Child Protection and Practice最新文献

{"title":"The disclosure of child psychological maltreatment: A systematic review","authors":"Ida Kilkku ,&nbsp;Ida Liias ,&nbsp;Taina Laajasalo ,&nbsp;Noora Ellonen ,&nbsp;Riikka Ikonen","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Child psychological maltreatment can be defined as intentional or unintentional harm to a child's psychological well-being and neglect of the child's emotional life and of care and attention to the child. It is the most common form of maltreatment, but it remains difficult to identify, address, and intervene against.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to describe the ways in which 6–17-year-old children disclose psychological maltreatment and the factors that either promote or prevent disclosure.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>This review included a total of 27,875 participants, mostly from the USA.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The literature search was conducted in June 2024 using the databases, CINAHL, Medline, Social Science Premium Collection, PsycINFO, and Science Direct. Studies selected according to the inclusion criteria were analyzed using inductive content analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>An analysis of 17 studies identified that in many cases, reporting of psychological maltreatment was planned and intentional, but that children also disclosed maltreatment unintentionally, for example, through risky behavior. Gender, age, emotional attachment to the perpetrator, and the child's emotional skills all related to the reporting of psychological maltreatment. The likelihood of reporting psychological maltreatment increased if the child self-identified the maltreatment and was supported in receiving help. With the appropriate response and strong social skills, the professional or supporter was able to facilitate the child's reporting of psychological maltreatment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Children's emotional skills and ability to self-identify the maltreatment, as well as professionals' ability to respond to help-seeking and their social skills should be strengthened to facilitate disclosure of psychological maltreatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a training and coaching programme for family support workers using modular intervention approaches","authors":"Stephen Pizzey ,&nbsp;Arnon Bentovim ,&nbsp;Lampros Bisdounis ,&nbsp;Jenny Gray ,&nbsp;Rosemarie Roberts","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100235","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100235","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many people working with children and families do not have specialist training in evidence-based interventions. A modular intervention approach, utilizing common elements of effective types of interventions, enables frontline practitioners, including those not holding a relevant professional qualification, to be trained to deliver evidence-based interventions in children's services. This study evaluates a training and coaching programme to improve Family Support Workers' (FSWs) knowledge, skills and confidence in using evidence-based modular intervention approaches working with eleven FSWs from a team in a London children's services department serving a culturally diverse community.</div><div>The programme evaluation used the Self-Efficacy Scale for Social Workers, a Confidence Scale and three qualitative questionnaires. The findings demonstrated this experienced group of FSWs reported increases in their confidence in the areas of their training. Statistically significant improvements in FSW's self-efficacy reflected their judgements about their improved capacity to effect change and achieve successful outcomes for children and families when using the range of modular resources. FSWs were continuing to use these approaches at five-year follow-up. During this period their supervisor trained new members of staff to use these resources. Government inspections noted the positive impact of the use of the intervention resources on outcomes for children and families. The programme, combining training, practice and coaching sessions, enabled FSWs to use modular evidenced-based tools and approaches to respond to the needs of children and families from a range of cultures resulting in improved outcomes. Supervisor involvement throughout the programme supported the continued use of the evidence-based interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving diagnostic and administrative coding of child maltreatment – evaluation of an e-learning course for health professionals","authors":"Verena Sterz-Burdack ,&nbsp;Teresa Walter ,&nbsp;Anna Eberhardt ,&nbsp;Ulrike Hoffmann ,&nbsp;Andreas Jud","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Child maltreatment (CM) is a major public health issue. Despite the key role of health professionals in detecting CM, it is significantly underreported in German hospitals. To address existing knowledge gaps in CM identification and coding, a comprehensive e-learning course with focus on CM identification and ICD-10 coding was developed.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study provides an overview of the e-learning course and evaluates its effectiveness, namely how course participation changes knowledge, competencies and awareness of health professionals regarding handling cases of CM and coding CM. Satisfaction with the course is also evaluated.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>The sample includes 204 health professionals working in the medical field, the majority of whom are (pediatric) physicians. Of the participants, 173 identified as female, 30 as male, and one as diverse. Age of the participants ranges from 25 to 66.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants completed online questionnaires before and after attending the course. Descriptive analyses and paired t-tests were used to assess satisfaction and changes in knowledge, awareness, and competencies.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Participants showed increased knowledge and competencies after the course, especially for coding CM. Satisfaction with the course was high and its content was deemed applicable to daily practice. In a framework of generally low attention to CM and its coding in the health sector, the course enhanced participants' understanding of the relevance of improved documentation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>E-Learning courses can enhance knowledge, competencies and awareness of CM and its coding, which is crucial for improving documentation and data collection on CM. Therefore, training opportunities should be expanded.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reporting or Refraining? Examining school social workers’ use of discretion and decision making in child maltreatment reporting tendencies","authors":"Heather LaSelle","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100223","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100223","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examined discretion by school social workers in recognizing physical and educational neglect and the likelihood of reporting this form of child maltreatment. Using two case vignettes-each depicting situations that meet criteria for mandated reporting of physical and educational neglect-this research examines how school social workers (N = 548) assess suspicion and likelihood of reporting to child welfare as a mandated report. Participants rated their level of suspicion after reading each vignette and indicated their likelihood of filing a child welfare report. Additionally, they provided information regarding their compliance and training in mandated reporting. Binary logistic regression and independent t-tests were used to analyze the relationship between training compliance, suspicion levels, and likelihood of reporting physical and educational neglect. Findings reveal significant discrepancies between recognition of maltreatment and follow-through with reporting, suggesting that discretion plays a considerable role in reporting behavior. These results underscore the need to critically examine current training practices and explore barriers that may contribute to inconsistent reporting. The implications of these findings result in a need for review and revision to policies and training to address and eliminate opportunities for bias and discretion in reporting behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tokens or competent agents? Constructing generational orders in Finnish law-making practice","authors":"Essi Julin ,&nbsp;Timo Harrikari","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Children, particularly those involved in child protection measures, are often excluded from the legislative processes that directly affect them.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The study investigates the types of generational orders constructed during law-making and examines the discourses and subject positions that emerge within this context.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>The data consist of 11 expert interviews, involving 22 experts from diverse backgrounds, including representatives from child protection systems, non-governmental organisations, and various governmental agencies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The interviews were analysed using critical discourse analysis, focusing on the generational orders, discourses, modalities, and subject positions that are constructed during the law drafting process.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The analysis identified two dominant discourses regarding children's participation in law-making. The first discourse highlights the exclusion of children and the adult-driven nature of these processes, where children are often treated as mere representatives or tokens. The second discourse emphasises the responsibility of adults to create a secure environment that enables children to participate more fully in the future, recognising them as individuals and citizens.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Professionals working with children in child protection should seek to understand their clients as individuals and provide tailored support to ensure that each child's unique abilities are recognised and utilised. Efforts should also be made to enhance both civic and political engagement among these children and young people. Further research is needed to develop practices that support children in child protection as competent agents and active citizens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘I AM IMPORTANT’: Reflections from young people in Kenya and Uganda on the value of participation for children affected by sexual abuse and exploitation","authors":"Claire Cody ,&nbsp;Claire Soares ,&nbsp;Anna Nabulya ,&nbsp;Barbara Nakijoba ,&nbsp;Tim Ekesa ,&nbsp;Joy Katunge Matheka","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child gives children a fundamental right to participate in all decisions that affect them. ‘Participation’ is now a common ‘good practice’ principle when supporting, and working with, children and young people. However, practitioners are often unsure of how to facilitate the safe and meaningful collective participation of children and young people with lived experience of sexual abuse and exploitation (bringing them together in groups to inform and influence decision-making or actions that affect them as a specific group). Research indicates that there are myriad potential benefits when young people engage in safe and meaningful participatory processes. This Practice Perspective shares details of a participatory project we initiated with young people who had lived experience of child sexual abuse and exploitation and who had previously engaged in participatory initiatives. It shares their perspectives on the potential benefits of participatory practice for young people and the wider community. 19 young people, aged 17–25, in Kenya and Uganda took part in a series of workshops culminating in the development of a podcast to share their views on the topic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accountability to children in humanitarian action: a rapid review of definitions, guidelines, barriers and gaps","authors":"Camilla Fabbri ,&nbsp;Sanjana Kuruppu ,&nbsp;Yvonne Agengo ,&nbsp;Eleonora Mansi ,&nbsp;Diana Ihring","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100225","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100225","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is increasing effort in the humanitarian sector to improve accountability to affected populations and promote meaningful participation of children in humanitarian action. However, effective systems for accountability to children, both in the protection and non-protection sectors, remain minimal. This review aims to identify definitions, gaps, barriers and enablers of accountability to children and present examples of existing systems and best practices to support the development of child-centred accountability approaches in the humanitarian sector. A rapid appraisal approach was adopted. Searches were conducted across a variety of practice focused databases using search terms such as “participation”, “accountability”, “children”, and “humanitarian” looking for publications from 2004 until 2024. The review identified a total of 64 publications, 25 of which met the inclusion criteria. This review demonstrates that humanitarian actors have produced a wealth of guidance and toolkits to inform the creation of systems of accountability to children. Conceptually the sector shares clear and consistent definitions of accountability to children; however, practical resources often remain too general and theoretical to guide real life implementation. Existing resources rarely provide specific examples or instructions on how to operationalise accountability across sectors and include only limited considerations on the factors required to ensure adequate inclusion of children from marginalized groups. Systematically documenting case studies, success stories, and the experiences of both humanitarian actors and affected populations of how accountability to children is realised in the context of different types of humanitarian crises is warranted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Youth aging out of care and contact with the criminal justice system: the role of educational transitions in early adulthood","authors":"Christophe Gauthier-Davies ,&nbsp;Martin Goyette ,&nbsp;Tonino Esposito","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The process of transitioning of placement is marked by difficult transitions and is complicated by a history of placement experiences. Studies show that most young people who age out of placement care are enrolled in school just before they leave, but this proportion drops drastically soon after they leave care. This transition has the potential to increase the risk of being involved in the justice system. Conversely, staying in school after placement has the potential to prevent contact with the justice system.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To examine whether educational transitions during the process of leaving placement care in early adulthood influence the risk of justice system involvement. More precisely, the study focuses on whether leaving school increases this risk among youth aging out of care. It also uses moderation analyses to assess whether this association varies based on placement experiences, such as placement instability and group placement.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and settings</h3><div>We used a subsample of the EDJeP study from Québec, Canada, consisting of youths who participated in the third wave and who were in school before leaving placement (n = 413). Administrative data from youth protection services and data from the three waves of questionnaires were analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We used maximum likelihood logistic regression models to predict justice system involvement during early adulthood as a function of leaving school. Interaction terms were used to determine whether moderation effects were present.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results show that young people who leave school when they age out of placement are at greater risk of being involved in the justice system during early adulthood (OR = 4.55, p &lt; 0.001). Conversely, young people who stayed in school after aging out of care were less likely to be involved in the justice system during early adulthood. However, there were no significant moderation effects (p &gt; 0.05) with the placement experiences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protecting young minds: insights on pre-adolescents' mental health from a school-based study in Argentina","authors":"Perla Kaliman ,&nbsp;María Jesús Álvarez-López ,&nbsp;Marina Lisenberg ,&nbsp;María Agustina Acosta ,&nbsp;Denise Agostina Simkin ,&nbsp;Rocío Martínez-Vivot","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Childhood and adolescent mental health is in crisis globally, emphasizing the need for early detection and prevention strategies. Children from marginalized neighborhoods are particularly vulnerable, yet data on their psychological well-being is still limited in Argentina.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>We aimed to explore mental health characteristics of vulnerable school children and assess the feasibility of a psychological well-being promoting program.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>This study was conducted in a primary school in a disadvantaged neighborhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina, involving 35 children aged 11.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants completed validated Spanish versions of scales assessing perceived stress (PSS-14), PTSD symptoms (CPSS), empathy, mindfulness (MAAS-A), and self-compassion (SCS-SF). Sex differences and correlations between scales were explored.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Significant sex disparities were found in perceived stress, with girls reporting higher scores (p = 0.002). PTSD symptoms were alarmingly high, with 74 % of participants exceeding the clinical cut-off of 16 (girls: mean = 27.48, SD = 9.45; boys: mean = 17.36, SD = 12.76; p = 0.017). Boys scored higher in self-compassion (p = 0.003). Positive correlations were found between stress and PTSD symptoms (r = 0.597, p &lt; 0.001) and between mindfulness and self-compassion (r = 0.439, p = 0.008). Both dispositional mindfulness and self-compassion negatively correlated with perceived stress (r = −0.526, p = 0.001; r = −0.595, p &lt; 0.001, respectively) and PTSD symptoms (r = −0.616, p &lt; 0.001; r = −0.561, p &lt; 0.001, respectively).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our study highlights the significant vulnerability of this population, emphasizing the urgency for early detection and gender- and trauma-sensitive prevention efforts. Notably, our findings suggest that mindfulness and self-compassion training may be key protective components within mental health-promoting interventions for preadolescents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Family-friendly labor policies and child supervision: Evidence from the Gambia, Mauritania, and São Tomé and Príncipe","authors":"Samaneh Mansouri ,&nbsp;Camila Corrêa Matias Pereira ,&nbsp;Toufica Sultana ,&nbsp;Mónica Ruiz-Casares ,&nbsp;José Ignacio Nazif-Muñoz","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), children under five years old are frequently left home alone without adult supervision, exposing them to various risks. Family-friendly labor policies have the potential to improve parental care, but evidence of their effectiveness in LMICs remains scarce.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study examines the association between labor market policies and the prevalence of unsupervised children in The Gambia, Mauritania, and São Tomé and Príncipe.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>The study included a total of 42,399 children under five years of age, from two waves of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) conducted in The Gambia, Mauritania, and São Tomé and Príncipe. The surveys employed similar sampling strategies and survey weights, both of which was approved by UNICEF to ensure methodological rigor and representativeness.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A mixed-method approach was used to provide a comprehensive analysis of policy development and its impact on child adequate supervision. Using this method, we (a) tracked and verified policy development through key informant interviews, and (b) analyzed two waves of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS).</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Our findings indicate that while labor market policies alone do not significantly reduce unsupervised time (adjusted risk ratio = 0.59–1.74, 95 % confidence interval), their integration into broader child welfare strategies could enhance child supervision.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study highlights the need for robust policies to address child protection challenges in LMICs. While not sufficient alone, their effective implementation can improve child supervision as part of child welfare strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}