Child Protection and Practice最新文献

{"title":"Benefits, burdens, and complications: A secondary analysis of research on signs of safety with service users and practitioners within the Irish child protection and welfare services","authors":"Matthew Townsend ,&nbsp;Donna O'Leary ,&nbsp;Sinead Whiting","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Signs of Safety (SofS) is a strength-based approach for family intervention. The SofS model has been adopted in many jurisdictions internationally, including Ireland. It is used by social workers to engage with families referred for services due to concerns about child welfare or abuse.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To examine the implementation and use of SofS in the context of the Irish child protection and welfare services.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>Review of reports involving three groups of stakeholders (social workers, parents, and children).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A documentary analysis of early research on SofS within the Irish child protection and welfare services. We conducted a comprehensive analysis and interpretation of the reports from three studies commissioned by Tusla, the Child and Family Agency (Tusla) following the implementation of SofS.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>SofS empowers social workers and improves relationships lbetween social workers and families. However, SofS also takes more time and energy to use and poses a barrier to good practice in some situations. The complexities of the SofS model combined with heavy workloads, mean there is not always time for social workers to engage with SofS fully. Social workers and clients reported that this negatively impacted their experience.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings indicate two contrasting characteristics of the SofS model. It also identifies and analyzes the current Irish evidence base.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between third places and behavioral problems among adolescents: A cross-sectional study","authors":"Rikuya Hosokawa ,&nbsp;Haruko Tazoe ,&nbsp;Riho Tomozawa ,&nbsp;Toshiki Katsura","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>A third place is a location other than home or school/work. Most studies investigating third places have focused on adults of various ages, leaving a gap in the understanding of how third places affect adolescents’ mental health.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study investigated the relationship between the availability of a third place and behavioral problems in adolescents.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>a<strong>nd Setting</strong>: Participants comprised parents of Japanese eighth graders aged 13–14 years (<em>n</em> = 540).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The presence of a third place and behavioral issues were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, which measures emotional symptoms, peer relationship problems, conduct problems, and hyperactivity. Of the 540 reports, 369 (68.3 %) indicated that children had a third place. <em>T</em>-tests comparing mean scores showed that the group without a third place scored significantly higher on emotional symptoms and peer relationship problems than the group with a third place. A logistic regression analysis was conducted using the inverse weight method with propensity scores. The explanatory variable was the presence of a third place, and the objective variable was the occurrence of behavioral problems. Propensity scores were calculated based on gender, family structure, household income, and parental education.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>The group with a third place scored significantly higher on behavioral problems and had a significantly lower risk of internalizing emotional symptoms and peer relationship problems than the group without such a place.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Having access to a third place can significantly reduce the risk of problematic behaviors in adolescents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144604473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implications of refusal to answer in sexual violence Surveys: An analysis based on sexual orientation among Mexican adolescents","authors":"Abigail Casas-Muñoz,&nbsp;Ángel Eduardo Velasco-Rojano,&nbsp;Aarón Rodríguez-Caballero,&nbsp;Miriam Arroyo-Belmonte","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Adolescents' refusal to answer questions about sexual abuse in surveys may indicate challenges in disclosure.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To assess the use of missing and refusal options in a sexual abuse survey among adolescents and examine reasons for refusal.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div><em>and Setting</em>: A convenience sample of 7329 Mexican adolescents (aged 15–18 years) participated in an online survey between April and July 2021.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Sexual abuse was measured using the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool adapted for Mexican Spanish. Participants were given the option of refusing to answer questions related to sexual abuse and were also given the opportunity to indicate their reasons for doing so. Refusal percentages were calculated, and motives were analyzed through semantic content analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The analysis revealed that 4.34 % of the adolescents left questions blank, and 4.31 % selected the refusal option. Significant differences by sexual orientation were found for both response types, with higher rates of refusals among homosexual and bisexual participants. Four categories emerged from the analysis of refusal motives: direct disclosure, indirect disclosure, discomfort when thinking about the event, and difficulties with recall.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Survey responses about sexual violence differ by sexual orientation. This study underscores the importance of adaptive survey methodologies to enhance data reliability in surveys on violence, protect participants' well-being and respect their need for control of over their responses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144513609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protocol for a mixed-methods effectiveness evaluation of the community-led child protection approach (Seeds) in La Guajira, Colombia","authors":"Rinske E.C. Ellermeijer ,&nbsp;Gabriela V. Koppenol-Gonzalez ,&nbsp;Juan Jose Castellanos Piedrahita ,&nbsp;Maria Cecilia Dedios Sanguineti ,&nbsp;Lauren Stephens ,&nbsp;Ria Reis ,&nbsp;Mark J.D. Jordans","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Globally, an estimated one billion children experience violence every year. The prevalence of violence is anticipated to be higher in low-and middle-income countries and particularly in humanitarian contexts. Colombia faces a protracted humanitarian crisis. It is affected by long-lasting internal conflict, high levels of community violence, the climate crisis, and migration due to the political crisis in Venezuela.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of this mixed-methods study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a community-led child protection approach (<em>Seeds</em>) in La Guajira, Colombia.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>The study will be conducted in eight communities, randomly allocated to the intervention and control arms. Data will be collected from children and adults involved in <em>Seeds</em> activities, children targeted by community action, and natural helpers. The study will be conducted in La Guajira, a department in northern Colombia, with close proximity to the Venezuelan border and a history of armed conflict.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study will follow a convergent parallel mixed-methods design in which quantitative and qualitative data are collected in parallel, analyzed separately, and then merged for interpretation. The quantitative arm of the study will follow a matched-control quasi-experimental design using a waitlist control. Qualitative data will be collected using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results of the study will help address the lack of rigorous evidence on approaches to prevent violence against children, broaden understanding of changes driven by community-led child protection approaches, and offer an example of how to overcome challenges in evaluating community-led and prevention approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144557593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening family relationships for Black youth-in-care in Ontario, Canada","authors":"Daniel Kikulwe ,&nbsp;Christa Sato","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Extant literature confirms that when youth are removed from their families, they experience disrupted relationships with parents, siblings, and friends and disconnections from their neighbourhoods and schools.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The study objective was to explore the changes in Black youth's family relationships while in care.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>We completed the study in partnership with one child welfare service in Southwestern Ontario. This agency was an ideal setting because of its demonstrated commitment to the creation of culturally responsive processes and spaces, with an established collaborative relationship with African, Black, and Caribbean (ACB) communities.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This qualitative study garnered critical insights from 12 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 13 participants comprised of children service staff, caregivers, and youth (14 years and older) on services that support Black children's wellbeing with respect to family relationships.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>The study showed youth expressing different feelings regarding family relationships – some revealed love for their mothers while others struggled with how to manage the ongoing contacts with their families. Child welfare staff and caregivers indicated awareness that it is traumatic for children and youth to come into care. They also recognized that empathy was not enough and made several suggestions to improve services for youth.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>With respect to family relationships, findings led to the following two suggested insights for practitioners to consider about its services while supporting Black youth-in-care: 1) the need to integrate a race-informed trauma lens towards Black youth-in-care and their families; and 2) building stronger relationships with youths’ biological families.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144481189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of emotion regulation in the relationship between childhood adversity and COVID-19 stress","authors":"Nathalie Goubet,&nbsp;Katherine W. Delaney,&nbsp;Allison M. Yurasek,&nbsp;Anna K. Garst,&nbsp;Esther Ekeh,&nbsp;Aleah B. Ellerbee","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Poor emotion regulation and low resilience are associated with high stress levels in adults with a history of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs).</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The goal of the current study was to explore the relationship between ACEs and stress level experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the potential mediational effects of current emotion regulation and resilience.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>Two hundred and eight participants, aged 18 to 71 completed online self-report measures assessing retrospectively their stress level during the COVID-19 pandemic and their childhood adversity with the ACEs questionnaire. Current emotion regulation was assessed with the Perth Emotion Regulation Competency Inventory (PERCI) and current resilience was measured with the Connor-Davidson-Risk 25 (CD-25).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Mediation analyses were used to investigate whether current emotion regulation and resilience mediated the relationship between retrospective ACEs and COVID-19 stress.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Results indicated that a higher number of ACEs was associated with increased stress during the pandemic. Poor emotion regulation (<em>ab</em> = 0.05), in particular poor regulation of negative emotions (<em>ab</em> = 0.10), mediated the relationship between ACEs and COVID-19 stress but resilience was not a significant mediator.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These results highlight the psychological burden of childhood adversity during the COVID-19 pandemic and point to the importance of identifying and treating individuals with childhood trauma.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finding our way home: Exploring the experiences of young people who have ‘aged out’ of care and experienced homelessness in Canada","authors":"Melanie Doucet ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Clark ,&nbsp;Michael Ungar","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Studies have shown that youth exiting care are drastically overrepresented in the homelessness population. Few studies, however, have explored the experiences of homelessness of young people after they have exited care using participatory methods.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study explores youth's experiences during and after their placements in the child welfare system, their experiences with homelessness, and the factors that contributed to vulnerability or resilience.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>Eight youth co-researchers were engaged in this study between the ages 18–25 residing in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, with both child welfare and homelessness experience.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A Participatory Action Research (PAR) methodology using photovoice was used in this phenomenological study. Session transcripts and photographs were thematically analyzed to identify common themes.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Three thematic categories emerged: (1) protective factors; (2) dual protective and risk factors; (3) risk factors. Six participants were employed while experiencing homelessness. Community apathy was identified as a significant risk factor by most youth co-researchers. Half identified unsuitable foster care placements as contributors to homelessness. All disclosed that their social workers changed frequently and were unsupportive while they were in care and/or during their transition to adulthood. Protective factors included hope, self-care and community supports, including individuals in youth's lives described as “champions” who took an interest in the youth's life and advocated on their behalf.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Findings from this study provide a nuanced and youth-centered exploration of both the risk and protective factors that contribute to young people's trajectories from the child welfare system into (and out of) homelessness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parents adopting or fostering children with trauma histories and their network of relationships: Changes, stressors, and supports","authors":"Lauren Pryce McCarthy ,&nbsp;Rebecca Orsi-Hunt ,&nbsp;Karen Caplovitz Barrett","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Youth removed from the care of parents or primary caregivers often experience the dual trauma of both maltreatment and separation from their home and community. This can result in challenging behaviors that contribute to placement instability. Simultaneously, many caregivers find services for post-adoption and fostering to be insufficient in meeting their needs.</div><div>Despite the importance of supportive relationships for the wellbeing of foster and adoptive caregivers, there has been little research on how these caregivers perceive their personal and professional relationships. The current study aimed to address this gap in the literature.</div><div>Participants included 36 families from the United States who had acted as either long-term foster caregivers or who had adopted a child. The current study utilized focus group data. Data were analyzed using iterative thematic coding through a constant-comparative method. Themes included the importance of peer support and well-trained professionals for reducing stress as well as the ways that systemic challenges, a perceived lack of competent professionals, and perceived judgment and misunderstanding across relationships exacerbated stress. Finally, caregivers identified their experience of many relationships as ambivalent and changeable, including their relationship with a child's biological family. Both personal and professional relationships can create or ameliorate stress for foster and adoptive caregivers. Professionals aiming to support these families should work with the larger family system, receive adequate training in trauma-informed practices, and utilize clear, consistent communication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144253794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complexity of unmet basic needs of children in adversity in China's fragmented child protection system - Risk and protective factors from a bioecological perspective","authors":"Ning Zhu ,&nbsp;Ruoran Qiu ,&nbsp;Timo Toikko","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Child protection system is continually redefined to cover more adversities because studies have identified increasingly more new adversities. The system's focus also extends to “unmet needs”.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study uses an innovative assessment framework to analyze the unmet basic needs (survival, protection, participation, and development) of children in adversity. Exploring risk and protective factors affecting their total needs at the individual, family, and society levels based on bioecological theory.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>The study analyzed data from 1243 children in adversity and their families, covering diverse schooling levels, types of adversity, guardianship arrangements, and family structures, with children aged 6–18 years.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The sample was selected by cluster and systematic sampling. Trained social workers collected door-to-door questionnaire data on demographics, children's basic needs, parental and carer characteristics, and family functioning and environment. Predictors of children's total needs were analyzed using hierarchical linear regression.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Children in adversity had higher developmental and participation needs than survival and protection needs. Lower total needs were associated with higher children's strength characteristics and support from relatives or friends. Conversely, family trauma, caregiver negative characteristics, socio-economic resources (debt and housing instability), family dysfunction (intergenerational care difficulties) increased children's basic total needs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Lack of parental awareness and capacity, family stress, and inadequate family support make it difficult for families to meet children's basic needs. Policymakers should acknowledge the negative impact of fragmented child protection systems on child development. An integrated protection system and social services are needed to support families, and improve children's well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The socio-ecology of child institutionalisation and foster care in Souss Massa, Morocco: a qualitative study","authors":"Fadi Baghdadi ,&nbsp;Christopher Hands ,&nbsp;Ann John ,&nbsp;Ashrafunnesa Khanom ,&nbsp;Mary Elizabeth Rauktis ,&nbsp;Abdellah Soussi ,&nbsp;Helen Snooks","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The high number of children living in institutions in Morocco is driven by complex socio-economic, cultural, and historical factors, with limited alternative care and research to inform interventions.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To understand the socio-ecological factors contributing to child institutionalisation and explore the potential for foster care as an alternative in the Souss Massa region of Morocco.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>Nine boys and eight girls living in two institutions, and 10 fathers and 17 mothers of children at risk of entering institutions in the Souss Massa region of Morocco.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of five focus groups with children and parents to explore the causes and consequences of institutionalisation and perceptions of foster care. Children created issue trees to facilitate focus group discussion. Data were coded and interpreted by a team of three researchers using the socio-ecological model for analysis and to understand the interplay between family dynamics, economic conditions, societal norms, and cultural beliefs on child institutionalisation.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Key drivers of institutionalisation included poverty, neglect, hostile home environments, family breakdown, and societal stigma. Despite some hesitancy, by children and parents, the concept of foster care emerged as a viable alternative.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study highlights the need for interventions at multiple ecological levels, including low-cost improvements to institutional care and transitional support, alongside broader legal reforms, the strengthening of social services, and community-based programmes. Foster care has potential as an alternative, but its success will depend on legislation and active community engagement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}