Child Protection and Practice最新文献

{"title":"Infant prenatal substance exposure and later child maltreatment in the US","authors":"Vincent J. Palusci ,&nbsp;Frank E. Vandervort","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Infants with prenatal substance exposure can have a number of health harms and their families need specialized services. Reforms to the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act and passage of the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act mandated procedures and services for infants with prenatal substance exposure.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To (1) describe a national cohort of infants recorded as infants with prenatal substance exposure after federal reforms; and (2) assess the relationship with services provided at birth for any second confirmed maltreatment reports before age three years.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>Child Files in the US National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System for FFY2018-2022.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We first described the number of infants with prenatal substance exposure and the services they received during 2018–2020. We then identified second confirmed reports for these same children before age 3 years and assessed any relationship between recurrence and specific services using bivariate and multivariate regression models.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Increasing numbers of infants were identified as prenatally substance exposed during FFY2018-2020 and increasingly received more service referrals. An important proportion (14.3%) went on to have a second, confirmed child maltreatment report before age 3 years. Plans of Safe Care and services related to the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act of 2016 were significantly associated with decreased later confirmed reports as were a small number of other services offered at birth.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Services for infants with prenatal substance exposure are associated with fewer later child maltreatment reports. Further research is needed to examine longer term and other outcomes associated with these services.</div></div><div><h3>Implications for practice</h3><div>Increasing identification and service provision for mothers using substances during pregnancy can improve child outcomes during the first three years of life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empowering children's voices: Practical guidelines for conducting ethical research with children on violence","authors":"Afnan Attrash-Najjar ,&nbsp;Gal Friedman-Hauser","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This commentary paper explores the importance of children's participation in research on violence, emphasizing their role as active contributors rather than passive subjects, and provides practical guidelines for conducting research with children on violence. The paper begins by outlining four fundamental approaches to studying violence against children, with an emphasis on the direct involvement of children in research on violence. The commentary argues for the necessity of children's participation, highlighting their unique perspectives and the various degrees of involvement they can have in research. Practical guidelines for researchers are provided, covering pre-research preparation, engagement during the research phase, and post-research practices to ensure participant well-being, thorough data analysis, and enhanced research impact. By striking a balance between empirical rigor and ethical considerations, these recommendations aim to promote more comprehensive and insightful knowledge about violence from the invaluable perspective of children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Child protection realities of detained juveniles in a Ghanaian correctional facility: A qualitative narrative","authors":"Clement Aryee,&nbsp;Esmeranda Manful","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ghana's juvenile justice system emphasizes rehabilitation and reintegration of juvenile offenders, aligning with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child's principles for protecting young offenders' rights and wellbeing. While the Ghanaian child welfare discourse has primarily focused on issues of child abuse, neglect, and child labour, limited attention has been paid to the lived experiences of juveniles within correctional facilities in Ghana, a low-and middle-income country (LMIC). This study employed a qualitative case study design to examine the child protection experiences of committed juveniles in Ghana's only juvenile correctional facility. Using purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 male juveniles aged 14–17 years who had been in the facility for at least three months. Data was analysed using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis approach. Findings revealed three major themes: compromised quality of education due to resource constraints, inadequate nutrition stemming from severe under-resourcing, and reduced parental contact exacerbated by the centralized nature of Ghana's juvenile justice system. Through the lens of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, the study examines how these challenges manifest across different systemic levels. The findings contribute to understanding child welfare challenges in an LMIC context and emphasize the importance of developing culturally relevant, evidence-based interventions and policies within Ghana's juvenile justice system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between childhood sexual violence and low educational attainment among young people aged 18–24: Evidence from the 2018 Uganda violence against children survey","authors":"Maria Ndibalekera ,&nbsp;Clare Ahabwe Bangirana ,&nbsp;Mathew Amollo ,&nbsp;Kenneth Olido ,&nbsp;Agatha Kafuko ,&nbsp;Timothy Opobo ,&nbsp;Ronald Ssenyonga","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Researchers have identified various factors that contribute to low levels of educational attainment. However, studies examining the association between childhood sexual violence victimization and educational attainment remain scarce. Understanding this relationship is vital since experiencing violence during childhood is associated with poor educational outcomes and a higher likelihood of financial difficulties and employment issues later in life.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study sought to understand the association between childhood sexual violence victimization and low educational attainment for male and female young adults.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>The study uses data from the Uganda Violence Against Children Survey (2018), focusing on participants aged 18–24.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Secondary analysis was done using STATA 14 among participants aged 18–24 years from whom responses on childhood sexual violence (CSV) victimization were solicited. CSV was measured in its different forms i.e., unwanted sexual touches, attempted forced sex, physically forced sex, pressured sex and sexual exploitation, while low educational attainment was defined as being out of school and having primary or less as the highest level of education. Bivariable analysis and multivariable logistic regressions were conducted.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The majority (67.2%) of the sample of 2312 young adults had low educational attainment. Basing on the different forms of childhood sexual violence victimization (sexual exploitation, unwanted sexual touches, attempted forced sex, physically forced sex and pressured sex), low education attainment ranged between 59.2% and 72.3% for males and 50.9% and 72.4% for females. The different forms of CSV were not significantly associated with low educational attainment except attempted forced sex among females (P = 0.011) in the bivariate analysis and child marriage in the multivariate model (P = 0.022).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Low levels of educational attainment in Uganda are prevalent and could be influenced by various factors that warrant further investigation. There is a need for additional research to clarify the association between childhood sexual violence victimization and low educational attainment. Considering the well established advantages of education for individuals and communities, it is essential to strengthen initiatives aimed at increasing both access to and the quality of educational services.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“New cloth on an old garment” - Barriers in transforming and implementing foster care services from a developmental approach in South Africa","authors":"Sipho Sibanda ,&nbsp;Nozipho Theodorah Ngwabi","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>South Africa attempted to transform its rendering of foster care services by adopting a developmental approach. This mandated the shift from social welfare services to developmental welfare services. The Children's Act 38 of 2005 was promulgated as a legislative policy on the matter, with guidelines concerning the delivery of foster care services within the developmental approach.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The article identifies and describes barriers in transforming and implementing foster care services from a developmental approach in South Africa.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>13 social workers employed at seven child protection organisations in South Africa participated in the study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using a qualitative study, data was collected through focus group discussions and analysed using a thematic analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>The findings indicate that the barriers to transforming foster care services stem from a lack of conceptual and contextual understanding of the delivery of foster care services within the developmental approach; lack of training on the Children's Act; social workers not being aware of their role in providing developmental foster care services; and lack of funding to implement and deliver foster care services from a developmental approach.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The lack of transformation and barriers encountered by social workers are rooted in their lack of understanding of the developmental approach. There is a need to develop training manuals and practice guidelines for social workers, which clearly define developmental foster care services and the role of social workers in the implementation of these services, and a review of the foster care funding models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is ethical review a barrier to the publication of research on violence against women and children for low- and middle-income country researchers?","authors":"Elizabeth Dartnall ,&nbsp;Sarah Homan ,&nbsp;Kevin Lalor ,&nbsp;Mpho Silima ,&nbsp;Chi-Chi Undie","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Producing and publishing research on violence against women (VAW) and violence against children (VAC) is essential for developing evidence-based solutions to these widespread issues. However, researchers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face numerous challenges and structural inequities that hinder their ability to contribute to the global knowledge base. Among these, obtaining research ethics approval, which is essential for ensuring research integrity and safeguarding participant welfare, stands out as a particularly critical and often arduous hurdle. Access to research ethics approval presents significant challenges for researchers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), due to: (1) limited availability and accessibility of appropriate Research Ethics Committees (RECs) at universities, hospitals, or other institutions; (2) difficulties in navigating bureaucratic ethical review systems; (3) limited access to funding for research ethics approval fees, particularly for early-career researchers; (4) fee-for-service ethics review models and associated conflicts of interest; (5) limited expertise of <span>REC</span> members to evaluate and advise on VAW and <span>VAC</span> research; and (6) conflicts between international <span>REC</span> criteria and local mandates or expectations regarding how research should be conducted. This paper explores these barriers and inequities, providing recommendations to strengthen support and infrastructure for ethical review in LMICs. It calls for the development of accessible, contextually relevant ethical review mechanisms that uphold global standards while accommodating local realities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143520337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lay understanding and perceptions of child protection: Limited awareness of restorative principles","authors":"Stacey Politis,&nbsp;Diane Sivasubramaniam,&nbsp;Taylor Gogan,&nbsp;Nina Papalia","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Child protection (CP) systems and practitioners are subject to harsh public scrutiny. However, it is unclear whether the general public understand the nuanced functions of CP, such as the restorative interventions embedded in practice which aim to reunify and support families. A lack of understanding may be contributing to poor perceptions of this service. Additionally, the psychological literature suggests that lay people may expect CP to act punitively towards parents who harm children; such retributive expectations would conflict with the non-retributive purpose of CP.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We explored lay people's A Priori understanding of the role of CP and tested public understanding of the risk factors for child abuse. We also examined how demographic factors (i.e., age, political orientation, and income) influence endorsement of retributive practices.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>Participants were 188 first-year psychology students at a mid-sized Australian university in Victoria (<em>M</em> = 29.47, <em>SD</em> = 11.06).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study utilised a mixed-methods design. Open-ended questions and a knowledge quiz explored participants' understanding of CP, and closed-ended questions probed people's prioritisation of retributive and restorative justice.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Participants were knowledgeable about some of the broader responsibilities of CP, however they had far less understanding of restorative elements of practice. We did not find significant correlations between demographic factors and retributive views.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Understanding about CP's responsibilities was basic, with knowledge about restorative practices being particularly low. If the community have limited awareness of the restorative frameworks underpinning CP practice, this will undermine support for CP and its practitioners in the long term.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143520491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving mental health services for young refugees: The role of organisational readiness in residential care facilities","authors":"Selina Kappler,&nbsp;Fabienne Hornfeck,&nbsp;Heinz Kindler","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Social workers play a crucial role in addressing the needs of unaccompanied young refugees (UYRs), but the impact of institutional factors on the success of evidence-based programs remains unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study examines factors influencing organisational readiness for change (ORC) in Children and Youth Welfare System (CYWS) facilities caring for UYRs.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>In a survey of <em>N</em> = 148 CYWS facilities all over Germany, 148 facility directors (<em>M</em>_age = 44.89; <em>SD</em>_age = 11.15; 62.7% female) participated.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This research utilized a quantitative design to gain a broader and more in-depth understanding of the motivation and institutional capacities needed to support mental health care for UYRs. The participants provided information about the facility structure and characteristics, evaluation of the care provided for mental health within and outside the facility, and preparedness for UYRs’ mental health problems. The ORC was assessed using an adapted (shorter) version of the Readiness Monitoring Tool (RMT). For the analyses, predictors such as preparedness, staff turnover, supervision, and experience with UYRs were used.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Institutional preparedness for UYRs’ mental health needs was moderate (M = 6.20, SD = 1.78). Gender did not impact ORC. Staff turnover (45.2%) and supervision availability (98.0%) influenced organisational readiness. General capacity correlated with institutional preparedness, staff turnover, and experience, while innovation-specific capacity was linked to preparedness and supervision. Regression analyses showed institutional preparedness as a key predictor for both subscales, explaining significant variance (general: R² = .494; innovation-specific: R² = .370). Experience reduced general capacity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The results indicated that successful and sustainable change processes within CYWS facilities rely on profound and individually adapted preparation involving all facility members. In terms of policy and implementation of interventions, host country stakeholders must develop strategies to mitigate stressors and foster an environment conducive to effective, high-quality social work, thereby better equipping social workers for organisational change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143526586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A mixed methods scoping review of the effects of loss during childhood across the lifespan: A protocol paper","authors":"Ashwini Pandey ,&nbsp;Zola Johnson ,&nbsp;Cassidy McCann ,&nbsp;Zachary Hoffman ,&nbsp;Jen Jaremski ,&nbsp;Sadhana Durbha ,&nbsp;Melissa Tetzlaff-Bemiller ,&nbsp;Natalee Reese","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Caregiver loss during childhood is a significant but understudied childhood adversity and a risk factor for adverse health outcomes. However, a review and comparison of short and long-term outcomes by type of caregiver loss has not been conducted. We define caregiver loss to encompass multiple experiences during childhood, including caregiver death or the prolonged or permanent separation from a living caregiver.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This protocol paper describes the mixed methods scoping review methodology that will be used to summarize the effects of, as well as risk and protective factors across the lifespan, for different types of caregiver loss during childhood. Risk and protective factors will be documented as available.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>No restrictions will be made based on study design, geography, race or ethnicity of populations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We will draw from Arksey and O’Malley’s formal methodological framework. Predefined terms will be used to search four multidisciplinary databases including: PubMed (biomedical), Academic Search Complete, PsychInfo, and CINAHL. Peer-reviewed and grey literature-based empirical studies in English published between 2000 and 2025 will be included. Citation screening of eligible articles will be conducted. Any identified special issue journals will be searched for additional literature.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Data from eligible articles will be extracted and charted in tabular format and summarized to provide an overview of adverse outcomes and contextualization (i.e., risk and protective factors).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This multidisciplinary search strategy will allow for a critical review of the adverse lifetime effects of loss of a caregiver during childhood and a discourse of best practices to prevent development or worsening of sequalae.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How can we talk about child protection without talking about child protection?","authors":"Lauren Elizabeth Lines ,&nbsp;Sarah Hunter ,&nbsp;Amy Marshall ,&nbsp;Tahlia Johnson ,&nbsp;Megan Aston","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Language used by professionals when describing or speaking with parents of children within child protection services can be stigmatizing and harmful. Professionals across health, welfare and childhood education sectors frequently encounter parents who are experiencing multiple social, economic, and health adversities that impact their children's health, development, wellbeing, or physical safety. Families experiencing multiple adversities are often caught within intergenerational cycles of disadvantage and marginalisation which are difficult to escape. A public health response to child protection responds to those experiencing adversities and provides prevention, early support, and responses before situations escalate to where children's safety is under threat. Nurses, social workers, physicians, midwives, and lawyers are some examples of professionals who form the broader network of health, welfare, and early childhood professionals who are well-placed for child protection public health responses to prevention and early intervention that empowers families to disrupt intergenerational disadvantage. Language used throughout society and across health, welfare and education sectors to respond to families experiencing adversities including violence and maltreatment may inadvertently further marginalise these families and reduce their willingness to seek and accept support. This language has particularly significant consequences when used across government policy, health and welfare systems and by service providers and practitioners to enact a child protection public health response. This paper firstly summarises the historical and social context shaping the language used when supporting families impacted by violence and child maltreatment, and concludes with strategies to address unhelpful language that can perpetuate marginalisation and stigma.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}