence or neglect. In Namibia, nearly 50% of girls and boys encounter physical, sexual, or emotional violence during childhood. Orphaned and vulnerable children (OVC) experience significant adverse effects as a result of their living conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study assessed the rate of physical violence and its associated factors against OVC in Namibia.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>The study included OVC aged 0 to 20 years in 13 primary health administrative districts in Namibia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This retrospective cross-sectional study utilized programmatic data collected from 2023 to 2024 from OVC participating in the Reach program, implemented by Project Hope Namibia. The study included OVC aged 0 to 20 years. Data were analyzed utilizing IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29. Chi-square tests and binomial and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among the 16,507 participants included in this analysis, 1803 (10.9%) participants were recently physically abused, 95% confidence interval (CI) (10.4% – 11.4%). Omuthiya had the highest physical abuse rate (n = 73; 18.2%), while Outapi had the lowest (n = 47; 8.4%). Participants aged 10-14 years were less likely to have experienced recent physical abuse than those aged 15-20, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.81, 95% CI (0.70 – 0.95). Disabled participants had a lower likelihood of reporting recent physical abuse than the non-disabled ones (AOR = 0.62, 95% CI (0.41 – 0.93)). Furthermore, participants who had caregivers who were HIV-positive were less likely to have experienced recent physical abuse than those whose caregivers were HIV-negative (crude odds ratio (COR) = 0.25, 95% CI (0.06 – 0.99). In contrast, participants from Omuthiya were more likely to have experienced recent physical abuse than those from Windhoek (AOR = 1.74, 95% CI (1.25 – 2.43)).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Violence against children (VAC) awareness campaigns in high-risk districts, focusing on physical violence and community-level behavior change, must be expanded. Periodical regional VAC assessments must be conducted to identify and address localized drivers of violence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147419598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics and impairments in functioning of attachment disorder in clinically referred children","authors":"Shannon L. Stewart ,&nbsp;Nethnie T. Nandadasa ,&nbsp;Jeffrey W. Poss","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Significant abuse and maltreatment in early development can have a multitude of negative impacts. This can include Attachment Disorders (AD), characterized by inconsistencies in seeking support or being overly familiar toward random adults. ADs can result in higher rates of impairments in multiple domains of functioning and reduced positive affect.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The goal of this paper is to describe the characteristics of children and youth with a diagnosis of AD, among cases seeking mental health services.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>Assessment data for 20,234 treatment-seeking children and youth aged 4 to 18 were obtained from 68 mental health agencies from Ontario, Canada. 480 cases of children with AD were selected and matched 1:1.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using the interRAI Child and Youth Mental Health instruments, differences between those with AD and those without, including family characteristics, functioning, rates of polyvictimization, behavioural and emotional difficulties as well as other signs and symptoms were examined.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Children with AD ((M_age = 11.7; SD = 3.2; males = 58.7%) faced higher rates of unstable family situations and harmful behaviours compared to their matched pairs (M_age = 11.7; SD = 3.3; males = 58.7%). Mothers of children with AD were younger and more likely to misuse substances and face greater psychiatric challenges. Children with AD also experienced higher rates of polyvictimization and comorbidity with other major disorders.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings indicate the adverse effects of AD. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147419600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}