Automotive and Engine Technology最新文献

{"title":"Influence of exhaust backpressure on the performance of port-fuel-injected large-bore hydrogen engines with different turbocharger configurations","authors":"Felina Armbruster,&nbsp;Moritz Lerchner,&nbsp;Andreas Zepf,&nbsp;Martin Härtl,&nbsp;Malte Jaensch","doi":"10.1007/s41104-026-00181-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-026-00181-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The transition of large-bore internal combustion engines to hydrogen offers a pathway for decarbonizing stationary power generation. However, achieving competitive power densities with port fuel injection requires high charging pressures due to intake air displacement and lean-burn combustion. The combination of high charging requirements and low exhaust gas enthalpies constrains conventional single-stage turbocharging, necessitating alternative concepts such as multi-stage or assisted systems. Because the charging architecture directly influences in-cylinder thermodynamics, this study experimentally quantifies the impacts of exhaust backpressure on a single-cylinder large-bore hydrogen engine by comparing an unrestricted exhaust baseline with configurations emulating the backpressure of single-stage and assisted turbocharging concepts. Results indicate that applying a realistic single-stage turbocharger efficiency decreases the indicated engine efficiency by 3.7 percentage points compared to an unrestricted baseline. Emulating an electrically or mechanically assisted turbocharger setup restricted the stable operating map, reduced the maximum indicated mean effective pressure from 19.7 to 18.7 bar, and caused an indicated efficiency penalty of up to 3.1 percentage points. This highlights the fundamental trade-off: achieving the necessary boost pressure either induces a thermodynamic penalty via high exhaust backpressure or requires additional power to drive the compressor. Regarding emissions, the elevated backpressure substantially reduces nitrogen oxides at medium loads with less lean mixtures compared to the unrestricted baseline due to the increased trapping of residual gas, while causing a slight increase at low loads. At high engine loads, however, both nitrogen oxides and unburned hydrogen emissions remain unaffected by the increased backpressure. These findings demonstrate the necessity of advanced charging architectures, such as multi-stage or externally assisted systems, to optimize the efficiency of stationary hydrogen engines.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-026-00181-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of vehicle controllability and stability metrics in a target-oriented virtual chassis development process","authors":"Pascal Ambrosoli,&nbsp;Carl Sandberg,&nbsp;Werner Krantz,&nbsp;Jens Neubeck,&nbsp;Andreas Wagner","doi":"10.1007/s41104-026-00179-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-026-00179-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Vehicle chassis development is increasingly performed virtually based on systems engineering approaches. A characteristics-based system engineering approach that is oriented towards the V-model enables the definition, development, monitoring and tracking of overall vehicle characteristics during the vehicle development process. In the early phase of the development process, target ranges for several overall vehicle characteristics must be defined at the top level of the V-model. These target ranges can be derived step-by-step down to the bottom level of the V-model into target ranges for subsystems using target cascading and solution space methods. This allows the design of the various subsystems to be decoupled and the robustness of the designs created to be visualized. The overall vehicle characteristics at top level of the V-model must be measurable and therefore physically based so that they can be calculated in the virtual world with vehicle models. Overall vehicle characteristics can be defined for various domains of vehicle dynamics, with lateral dynamics being one domain and driving safety being one aspect of this. With regard to driving safety, it is important to analyze the nonlinear part of lateral dynamics in particular. As time domain simulations are computing intensive, a more efficient way of calculating overall vehicle characteristics is to be found. Therefore, overall vehicle characteristics are defined based on steady-state and dynamic partial equilibria. A methodology based on the Newton-Raphson method is being developed that enables an efficient and automatic determination of the defined overall vehicle characteristics so that they can be used in the iterative solution space method. The defined overall vehicle characteristics are compared with time domain simulations to show the relevance of the selected characteristics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-026-00179-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148987024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Efficient development of HVAC systems for electric commercial vehicles through a Hardware-in-the-Loop approach on the ThermoLab testbed","authors":"Luis Vincent Fiore,&nbsp;Christian Beidl,&nbsp;Erik Stenger,&nbsp;Niko Weimer,&nbsp;Nick Kaiser,&nbsp;Thomas Bäuml,&nbsp;Dominik Dvorak,&nbsp;G. Hohenberg","doi":"10.1007/s41104-026-00178-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-026-00178-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-026-00178-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerically supported process development for power density enhancement of hydrogen closed-cycle CI engines","authors":"Aristidis Dafis,&nbsp;Maikel Ebert,&nbsp;Hermann Rottengruber","doi":"10.1007/s41104-026-00176-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-026-00176-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hydrogen closed-cycle engines combine hydrogen combustion with an argon–oxygen working-gas loop, offering a promising path toward high-efficiency, carbon-free, and nitrogen-oxide-free power generation. Previous demonstrations of this Argon Power Cycle (APC) concept have shown high indicated efficiencies, but low power density remained a central barrier to practical application. This paper presents a simulation-driven preliminary study on power density enhancement of a hydrogen closed-cycle CI engine. The study deliberately covers a very wide parameter range; its purpose is concept and process development, so the reported results should be read as trends and potentials. The long-term goal of the underlying project is a large-bore two-stroke closed-cycle engine; the single-cylinder research engine considered here serves as a model application to study the governing effects that must be understood for the design of the large engine. The investigation includes one-dimensional system simulation, four-stroke and two-stroke parameter studies, and three-dimensional CFD combustion modeling. Test-bench measurements provide the experimental basis for boundary and validation data. A 54-case parameter study shows that the volumetric power density ratio E_v can be approximately doubled through hydrogen enrichment, compression-ratio adaptation, and elevated system pressure, constrained by mechanical peak-pressure limits; two-stroke conversion adds 60–80% further potential. The validation work identifies the caloric properties of the trapped working gas as a critical parameter: the species composition of the argon–oxygen loop directly determines the effective heat capacity ratio and therefore governs compression temperature, ignition delay, and pressure rise. The 1D system model quantifies the power-density potential and establishes thermodynamic boundary conditions for the subsequent 3D CFD analysis, which is applied to a selected operating point after reduction of the compression ratio to resolve the ignition process and heat release under well-defined boundary conditions. The CFD model, based on detailed gas-phase reactions and a combined H₂/O₂–diesel mechanism, demonstrates that combustion can be simulated successfully. An accompanying economic assessment indicates that efficient argon and oxygen recycling is an enabling condition for the concept. The results provide a validated methodological foundation for future scaling to larger-bore engines and further process development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-026-00176-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ReID-based multi-camera multi-target tracking concept for automated driving in urban environments","authors":"Marius Westendorf,&nbsp;Jonas Brinkmann,&nbsp;Marcel Kascha,&nbsp;Maximilian Flormann,&nbsp;Roman Henze","doi":"10.1007/s41104-026-00175-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-026-00175-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Urban traffic areas, such as intersections, significantly escalate the risk of accidents due to the high density and diverse behaviour of road users. Achieving higher automation levels necessitates robust object recognition and tracking capabilities to mitigate accident risk. Modern vehicle architectures utilize multiple sensor systems to ensure robustness and high-quality perception. For camera systems in particular, multi-camera multi-target tracking (MCMTT) with visual re-identification (ReID) is fundamental for understanding object behaviour across different fields of view. This work directly addresses this need by presenting and evaluating a deep learning-based concept for near-field MCMTT using Waymo’s real-world perception dataset [1]. This work enables comprehensive and reliable tracking, focusing on the investigation of concept parameters and highlighting the essential factors for the automated driving task.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-026-00175-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148613915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid thermal point mass network approximated/electrochemical cell simulation model approach for simulation aided testing on thermal management cell level of BEV, FCEV and hybrid ICE architectures","authors":"Lorbeck Roland,&nbsp;Ortner Robin,&nbsp;Trapp Christian","doi":"10.1007/s41104-026-00174-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-026-00174-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper deals with the design of a thermal network for simulating the behaviour of individual cells, both autonomously and in combination. It concludes an evaluation of a suitable overall simulation methodology at the electrochemical-thermal level and is based on a series of findings and results from previous in-depth research in the field of cell electrochemistry. Another focus is on the development of a cycle environment that makes it possible to simulate real cell behaviour on the test bench. This article will address the abstraction of the individual cell layers into a volume represented by thermal masses, as well as its parametrization and structure within the simulation methodology. The greatest effort in creating and parametrizing the cell as a thermal network result from the need to make it completely variable in order to meet user requirements. At this stage of the simulation setup, the aim was to move beyond the stand-alone cell level and consider subunits in the form of module or pack arrangements. Accordingly, in addition to electrochemical simulation using the electrochemical model (ECM), thermal network simulation using the thermal network model (TNM) is also adapted. One challenge was the parametrization of the transition layer between the individual cell shells and the (cooling) environment within the module or pack arrangements. As part of the overall simulation methodology, validation was performed at the single-cell level to compare the results of the surface temperature distribution as well as the current and voltage levels occurring during operation with measurements of corresponding cells on the test bench.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-026-00174-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of combustion and performance limits of liquid LPG direct injection in a single-cylinder research engine","authors":"Aristidis Dafis,&nbsp;Hermann Rottengruber,&nbsp;Bastian Rabe","doi":"10.1007/s41104-026-00173-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-026-00173-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work investigates the direct injection of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) in its liquid phase in a single-cylinder research engine, focusing on the primary challenge of maintaining LPG in its liquid state throughout the fuel system to prevent vaporization and gas bubble formation. Due to propane’s low critical temperature (96.8 °C), fuel-carrying components exposed to typical engine operating temperatures (80–110 °C) are prone to outgassing, which creates pressure drops and disrupts continuous liquid injection. To overcome this, the 200-bar high-pressure fuel system was optimized by combining increased pressure, active cooling, gas separation, and recirculation strategies, ensuring stable liquid conditions upstream of the pump and injector. This robust system allowed for continued stable engine operation and enabled comprehensive comparative measurements—including in-cylinder pressure analysis and FTIR-based emission measurements—to systematically evaluate combustion behavior and environmental impacts. The results demonstrate that LPG’s superior knock resistance (RON 103–111) allowed for earlier ignition timing and higher engine loads compared to E10, with beneficial charge cooling effects further suppressing knock occurrence. In addition, LPG direct injection yielded significant reductions in particulate and CO₂ emissions relative to gasoline, confirming both the performance and environmental advantages of liquid LPG direct injection technology for future engine applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-026-00173-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148281003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient development of HVAC systems for electric commercial vehicles through a Hardware-in-the-Loop approach on the ThermoLab testbed","authors":"Luis Vincent Fiore,&nbsp;Christian Beidl,&nbsp;Erik Stenger,&nbsp;Niko Weimer,&nbsp;Nick Kaiser,&nbsp;Thomas Bäuml,&nbsp;Dominik Dvorak,&nbsp;Günter. Hohenberg","doi":"10.1007/s41104-026-00171-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-026-00171-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The shift towards sustainable mobility in the passenger- and transport sectors is driving the development of sustainable propulsion technologies. Alongside the advancement of efficient and sustainable powertrains, research increasingly targets the optimization of development processes to address rising system complexity and reduce engineering effort. With the growing adoption of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs), thermal management is becoming a critical part of the overall vehicle energy management. Considering electric commercial vehicles for public transport, one of the main challenges – beyond the optimal thermal conditioning of powertrain components – is the efficient thermal management of the passengers’ cabin, which significantly impacts overall energy consumption, vehicle range and thermal comfort especially at cold ambient conditions. Particular attention must be paid to the interaction between the Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system and the thermal management system (TMS) of the powertrain components, as can be found in state-of-the-art heat pump systems for electrified vehicles. To enable the early development of operating strategies while accounting for system interactions and determining the optimal system layout, an integrated approach is applied that combines simulation with testing on the Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL)-ThermoLab testbed. This approach is used in the EU Horizon Europe research project MINDED improving the energy consumption of a battery-electric IVECO eDaily minibus at 0 °C ambient temperature. For the development of optimal HVAC layouts and efficient operating strategies, a multi-physical 1D digital twin model of the passenger cabin, described with the modeling language Modelica and validated with measurement results, is used, while all key refrigerant- and thermal circuit components are physically implemented on the testbed. Hardware components that are not yet available are substituted and necessary environment boundary conditions are emulated on the HiL-ThermoLab testbed using novel dynamic thermo-hydraulic emulators. With the presented methodology and the experimental tests conducted under its application, a simplified heat pump system is developed and investigated for the identification of potentials to reduce energy consumption in the battery-electric IVECO eDaily minibus. The results demonstrate that the HiL-ThermoLab provides an optimal testing environment for identifying efficiency potentials, while the combined use of simulation and hardware testing significantly reduces engineering effort and enables the development of advanced energy management systems at an early development stage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-026-00171-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148281004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics-informed attention on temporal fusion transformer for multivariate truck range forecasting","authors":"Chuong Dang,&nbsp;Steven Peters","doi":"10.1007/s41104-026-00172-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-026-00172-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate real-time forecasting of remaining vehicle range remains a challenge, particularly under varying payloads, road gradients, and environmental conditions. Conventional Temporal Fusion Transformers (TFTs) utilize attention mechanisms to dynamically weight historical inputs but may fail to capture explicit physical relationships that are critical for accurate predictions in heavy-duty electric trucks. This paper introduces a novel approach to integrating physical vehicle dynamics directly into the attention mechanism of TFTs. Our method, Physics-Informed Attention for TFT (PIA-TFT), modifies attention calculation by injecting physics-based relevance scores derived from vehicle speed, payload, road gradients, and other physical parameters, improving interpretability and model accuracy under operational conditions. Empirical evaluations conducted with real-world data from electric trucks demonstrate that the PIA-TFT reduces prediction errors compared to standard TFTs by up to 18%. Our approach is a step towards more physically consistent and explainable deep learning architectures for automotive forecasting tasks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-026-00172-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148172438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a passive noise control approach for vibroacoustic and acoustic reduction in electric vehicle inverters using particle dampers","authors":"Braj Bhushan Prasad,&nbsp;Tommy Luft,&nbsp;Hermann Rottengruber","doi":"10.1007/s41104-026-00170-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-026-00170-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The shift from internal combustion engines to electric powertrains has redefined the noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) profile of contemporary vehicles. The reduction of engine-generated broadband noise has led to the increased perceptibility of high-frequency tonal components, particularly those associated with inverter operation. The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of a passive noise mitigation strategy, utilizing the particle damping technique, in addressing the emerging issue of inverter-induced acoustic phenomena. A particle damper filled with rubber granulate was integrated into the existing lid structure of an inverter enclosure without requiring any structural or geometric modifications. Experimental validation was conducted under full-load and stationary conditions, simulating critical NVH scenarios typical of electric drive systems. Vibration and sound pressure measurements were performed to assess the effectiveness of the damping strategy. The implementation of the particle damper led to a substantial reduction in structural vibration amplitudes within the frequency range of 800 - 1100 Hz. Notably, a peak vibration attenuation of 9.7 dB was recorded at the resonance frequency of 897 Hz. Complementary sound pressure level measurements revealed a noise reduction of approximately 6 dB, confirming the acoustic benefits of the damping intervention. The findings highlight the effectiveness of particle dampers as a passive, lightweight, and non-invasive solution for mitigating inverter-induced noise in electric vehicles. This approach not only enhances acoustic comfort for vehicle occupants but also addresses a critical NVH issue in the context of future electric mobility.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-026-00170-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}