CEMENT Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cement.2025.100151

Richard Caron , Ravi A. Patel , Andreas Bogner , Frank Dehn

{"title":"Non-aging basic creep of alkali-activated slag concrete: Multiscale characterization and modeling","authors":"Richard Caron , Ravi A. Patel , Andreas Bogner , Frank Dehn","doi":"10.1016/j.cement.2025.100151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cement.2025.100151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on a multiscale characterization of basic creep behavior of two AAS creep mixes with high (hS) and low (lS) slag content, loaded at 28 days. Nano-indentation tests are performed to investigate creep properties of individual phases and classical creep tests to analyze the creep behavior of concrete. An analytical multiscale micromechanics-based model is applied to downscale creep properties of the reaction product foam at nano-scale to compare it with results from nano-indentation. The creep at nanoscale of reaction product foam is modeled with a compliance function considering only deviatoric component consisting of Kelvin–Voigt chain for short term behavior and logarithmic function to account for long-term behavior. Comparing downscaled compliance with creep modulus measured from nano-indentation it is concluded that nano-indentation captures long-term behavior of reaction product foam. In terms of two mix tested, while at nano-scale mix hS has a higher creep modulus, presence of more capillary porosity and micro-cracks counteracts this and as a result concrete with mix hS shows higher creep. The creep modulus of AAS product foam obtained from nano-indentation is significantly lower compared to the OPC products. Additionally, higher amount of gel water and fewer crystalline secondary products could explain higher creep observed for AAS concrete compared to OPC concrete.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100225,"journal":{"name":"CEMENT","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Condition assessment of pre-tensioning prestressed concrete sleepers distressed by internal swelling reactions (ISR) 内膨胀反应（ISR）下预张预应力混凝土枕木状态评价

CEMENT Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.cement.2025.100154

R. Medeiros , D.J. De Souza , L.F.M. Sanchez , A.C. Santos

{"title":"Condition assessment of pre-tensioning prestressed concrete sleepers distressed by internal swelling reactions (ISR)","authors":"R. Medeiros , D.J. De Souza , L.F.M. Sanchez , A.C. Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.cement.2025.100154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cement.2025.100154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Concrete sleepers worldwide have been affected by internal swelling reactions (ISR), primarily alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and internal sulfate attack (ISA). While numerous studies have focused on diagnosing ISR-affected sleepers, most emphasize identifying the cause rather than estimating the extent of deterioration, which is critical for informed decision-making. This study presents a comprehensive condition assessment of concrete sleepers displaying numerous ages and environmental exposure conditions through visual inspection (i.e., crack measurements) followed by the implementation of the multi-level assessment protocol, composed of microscopic (i.e., damage rating index-DRI) and mechanical (i.e., stiffness damage test-SDT) testing procedures. Results evidenced the multi-level protocol efficiency in estimating the cause(s) (i.e., ASR+ISA), further confirmed through SEM-EDS analysis, and quantifying the deterioration extent. These findings reveal gaps in current specification to prevent ISR damage in new sleepers and the importance of considering environmental conditions in condition assessment of existing sleepers, demonstrating an urgent need to review specifications/protocols.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100225,"journal":{"name":"CEMENT","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144724954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhancing efficiency in evaluating alkali-silica reaction (ASR) damage: an automated approach to point-count microscopy 提高评估碱-硅反应（ASR）损伤的效率：点计数显微镜的自动化方法

CEMENT Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cement.2025.100153

Cassandra Trottier , Laurent Ramos Cheret , Haoye Lu , Anthony Allard , Maia Fraser , Leandro F.M. Sanchez

{"title":"Enhancing efficiency in evaluating alkali-silica reaction (ASR) damage: an automated approach to point-count microscopy","authors":"Cassandra Trottier , Laurent Ramos Cheret , Haoye Lu , Anthony Allard , Maia Fraser , Leandro F.M. Sanchez","doi":"10.1016/j.cement.2025.100153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cement.2025.100153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The damage rating index (DRI) is a valuable microscopy tool for collecting and counting data on different types of concrete cracks, such as those associated with alkali-silica reaction (ASR) induced deterioration. Yet, the procedure presents drawbacks such as time consumption and variability linked to operator experience, which has sparked debates about the subjectivity of its outcomes. Embracing the forefront of technological advancements, this study explores the practicality of automating the DRI's data collection through artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. Like many image processing and analysis applications that use AI, the DRI is an object classification and segmentation task. This study represents a step forward in leveraging automation to enhance the objectivity and efficiency of ASR damage characterization in concrete through point-count microscopy, along with proposing a set of tools to evaluate the outcomes from the application’s perspective for more efficient training data selection. Results show that despite obtaining acceptable performance individually, where the detector-classifier performance was found to have an accuracy of 0.744, and the crack counter accuracy was 0.988, the current version of the proposed machine still displays high variability in detecting, classifying, and counting distinct crack types. Overall, the machine overestimates ASR-induced damage, which was further verified through the Chi-square goodness of fit test, indicating that further training and enhancement of the proposed machine are required.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100225,"journal":{"name":"CEMENT","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hydration of portland cement and slag cement mixtures with insights on AFm phases and reaction mechanism 硅酸盐水泥和矿渣水泥混合料的水化及其AFm相和反应机理

CEMENT Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cement.2025.100155

Mohsen Torabi , Peter C Taylor

引用次数: 0

Modelling and visualizing the impact of metakaolin on the alkali concentration in cement paste pore solution 偏高岭土对水泥浆孔溶液中碱浓度影响的建模和可视化

CEMENT Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cement.2025.100148

Ana Bergmann , Klaartje de Weerdt , Maxime Ranger , Miriam E. Krüger , Petter Hemstad , Barbara Lothenbach

引用次数: 0

Comparisons of quarry by-products as a partial replacement of portland cement in pastes and mortars 采石场副产品在膏体和砂浆中部分替代波特兰水泥的比较

CEMENT Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cement.2025.100152

Tu-Nam Nguyen , Michael Lowry , Thien Q. Tran , Ketki Phadke , Elizabeth Bise , Alexander S. Brand

{"title":"Comparisons of quarry by-products as a partial replacement of portland cement in pastes and mortars","authors":"Tu-Nam Nguyen , Michael Lowry , Thien Q. Tran , Ketki Phadke , Elizabeth Bise , Alexander S. Brand","doi":"10.1016/j.cement.2025.100152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cement.2025.100152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quarry by-products (QB), including screenings, pond fines, and baghouse fines, present a significant surplus, since they are not significantly utilized in other markets and industries. This study explores the use of seven different QB as direct replacements of limestone powder in a portland limestone cement for paste and mortar applications. Cement replacements ranging from 5 % to 20 % by volume were explored, and testing included compressive and flexural strengths, isothermal calorimetry, pore solution analysis, alkali-silica reaction, and reactivity analysis. Expectedly, the results demonstrated that not all QB yielded equivalent performance. All mortars with 5 % and 15 % QB substitution had lower compressive strengths than the control, with the 15 % QB substitution performing worse. However, the mortars with QB had higher flexural strengths than the control. The 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % QB substitution samples decreased the cumulative heat at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, with a higher substitution having a stronger decreasing effect. QB 2 and QB 7 were found to only slightly decrease the cumulative heat at 5 % substitution. Furthermore, QB 2 was found to significantly accelerate the silicate and aluminate heat evolution peaks, while QB 1, QB 3, QB 4, QB 5, and QB 7 only slightly accelerated the silicate and/or aluminate peaks. The pore solution of mortars with 5 % and 15 % QB substitution were found to have a lower pH and, in general, increased calcium and silicon contents. QB 2 was found to be moderately ASR reactive, while QB 7 was found to be ASR reactive. All QB were found to be non-pozzolanic; however, they may still be of use in other portland cement applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100225,"journal":{"name":"CEMENT","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Moisture dynamics and influence on alkali-silica reaction induced expansion: A comprehensive laboratory study 水分动力学及其对碱-硅反应诱发膨胀的影响：一项综合实验室研究

CEMENT Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.cement.2025.100146

O.D. Olajide , M.R. Nokken , L.F.M. Sanchez

{"title":"Moisture dynamics and influence on alkali-silica reaction induced expansion: A comprehensive laboratory study","authors":"O.D. Olajide , M.R. Nokken , L.F.M. Sanchez","doi":"10.1016/j.cement.2025.100146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cement.2025.100146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Moisture availability is crucial for initiating and progressing alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete. As a result, moisture control has often been adopted as a mitigation strategy in maintaining ASR-affected concrete. Selecting effective maintenance strategies requires a deep understanding of the moisture dynamics between internal moisture in concrete and its environment, and influence on ASR, which remains incompletely explored. To evaluate this interplay, 180 concrete cylinders incorporating a reference reactive aggregate (i.e., Spratt) were manufactured and stored at distinct conditions: i.e., three different temperatures (21°C, 38°C and 60°C) and five relative humidities (100 % RH, 90 % RH, 82 % RH, 75 % RH, and 62 % RH). The internal and external relative humidity, length, and mass change were monitored for up to a year. Results indicate that the amount of water used for cement hydration is sufficient to trigger the reaction, regardless of the subsequent exposure condition. However, the rate of ASR-induced development is influenced by the internal relative humidity, which changes with time based on the external relative humidity and temperature. Additionally, the minimum moisture (i.e., RH threshold) required to cause significant deleterious effects from ASR was assessed and confirmed to be temperature-dependent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100225,"journal":{"name":"CEMENT","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cation uptake by fine aggregate in hardened cement mortar and its effect on electrical properties 水泥硬化砂浆中细骨料对阳离子的吸收及其对电性能的影响

CEMENT Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.cement.2025.100147

Atolo A. Tuinukuafe , Anuj Parashar , Xiaoqiang Hou , Jason H. Ideker

{"title":"Cation uptake by fine aggregate in hardened cement mortar and its effect on electrical properties","authors":"Atolo A. Tuinukuafe , Anuj Parashar , Xiaoqiang Hou , Jason H. Ideker","doi":"10.1016/j.cement.2025.100147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cement.2025.100147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrical resistivity tests can be used to evaluate the transport properties of concrete and provide a durability assessment. However, the electrical resistivity is largely dependent on the pore solution composition and recent work suggests that some aggregates have the capacity for cation uptake. This study first aims to provide further evidence for adsorption of cations on aggregate surfaces, without formation of reaction products (e.g. alkali-silica reaction). Secondly, hardened mortar samples were prepared using a fine aggregate with a high alkali affinity and a non-reactive fine aggregate as a control. The electrical resistivity of mortars was measured, and the pore solution of these mortars was obtained through high-pressure extraction. The effect of aggregate moisture dilution on the pore solution was decoupled by using a pore partitioning model. The results indicate that aggregate minerology can influence the pore solution composition through cation uptake. Specific minerals of minor quantity, like biotite, may be responsible for cation exchange. While adsorbed cations strongly affected pore solution and formation factor measurement, the bulk resistivity measurements on hardened mortar were only marginally influenced. Research on other implications of similar aggregate interactions with pore solutions are an intriguing area for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100225,"journal":{"name":"CEMENT","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144204389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of fineness modulus of fine aggregate on the durability properties of alkali-activated slag composites: An exprimental and statistical study 细骨料细度模量对碱活性矿渣复合材料耐久性能影响的实验与统计研究

CEMENT Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cement.2025.100144

Adams Balade Abubakar, Waleed Hassan Khushefati

{"title":"Influence of fineness modulus of fine aggregate on the durability properties of alkali-activated slag composites: An exprimental and statistical study","authors":"Adams Balade Abubakar, Waleed Hassan Khushefati","doi":"10.1016/j.cement.2025.100144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cement.2025.100144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The consideration of sustainability has become a very important factor, because of the negative impacts posed by the production of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). This study investigates the influence of fine aggregate fineness modulus (FM) on the durability properties of AACs exposed to harsh environmental conditions (high temperatures, sea water, and sulfate solutions). Furthermore, this paper aims to statistically derive and validate a linear model that can be utilized in predicting the compressive strength (CS) of AACs of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) using ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) a non-destructive evaluation. The FM of 2.4, 2.8, and 3.2, which represent fine, medium, and coarse particle sizes of fine aggregate, respectively, were adopted in this study, with other parameters kept constant. GGBFS was activated with a combined alkaline activating solution of sodium silicate (Na<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub>) and a 12 M concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in a 2 to 1 ratio. The CS, UPV, density, and microstructural morphology as well as statistical analysis investigating linear relationships between UPV and CS were all evaluated in different harsh environments. The results showed that specimens immersed in 7 % magnesium sulfate (MgSO<sub>4</sub>)and sea water after 6 months exhibited an increase in densities, CS, and UPV, with 2.4 FM having the highest enhancements, followed by 3.2 FM due to void filling action. However, mixes containing 2.8 FM were more resistant to residual incremental change produced by 7 % MgSO<sub>4</sub> and sea water. The statistical analysis shows that; besides the simplicity and robustness of the linear model, it also gives a higher coefficient of determination compared to an exponential model, making it a better fit for the UPV and CS relationship.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100225,"journal":{"name":"CEMENT","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Phase assemblage and microstructure of burnt oil shale-containing blended cements 含焦化油页岩混合胶结物相组合及微观结构

CEMENT Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cement.2025.100139

Federica Boscaro , Diana Londono-Zuluaga , Peter Kruspan , Michael Plötze , Karen Scrivener , Robert J. Flatt

{"title":"Phase assemblage and microstructure of burnt oil shale-containing blended cements","authors":"Federica Boscaro , Diana Londono-Zuluaga , Peter Kruspan , Michael Plötze , Karen Scrivener , Robert J. Flatt","doi":"10.1016/j.cement.2025.100139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cement.2025.100139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Burnt oil shale (BOS), obtained from the combustion of oil shale, is a promising supplementary cementitious material (SCM) based on its chemistry and mineralogy. This paper summarizes the use of BOS and its hydration in blended cements. It presents new data on the effect of combinations of alkali activators and Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> in blended cements containing 50 % Portland cement (OPC) where BOS is combined with limestone, fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag. These chemical admixtures increase the slope of the correlation between compressive strength and heat of hydration of BOS containing mixes, providing an increase in compressive strength from 1 to 7 days for similar heat release to the control system. In contrast, the slope is not affected in absence of BOS. The change is due to a higher volume of hydrates from BOS increased hydration for a given C<sub>3</sub>S degree of hydration, likely from a less exothermic dissolution of BOS amorphous component. These admixtures increase the reactivity of both BOS and OPC at different curing times and depending on the type of alkali activator. They promote ettringite and portlandite precipitation, inducing a refinement of the microstructure, particularly around BOS particles. The information presented should pave the way to a broader and more effective use of BOS in blended cements with particularly low clinker contents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100225,"journal":{"name":"CEMENT","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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