Child Protection and Practice最新文献

{"title":"Adverse childhood experiences and tobacco smoke exposure among U.S. school-aged children","authors":"Ashley L. Merianos ,&nbsp;Madelyn J. Hill ,&nbsp;Kayleigh A. Gregory ,&nbsp;Sinem Toraman Turk ,&nbsp;Matthew Lee Smith ,&nbsp;E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are traumatic events linked to poor health outcomes in childhood. While children are vulnerable to ACEs and tobacco smoke exposure (TSE), little is known about the association between ACEs and home TSE.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to assess the association between ACEs and home TSE status among U.S. school-aged children.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>A secondary analysis of the 2020–2021 National Survey of Children's Health data, including 26,422 children 6–11 years old, was conducted.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>ACEs were assessed cumulatively and based on type, including household-, community-, and financial-based ACEs. Home TSE status included no home TSE, defined as the child not living with smokers; home thirdhand smoke (THS) exposure only, defined as the child living with smokers who did not smoke indoors; and home secondhand smoke (SHS) and THS exposure, defined as the child living with smokers who smoked indoors. Weighted adjusted multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Concerning the number of ACEs, 22.4 % of children experienced one ACE, 12.2 % experienced 2–3 ACEs, and 4.9 % experienced 4–10 ACEs. Children with one ACE (AOR = 1.59, 95 %CI = [1.26, 1.99]; AOR = 2.00, 95 %CI = [1.17, 3.41]), 2–3 ACEs (AOR = 2.62, 95 %CI = [1.98, 3.45]; AOR = 4.36, 95 %CI = [2.52, 7.56]), and 4–10 ACEs (AOR = 5.16, 95 %CI = [3.48, 7.65]; AOR = 9.71, 95 %CI ​= ​[4.74, 19.88]) had increased odds of home THS exposure only and home SHS ​+ ​THS exposure, respectively, compared to children with zero ACEs. Household-, community-, and financial-based ACEs increased the odds of home THS exposure only and home SHS ​+ ​THS exposure.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>ACEs were associated with home TSE status in school-aged children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Where is the disability? A critical analysis of case reports of online sexual abuse of children with disabilities","authors":"Gal Friedman-Hauser ,&nbsp;Carmit Katz","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Children with disabilities (CWD) face a heightened risk of experiencing sexual abuse. Despite the severity and persistence of these cases, they often receive inadequate responses from child protection systems compared to incidents involving non-disabled children. Moreover, recent technological advancements have extended the risk of sexual abuse beyond physical spaces to online environments. This creates an escalated risk and challenges for the protection of CWD.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to conduct a qualitative-critical analysis of case reports detailing incidents of online child sexual abuse (OCSA) involving CWD to explore how these cases are documented and addressed.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>The data comprised 25 reports from a hotline in Israel receiving reports of online child sexual abuse of CWD aged 11–17 across Israel.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Influenced by a critical paradigm, the study utilizes a qualitative methodology to undertake a reflexive thematic analysis of the reports.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The analysis revealed a significant underrepresentation of CWD's voices in the reports, which predominantly reflected parental perspectives. Moreover, the disability aspect was often overlooked, with limited acknowledgment or reference to the child's disability.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings underscored the marginalization of CWD in child protection processes. They highlighted the urgent need to integrate disability-specific considerations into post-abuse treatment and intervention, advocating for the inclusion of children's perspectives in reporting and response efforts. Recommendations include enhancing professional training, refining reporting protocols to address disability explicitly, and implementing policy reforms to ensure inclusive support systems. Future research should explore comparative analysis and gather qualitative insights from CWD to enhance intervention strategies effectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of intimate partner violence on children from their point of view: A swiss study","authors":"Anne Cattagni ,&nbsp;Imane Semlali ,&nbsp;Nicky Stanley ,&nbsp;Nathalie Romain-Glassey","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Living with intimate partner violence (IPV) puts children at risk of negative short- and long-term outcomes. Studies on this topic are mainly quantitative and often focused on psychological and behavioral outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This qualitative study examines, more broadly and from their own perspective, impacts on the health and well-being of children.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>In 2022, we interviewed 20 adolescents and young adults who had experienced parental IPV when they were minors and whose parent attended a Swiss clinical forensic consultation for IPV between 2011 and 2018.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Semi-structured individual interviews were carried out, covering the main areas of the participants’ life since birth. A thematic analysis was conducted on the interview transcripts.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Short- and long-term impacts were reported. Impacts on mental health included fear, worry, and anxiety; trauma; feelings of sadness and abandonment; negative self-image and anger. Impacts on behaviors were sleep problems; social isolation and difficulties; fleeing from home; self-harm; and aggression and violence. Injuries and other physical impacts were mentioned, such as pain, fatigue, and weight problems. Financial and social impacts, impacts on school, and damage to relationships, especially with the victimized parent, were also reported. Interactions between impacts and cascading effects were often noted.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Impacts occur at different levels of the social ecology and stem not only from the experience of acute IPV events, but more broadly from the daily experience of IPV, where coercive control and other victimizations are often the norm. Recommendations for practice are provided.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the cycle of violence: Own childhood experiences of violence and attitudes towards violence relate to female caregivers’ violent discipline","authors":"Faustine Bwire Masath ,&nbsp;Tobias Hecker","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Violence against children, including violent discipline, is widespread globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like Tanzania. However, evidence supporting the cycle of violence hypothesis in nations with a high prevalence of violent discipline is still scarce, especially concerning female caregivers.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study examined the association of female caregivers’ experiences of violent discipline in their childhood, as well as their approval of violent discipline, with their use of violent discipline against their children. <strong>Participants and setting</strong>: A total of 851 female caregivers (<em>Mean (M)</em> _Age = 40.00 years, <em>Standard Deviation (SD)</em> _Age = 11.392, Range: 17–91 years) of children (<em>M</em>_Age = 12.58 years, <em>SD</em>_Age = 1.43, Range: 8–18 years) participated in a cluster-randomised controlled trial aimed at preventing violent discipline by teachers in 12 schools across six regions of Tanzania.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Binary logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association of female caregivers with and without experience of violent discipline in their childhood and those approving and not approving violent discipline with their use of physical and emotional violent discipline against their children.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>More than 90 % of female caregivers reported having experienced violent discipline during their childhood. Also, about 95 % of female caregivers reported favourable attitudes towards violent discipline, 72.2 % had used one or more forms of physical violent discipline, and 84.8 % had used one or more forms of emotional violent discipline against their children in the past month. Female caregivers with a childhood experience of violent discipline and those with favourable attitudes towards violent discipline were significantly more likely to use both physical and emotional violent discipline (<em>p</em> &lt; .05) against their child(ren).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings highlight the need for designing and implementing effective interventions that challenge societal norms and practices endorsing violent discipline while promoting the education of female caregivers. This approach could decrease instances of violent discipline within families and help break the cycle of violence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding medical neglect: Perspectives of Palestinian youth from East Jerusalem","authors":"Mayada Karjawally ,&nbsp;Asher Ben-Arieh ,&nbsp;Christine Wekerle","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Child medical neglect is defined as the failure to provide timely healthcare to the child, placing them at risk of harm. Despite Israel's universal health coverage, East Jerusalem (EJ) Palestinian youth and their families face unique socioeconomic realities and inequitable healthcare access that are shaped by the broader socio-political climate and policies that further challenge healthcare provision. Engaging EJ youth in research, as potentially vulnerable to medical neglect and as experts in their lives, fills a current gap in understanding their specific experiences and healthcare needs.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This qualitative inquiry explored EJ Palestinian youths' perceptions of medical neglect via review and discussion of medical neglect case vignettes.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>Arab-speaking Palestinian youth aged 12 to 14 were recruited from two EJ schools to participate in data collection activities. Data collection was facilitated by the research team in a confidential space within local EJ school libraries.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We addressed our qualitative research aims via semi-structured focus groups, one each for boys and girls who participated in the study. Both parental consent and youth assent were obtained before youth participation. Open-ended questions for each focus group featured questions about healthcare and medical neglect, youth reflections on three medical neglect vignettes, and healthcare advocacy questions. Discussions were transcribed, translated into English, and subjected to inductive thematic analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 14 youth participated in the study's focus groups, one each for boys and girls (57 %). The youth demonstrated an awareness of their lived environments, socio-political contexts, cultural influences, and rights-based expectations regarding caregiving. The five main themes included perceived severity and chronicity of medical neglect, emotional impact, systemic factors, shared responsibility, and valuing the child's perspective.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>EJ youth understand the complex challenges and competing needs within their community. Findings point to the potential role of youth engagement in research related to healthcare systems, particularly in violence-risk living environments. This study encourages further research to amplify youth voices within complex sociopolitical contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ideological indoctrination of children during Crises: Non-Religious extremism in authoritarian regimes","authors":"Dr Karima Almazroui","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article investigates the secular ideological indoctrination of children under authoritarian regimes during political and humanitarian crises, focusing on the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, North Korea, and Maoist China. While much attention has been given to religious radicalization, this study highlights how non-religious regimes exploit education and child socialization to consolidate power. Using a comparative, interdisciplinary framework grounded in critical theory, developmental psychology, and human rights law, it explores how states manipulate curricula, emotional bonds, and youth institutions to reengineer identity, suppress dissent, and instill loyalty.</div><div>Crises enable regimes to occupy moral and epistemic space left by collapsing institutions, reframing education as a tool of ideological purification. The study introduces the concept of <em>affective captivity</em> to capture the emotional restructuring of children's moral frameworks and links these practices to violations of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. It reframes indoctrination as a form of epistemic and structural violence with enduring psychological and civic consequences.</div><div>By naming secular indoctrination as a form of non-religious extremism, the article contributes to authoritarian studies, child rights, and comparative education. It calls for enhanced legal recognition, critical curriculum safeguards, and post-crisis strategies to protect children's autonomy and psychosocial development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Australian Catholic teachers’ preparedness in identifying and responding to harmful sexual behavior and their training and resource needs” [Child Protection and Practice 5 (2025) 100181 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100181]","authors":"Lesley-Anne Ey ,&nbsp;Neil Tippett ,&nbsp;Elspeth McInnes ,&nbsp;Lewis Cockram ,&nbsp;Anissa Ostovar-Ravare","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100191","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144481190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benefits, burdens, and complications: A secondary analysis of research on signs of safety with service users and practitioners within the Irish child protection and welfare services","authors":"Matthew Townsend ,&nbsp;Donna O'Leary ,&nbsp;Sinead Whiting","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Signs of Safety (SofS) is a strength-based approach for family intervention. The SofS model has been adopted in many jurisdictions internationally, including Ireland. It is used by social workers to engage with families referred for services due to concerns about child welfare or abuse.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To examine the implementation and use of SofS in the context of the Irish child protection and welfare services.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>Review of reports involving three groups of stakeholders (social workers, parents, and children).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A documentary analysis of early research on SofS within the Irish child protection and welfare services. We conducted a comprehensive analysis and interpretation of the reports from three studies commissioned by Tusla, the Child and Family Agency (Tusla) following the implementation of SofS.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>SofS empowers social workers and improves relationships lbetween social workers and families. However, SofS also takes more time and energy to use and poses a barrier to good practice in some situations. The complexities of the SofS model combined with heavy workloads, mean there is not always time for social workers to engage with SofS fully. Social workers and clients reported that this negatively impacted their experience.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings indicate two contrasting characteristics of the SofS model. It also identifies and analyzes the current Irish evidence base.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between third places and behavioral problems among adolescents: A cross-sectional study","authors":"Rikuya Hosokawa ,&nbsp;Haruko Tazoe ,&nbsp;Riho Tomozawa ,&nbsp;Toshiki Katsura","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>A third place is a location other than home or school/work. Most studies investigating third places have focused on adults of various ages, leaving a gap in the understanding of how third places affect adolescents’ mental health.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study investigated the relationship between the availability of a third place and behavioral problems in adolescents.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>a<strong>nd Setting</strong>: Participants comprised parents of Japanese eighth graders aged 13–14 years (<em>n</em> = 540).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The presence of a third place and behavioral issues were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, which measures emotional symptoms, peer relationship problems, conduct problems, and hyperactivity. Of the 540 reports, 369 (68.3 %) indicated that children had a third place. <em>T</em>-tests comparing mean scores showed that the group without a third place scored significantly higher on emotional symptoms and peer relationship problems than the group with a third place. A logistic regression analysis was conducted using the inverse weight method with propensity scores. The explanatory variable was the presence of a third place, and the objective variable was the occurrence of behavioral problems. Propensity scores were calculated based on gender, family structure, household income, and parental education.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>The group with a third place scored significantly higher on behavioral problems and had a significantly lower risk of internalizing emotional symptoms and peer relationship problems than the group without such a place.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Having access to a third place can significantly reduce the risk of problematic behaviors in adolescents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144604473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implications of refusal to answer in sexual violence Surveys: An analysis based on sexual orientation among Mexican adolescents","authors":"Abigail Casas-Muñoz,&nbsp;Ángel Eduardo Velasco-Rojano,&nbsp;Aarón Rodríguez-Caballero,&nbsp;Miriam Arroyo-Belmonte","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Adolescents' refusal to answer questions about sexual abuse in surveys may indicate challenges in disclosure.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To assess the use of missing and refusal options in a sexual abuse survey among adolescents and examine reasons for refusal.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div><em>and Setting</em>: A convenience sample of 7329 Mexican adolescents (aged 15–18 years) participated in an online survey between April and July 2021.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Sexual abuse was measured using the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool adapted for Mexican Spanish. Participants were given the option of refusing to answer questions related to sexual abuse and were also given the opportunity to indicate their reasons for doing so. Refusal percentages were calculated, and motives were analyzed through semantic content analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The analysis revealed that 4.34 % of the adolescents left questions blank, and 4.31 % selected the refusal option. Significant differences by sexual orientation were found for both response types, with higher rates of refusals among homosexual and bisexual participants. Four categories emerged from the analysis of refusal motives: direct disclosure, indirect disclosure, discomfort when thinking about the event, and difficulties with recall.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Survey responses about sexual violence differ by sexual orientation. This study underscores the importance of adaptive survey methodologies to enhance data reliability in surveys on violence, protect participants' well-being and respect their need for control of over their responses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144513609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}