Child Protection and Practice最新文献

{"title":"Electronic health record documentation of social determinants of health and social needs of children admitted to the hospital with concern for maltreatment","authors":"Kristi K. Westphaln ,&nbsp;Karen Kay Imagawa ,&nbsp;Sandy Himmelrich ,&nbsp;Nancy A. Pike","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Hospitalized children with concern for maltreatment require a thorough assessment of their environmental risks or social determinants of health (SDoH), information that is critical for discharge planning. However, there is often inconsistent provider SDoH documentation and location within the electronic health records (EHR).</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To describe the frequency and types of child maltreatment, associations with SDoH/social needs and abuse type, and location and provider patterns of documentation in the hospital EHR.</div></div><div><h3>Participants/Setting</h3><div>Children 0–5 years of age who were admitted to a tertiary pediatric medical center with concern for maltreatment from 2016 to 2020.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Descriptive, correlational study design. Frequency and type of child abuse, SDoH assessment and location, and discharge needs were collected from the EHR.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>251 children were hospitalized with concern for abuse (neglect 94 [37.4 %], physical abuse 80 [31.8 %], combined abuse types 71 [28.3 %], and other types 6 [2.5 %]). There was inconsistent collection of data on SDoH, in terms of which professionals did the collecting and where in the EHR it was documented. Common SDoH/social needs included CPS involvement (49 %), food (37.8 %), financial insecurity (35.1 %), substance exposure (25 %), and transportation needs (24 %). Associations varied between SDoH/social needs and abuse types. While cases involving neglect were commonly discharged to their known home (72.3 %) and combined types into foster placement (60.5 %), physical abuse discharges were more equally distributed between known home (47.5 %) or foster placement (41 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Given the lack of standard protocols for EHR documentation, critical information could be missed and/or miscommunicated. Interdisciplinary access in a consistent location in the EHR could provide improved surveillance and optimize discharge service planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parental and co-parental representations among former foster children: Comparing those with and without children","authors":"Léa Binaut,&nbsp;Kenza Samel,&nbsp;Elly Bungu,&nbsp;Evelyne Bouteyre","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The transition to parenthood and coparenting is a period charged with individual and relational challenges, particularly for people who have been in care. Because of their original family model, most formerly fostered individuals choose to initiate new models.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The purpose of this study will be to explore the representations of the roles of parent and co-parent by formerly fostered individuals, in order to observe differences or similarities between parenthood as it is imagined, experienced or desired by two groups of participants.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div>These two groups will be composed respectively of 15 formerly fostered adults who are already parents and 15 formerly fostered adults who have no children.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A research interview, including questions specific to parental and co-parental representations, was conducted with each participant. The content of these interviews was analyzed using a qualitative thematic approach.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Participants without children have a confused and distressing representation of parenthood and coparenting. For participants who are already parents, parenthood is a priority, which leads to the use of compensatory, withdrawal, or control strategies in their roles as parents and co-parents.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study contributes to the understanding of the family dynamics of formerly fostered adults, and the challenges they face before, during and after the transition to parenthood and coparenting. It also highlights the need for supportive interventions that are adapted to these specific steps.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pediatric resident training in child sexual abuse: A scoping review","authors":"E. Mitevska ,&nbsp;J.L. Foulds ,&nbsp;J. Popel ,&nbsp;E. Boschee","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100138","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pediatric sexual abuse is prevalent and the skills to evaluate and manage suspected cases are necessary for all pediatricians. However, pediatric residents have variable clinical exposure to cases of sexual abuse and have reported limited didactic teaching.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We aimed to describe the existing published educational strategies for training pediatric residents to assess and manage cases of suspected sexual abuse.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>MEDLINE, EMBase, PsychINFO and SCOPUS were searched with main clusters being “education” and “abuse” terms. To be eligible, studies needed to provide information about a sexual abuse educational resource or training for pediatric residents. All articles in the first and second stage screening were reviewed independently by two authors and data was extracted by one reviewer and independently verified by a second reviewer.</div></div><div><h3>Results and conclusions</h3><div>Most pediatric residency programs report limited didactic and clinical teaching on child sexual abuse and many pediatric residents do not gain the skills necessary to assess and manage cases of suspected child sexual abuse. Educational interventions using a multi-faceted approach with a combination of self-study material, didactic lectures, case discussion, and simulation training or clinical placement have been effective in improving resident knowledge, skills and attitudes in assessing and managing cases of suspected child sexual abuse. We found few studies with reported outcome measures. Of those reported measures, knowledge gains waned several months following interventions and while knowledge scores in basic concepts increased, participants were not able to consistently apply the knowledge into interpretation of clinical cases. As a result, additional studies or strategies are needed to create effective educational interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Who should respond to substance-exposed infants? Reflections on U.S. policies limiting the role of child protective services","authors":"Sarah Font ,&nbsp;Melissa Jonson-Reid ,&nbsp;Junlachak Peter Siriprakorn","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The number of U.S. adults with substance use disorders has increased rapidly over the past decade, raising concerns about the safety and wellbeing of young children with affected caregivers. There are ongoing debates about which government entities --child welfare agencies, health departments, law enforcement – should be responsible for responding to this problem and how they should respond. Regardless of the responsible entity suggested, myriad challenges inhibit effective responses to this crisis. This article discusses how federal and state agencies are currently responding to children in families affected by substance use, with a particular emphasis on substance-exposed infants. We reflect on three core issues that present a challenge to effective and compassionate care for both infants and their caregivers, including gaps in infrastructure, lack of effective treatment engagement and facilitation strategies, and decentralized and siloed data to evaluate the effects of policy and programmatic changes. We provide recommendations for improving upon the status quo.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing interventions that include mentoring components with young people with foster care experience: Lessons learned from the field","authors":"Amy M. Salazar ,&nbsp;Sara S. Spiers ,&nbsp;Deborah G. Fabiyi ,&nbsp;Jenna Thompson","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Mentoring programs are popular for youth-serving non-profits, including those serving youth with foster care experience. However, the uptake of quality mentoring programming is a time-consuming endeavor that requires implementation skills that community agencies may not be fully equipped to handle.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study compiles lessons learned from implementing the mentoring component of Fostering Higher Education (FHE), a postsecondary access and retention program for youth with foster care experience. The research question was, “What are lessons learned regarding how to most successfully engage in (a) mentor recruitment, (b) mentor training, (c) mentor-mentee matching, (d) pair oversight, (e) group activities, and (f) closing relationships, for organizations implementing FHE?”</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>Implementation staff (educational advocates, mentor coordinators, and supervisors) in three FHE pilot sites across the United States participated. Due to one survey being anonymous, the exact sample size is unknown but ranges from 10 to 14.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Four data sources were used in qualitative analyses: a 2022 lessons learned survey; a 2024 follow-up lessons learned interview; quarterly TA evaluation surveys from 2021 to 2024; and meeting notes from 2021 to 2024.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Two global themes emerged that spanned all six mentoring phases: (1) Procedures and Logistics, and (2) Relationships, Connections, and Engagement. Each global theme contains multiple sub-themes highlighting key lessons learned.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This information will be helpful for organizations implementing FHE as well as those aiming to serve youth with foster care experience and other vulnerable youth via mentoring, to better prepare them for successful implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The need for a paradigm shift in child welfare research in the United States","authors":"Holly Thurston ,&nbsp;Jennifer Price Wolf ,&nbsp;Bridget Freisthler","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Child welfare is moving toward a readiness for transformation that improves the lives of children and aligns with the goals of social justice. Because child welfare research and practice are intwined, transformation in the domain of research must happen simultaneously, if not before, transformation in the domain of direct practice. We discuss how the discourse in the field of social work, including child welfare, translates social justice into the individual deficit model that dominates the theory and practice of “professional” fields. We reason that to improve the lives of children, a paradigm shift toward a research agenda and practice that uncovers social and institutional responsibilities is necessary to understand in what ways reform, transformation, or replacement of current systems will benefit children and families while doing no harm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Your culture is in you”: Cultural identity and connection for children from culturally diverse backgrounds in care: A scoping review of child perspectives","authors":"Adaora Ezekwem-Obi ,&nbsp;Stacy Blythe ,&nbsp;Rebekah Grace","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>A positive cultural identity and a sense of belonging are crucial for children's wellbeing and overall life outcomes. However, children from culturally diverse backgrounds in the out-of-home care system can be at risk of complex wellbeing needs and further vulnerabilities, particularly when they live in care environments that are not aligned with their birth cultures.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Drawing on findings from previous studies, this scoping review synthesises the perspectives of children from culturally diverse backgrounds in care to augment our understanding of their experiences and cultural care needs amidst shifting family, cultural and social contexts.</div></div><div><h3>Participants</h3><div><em>and Setting</em>: This paper synthesises the findings of previous studies involving participants aged 5–19 years from non-Indigenous culturally diverse backgrounds in statutory out-of-home care environments.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Four electronic databases, including Scopus, ProQuest, PsychINFO and CINAHL, were searched for relevant international peer-reviewed articles published between January 2013 and December 2023. The Joanna Briggs Institute's five-step framework was used for this scoping review. A total of 17 relevant articles were selected and reviewed based on specific inclusion criteria.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Two overarching themes were identified, each with four sub-themes: (i) fostering a sense of belonging in care, and (ii) navigating intersecting cultural identities. In summary, this review found that children from culturally diverse backgrounds in care face challenges with maintaining their cultural identities and adapting to new and evolving cultures, which can influence their sense of belonging in care.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This paper adds to the body of literature highlighting the importance of considering children's perspectives in addressing their unique experiences in care. It recognises the multifaceted experiences of children from culturally diverse backgrounds and advocates for policy and practice focus that supports their cultural identities and holistic wellbeing needs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parental histories of childhood maltreatment and placement outcomes of children involved with child protective services","authors":"Olivia Mazzarello ,&nbsp;Alesha Frederickson ,&nbsp;Sonia Hélie ,&nbsp;Tonino Esposito ,&nbsp;Marie-Noële Royer ,&nbsp;Rachel Langevin","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Childhood maltreatment (CM) is detrimental to the mental health and emotional health of children. Despite parental histories of CM being a well-documented risk factor for second-generation maltreatment and child protective services (CPS) involvement, past studies have failed to investigate the relationship between parental histories of CM and placement outcomes of children.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study examines the associations between forms of substantiated CM (neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological maltreatment, exposure to domestic violence) experienced by parents, and placement outcomes (presence of out-of-home placement, cumulative duration of placements, presence of an unsuccessful family reunification) of their CPS-involved children.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>CPS clinical-administrative data from Montréal on CM experiences and placement outcomes was extracted; 1742 children substantiated for CM with at least one parent that was also substantiated for CM in childhood were included.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Cox, linear and logistic regression models were conducted to examine the relationships between parental histories of CM and the placement outcomes of children.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A relationship was found between maternal histories of neglect and sexual abuse, and paternal histories of psychological maltreatment with the presence of placement. No significant relationships were found between parental histories of CM and the cumulative duration of placements and the presence of an unsuccessful reunification.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Findings suggest that different forms of CM experienced by parents may be distinctly related to the placement outcomes of their children. This study informs intervention and prevention strategies aiming at supporting families where intergenerational continuity of CPS involvement is present.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Childhood harsh discipline and behavioral problems: The mediating roles of attachment dimensions","authors":"Ying Qing Won ,&nbsp;Yena Kyeong ,&nbsp;Peipei Setoh","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Parental harsh discipline (i.e., psychological aggression and physical discipline) has been consistently associated with greater child behavioral problems. Yet the mechanism underlying this association remains unclear. Harsh discipline may not have similar negative implications in cultures where it is prevalent.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study examined the direct associations between childhood harsh discipline and behavioral problems, as well as the mediating roles of attachment dimensions (i.e., trust, communication, alienation) in these relationships.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>449 Singaporean young adults completed the survey (<em>M</em>_age = 22.57, <em>SD</em>_age = 1.77, 52% female).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants reported on their childhood discipline, current attachment towards their parent, and current behavioral (i.e., externalizing and internalizing) problems. Path analyses were conducted separately for mothers and fathers.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Maternal psychological aggression and parental severe physical discipline were directly related to greater externalizing problems. Parental psychological aggression and maternal severe physical discipline were indirectly associated with greater behavioral problems through alienation. The relationship between paternal psychological aggression and externalizing problems was also mediated by poor communication. Null finding for minor physical discipline was observed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Psychological aggression and severe physical discipline are related to greater behavioral problems, even in a cultural context where strict discipline is deemed acceptable. Minor physical discipline may have less adverse consequences in such a context. Parental alienation and paternal poor communication were the intervening mechanisms through which psychological aggression and severe physical discipline are related to greater behavioral problems. These findings highlight the need to encourage non-violent disciplinary strategies to facilitate optimal child development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infant prenatal substance exposure and later child maltreatment in the US","authors":"Vincent J. Palusci ,&nbsp;Frank E. Vandervort","doi":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Infants with prenatal substance exposure can have a number of health harms and their families need specialized services. Reforms to the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act and passage of the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act mandated procedures and services for infants with prenatal substance exposure.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To (1) describe a national cohort of infants recorded as infants with prenatal substance exposure after federal reforms; and (2) assess the relationship with services provided at birth for any second confirmed maltreatment reports before age three years.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and setting</h3><div>Child Files in the US National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System for FFY2018-2022.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We first described the number of infants with prenatal substance exposure and the services they received during 2018–2020. We then identified second confirmed reports for these same children before age 3 years and assessed any relationship between recurrence and specific services using bivariate and multivariate regression models.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Increasing numbers of infants were identified as prenatally substance exposed during FFY2018-2020 and increasingly received more service referrals. An important proportion (14.3%) went on to have a second, confirmed child maltreatment report before age 3 years. Plans of Safe Care and services related to the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act of 2016 were significantly associated with decreased later confirmed reports as were a small number of other services offered at birth.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Services for infants with prenatal substance exposure are associated with fewer later child maltreatment reports. Further research is needed to examine longer term and other outcomes associated with these services.</div></div><div><h3>Implications for practice</h3><div>Increasing identification and service provision for mothers using substances during pregnancy can improve child outcomes during the first three years of life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100237,"journal":{"name":"Child Protection and Practice","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}